Ottoman–Persian Wars
(Redirected from Ottoman-Persian Wars)
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The Ottoman–Persian Wars also called the Ottoman–Iranian Wars were a series of wars between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid, Afsharid, Zand, and Qajar states of Iran (Persia) through the 16th–19th centuries. The Ottomans consolidated their control of what is today Turkey in the 15th century, and gradually came into conflict with the emerging neighboring Iranian state, led by Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty. The two states were arch rivals, and were also divided by religious grounds, the Ottomans being staunchly Sunni and the Safavids being Shia. A series of military conflicts ensued for centuries during which the two empires competed for control over eastern Anatolia, the Caucasus, and Ottoman Iraq. The first war between the Ottomans and Persians was the Ottoman–Persian War (1505–1517). The final war was the Ottoman–Persian War (1820–1823).
List
| Name of the war | Sultan of Ottoman Empire | Shah of Persian Empire | Treaty at the end of the war | Victorious Empire |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| War of 1505–1517 | Selim I | Ismail I | None | Ottoman Empire |
| War of 1532–1555 | Suleiman I | Tahmasp I | Treaty of Amasya (1555) | Ottoman Empire[1] |
| War of 1578–1590 | Murad III | Mohammad Khodabanda, Abbas I | Treaty of Constantinople (1590) | Ottoman Empire[2] |
| War of 1603–1612 |
Ahmed I | Abbas I | Treaty of Nasuh Pasha | Persian Empire |
| War of 1616–1618 | Ahmed I, Mustafa I, Osman II | Abbas I | Treaty of Serav (1618) | Persian Empire[3] |
| War of 1623–1639 | Murad IV | Abbas I, Safi | Treaty of Zuhab (1639) | Ottoman Empire[4][5] |
| War of 1730–1735 | Mahmud I | Nader Shah | Treaty of Constantinople (1736) | Persian Empire[6][7] |
| War of 1743–1746 | Mahmud I | Nader Shah | Treaty of Kerden (1746) | Indecisive[8] |
| War of 1776–1779 | Abdul Hamid I | Karim Khan Zand | None | Indecisive[9][10][11] |
| War of 1820–1823 | Mahmud II | Fath-Ali Shah Qajar | Treaty of Erzurum (1823) | Indecisive[12][13][14] |
Among the numerous treaties, the Treaty of Zuhab of 1639 is usually considered as the most significant, as it fixed present Turkey–Iran and Iraq–Iran borders. In later treaties, there were frequent references to the Treaty of Zuhab.[citation needed]
Other conflicts
| Name of the war | Sultan of Ottoman Empire | Shah of Persian Empire | Treaty at the end of the war | Victorious Empire |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| War of 1906 | Abdul Hamid II | Mozaffar ad-Din Shah | None | Indecisive |
| War of 1914–1918 | Mehmed V | Ahmad Shah | Armistice of Mudros (1918) | Indecisive |
See also
References
- ↑ Gábor Ágoston-Bruce Masters:Encyclopaedia of the Ottoman Empire, ISBN 978-0-8160-6259-1, p.280
- ↑ Ehteshami, Anoushiravan (3 February 2017). Iran: Stuck in Transition. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-98544-4.
- ↑ Farrokh, Kaveh. "The Military Campaigns of Shah Abbas I in Azerbaijan and the Caucasus (1603-1618)". Studies on Iran and the Caucasus (Studies in Honour of Prof. Garnik S. Asatrian; Edited by U. Bläsing, V. Arakelova & M. Weinreich). Leiden: Brill: 2.
The Safavid army had to fight a series of battles in Georgia (1613-1623) which led to a new Ottoman war (1616). The Safavid army defeated the Ottoman offensives in Yerevan and Ardabil (1616-1618) obliging the Ottomans to negotiate a new peace treaty which affirmed all of Shah Abbas' conquests since 1603.
- ↑ Brooks, George A. (23 July 2024). A Timeline of The Journey of Humankind: From Nothingness to Modern Era, a Western Civilization Perspective. Covenant Books, Inc. ISBN 978-1-63885-376-3.
The Safavids are decisively defeated as Baghdad is taken by the Ottomans and boundaries are established between the two empires.
- ↑ Ali, Zaheer (1 December 2023). Khilafat in History and Indian Politics. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-003-83082-5.
The war with Iran that dragged on for quite long (1623-1639) ultimately ended with the Ottomans having a slight edge over the Iranians. The Treaty of Zuhab signed between the two powers was also favourable to the Ottomans.
- ↑ Axworthy, Michael (2006). The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant. I.B.Tauris. p. 205. ISBN 978-1850437062.
- ↑ Moghtader, Gholam-Hussein (2008). The Great Batlles of Nader Shah, p. 59. Donyaye Ketab
- ↑ Selcuk Aksin Somel (2010), The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire, quote: "This indecisive military conflict resulted in the preservation of the existing borders.", The Scarecrow Press Inc., p. 170
- ↑ Perry 2011, p. 561–564: "In 1775 the Wakil sent his brother (Moḥammad) Ṣādeq Khan to besiege Basra in Ottoman Iraq, which after a yearlong siege was taken and occupied until Karim Khan’s death in 1779"
- ↑ Jaques 2006, p. 113: "Jealous of the Turkish port of Basra, Persian Regent Karim Khan sent a siege force under his brother Sadiq Khan. an Omani fleet broke the blocade but a relief force from Baghdad was repulsed and Governor Sulayman Aqa was finally starved into surrender"
- ↑ Hala Mundhir 1997, p. 34
- ↑ Ateş, Sabri (30 July 2015). The Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands: Making a Boundary, 1843–1914. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-107-54577-9. OCLC 980068476.
The culmination of frontier raids carried out by Abbas Mirza and Dawlatshah, the war of 1821–22 was inconclusive, despite Iran's many victories. The emergence of cholera, mutual concerns about Russia's advance, the war in Greece, and pressure from Iranian merchants trading with the Ottoman Empire all helped bring hostilities to an end. Abbas Mirza claimed he had waged the campaign not for land or against the sultan, but in defense of his family's honor; however, Sultan Mahmud II remained upset with Tehran and considered a counter-campaign. Abbas Mirza's pleas to Stratford Canning, the powerful British ambassador in Istanbul, might have changed his mind. Following negotiations between Rauf Pasha and the Iranian envoy, Mirza Mohammad Ali Ashtiyani, on July 28, 1823, the first Treaty of Erzurum was signed.
- ↑ Farmanfarmaian, Roxane (30 January 2008). War and Peace in Qajar Persia: Implications Past and Present. Routledge. pp. 88–97. ISBN 978-1-134-10308-9.
- ↑ Azap, Eralp Yaşar (2023). Şah Mat: 1820–1823 Osmanlı-İran Savaşı (Siyaset–Harekât–Lojistik / Organizasyon). İstanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat A.Ş., p. 286. ISBN 978-625-408-517-8.
Sources
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ottoman-Persian Wars.
- Yves Bomati and Houchang Nahavandi,Shah Abbas, Emperor of Persia, 1587–1629, 2017, ed. Ketab Corporation, Los Angeles, ISBN 978-1595845672, English translation by Azizeh Azodi.
- Hala Mundhir, Fattah (1997). The Politics of Regional Trade in Iraq, Arabia, and the Gulf: 1745-1900. SUNY Press. ISBN 9781438402376.
- Jaques, Tony (30 November 2006). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century [3 Volumes]. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9780313335365.
- Perry, John R. (2011). "Karim Khan Zand". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XV, Fasc. 6. pp. 561–564.
- Sicker, Martin (2001). The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 027596891X.
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