Jump to content

早

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
早 U+65E9, 早
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-65E9
← 旨
[U+65E8] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 旪 →
[U+65EA]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order
6 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

[edit]

早 (Kangxi radical 72, 日+2, 6 strokes, Cangjie input 日十 (AJ), four-corner 60400, composition ⿱日十)

Derived characters

[edit]
Additional Derived Characters

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 489, character 12
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13742
  • Dae Jaweon: page 850, character 9
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1483, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+65E9

Chinese

[edit]
simp. and trad.
 早

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character 早
Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (早) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
早 *ʔsuːʔ
草 *sʰuːʔ
愺 *sʰuːʔ
騲 *sʰuːʔ
皁 *zuːʔ
皂 *zuːʔ

Early bronze inscriptions: Pictogram (象形) – acorn. Original form of 皂 (OC *zuːʔ) through an intermediate variant 皁 (once also written as 草 (cǎo)). Borrowed phonetically for "morning" sense.

Late bronze inscriptions: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ʔsuːʔ): semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 棗 (OC *ʔsuːʔ), with 棗 sometimes simplified as 朿.

Small seal script: Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 日 (“sun”) + 甲 (“first”) – when the sun first rises. However, Xu Shen's interpretation is not based on oracle bones and bronzes inscriptions.

In some ancient texts, 蚤 (OC *ʔsuːʔ) was often used instead.

Unrelated to the ancient version of 是: in this character, it doesn't represent an acorn but a spoon.

Etymology

[edit]

Possible cognate found in Proto-Hmong-Mien *ntsi̯ouˣ (“early”), whence White Hmong ntxov and Iu Mien nziou (Baxter and Sagart, 2014; Schuessler, 2007), and Proto-Tai *ɟaːwꟲ (“early morning”), whence Thai เช้า (cháao) and Lü ᦋᧁᧉ (tsaw²). Note also similarities to Burmese စော (cau:, “early”).

Pronunciation

[edit]
Note:
  • cā - vernacular;
  • cō̤ - literary.
Note:
  • chá - vernacular;
  • chái - vernacular (for certain words);
  • chó͘/chó - literary.
Note:
  • za2 - vernacular;
  • zao2 - literary.
Rime
Character 早
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 精 (13)
Final (韻) 豪 (89)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 子晧切
Baxter tsawX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡sɑuX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/t͡sɑuX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡sɑuX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/t͡sawX/
Li
Rong 		/t͡sɑuX/
Wang
Li 		/t͡sɑuX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/t͡sɑuX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		zǎo
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zou2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 早
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		zǎo
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tsawX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*Nə.tsˁuʔ/
English early

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 早
Reading # 1/1
No. 16546
Phonetic
component 		早
Rime
group 		幽
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		早
Old
Chinese 		/*ʔsuːʔ/

Definitions

[edit]

早

  1. early; in advance; soon
    我醒得很早。  ―  Wǒ xǐng dé hěn zǎo.  ―  I woke up early.
    你能不能早一點來？ [MSC, trad.]
    你能不能早一点来？ [MSC, simp.]
    Nǐ néng bù néng zǎo yīdiǎn lái? [Pinyin]
    Can you be here a little earlier?
    請問，我今天早走一會兒行嗎？ [MSC, trad.]
    请问，我今天早走一会儿行吗？ [MSC, simp.]
    Qǐngwèn, wǒ jīntiān zǎo zǒu yīhuìr xíng ma? [Pinyin]
    Please could I leave early today?
    Antonym: 遲 / 迟
  2. long ago; for a long time
    他早走了。  ―  Tā zǎo zǒu le.  ―  He left long ago.
    這個變壓器已經燒毀了，早該拆換一個新的了。 [MSC, trad.]
    这个变压器已经烧毁了，早该拆换一个新的了。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhè ge biànyāqì yǐjīng shāo huǐ le, zǎo gāi chāi huàn yī ge xīn de le. [Pinyin]
    This transformer has burnt out. It should have been replaced a long time ago.
  3. (early) morning
    我今早沒有見到他。 [MSC, trad.]
    我今早没有见到他。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ jīn zǎo méi yǒu jiàndào tā. [Pinyin]
    I didn't see him this morning.
  4. good morning
    老師早！／老师早！  ―  Lǎoshī zǎo!  ―  Good morning, teacher!
    Synonym: 早安 (zǎo'ān)
  5. before; in the past time
    現在這麼匆忙，你早幹嗎去了。 [MSC, trad.]
    现在这么匆忙，你早干吗去了。 [MSC, simp.]
    Xiànzài zhème cōngmáng, nǐ zǎo gànmá qù le. [Pinyin]
    So now you are in a hurry. What were you doing before?
  6. short for 早上 (zǎoshang); a.m.
    早八  ―  zǎo bā  ―  8:00 a.m.
  7. (Hainanese) breakfast
  8. a surname

Synonyms

[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 早 (“early”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 早
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 早
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 早
Taiwan 早
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 早
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 早
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 早
Wuhan 早
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 早
Hefei 早
Cantonese Guangzhou 早
Hong Kong 早
Yangjiang 早
Gan Nanchang 早
Hakka Meixian 早
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 早
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 早
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 早
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 早
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 早
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 早
Jin Taiyuan 早
Northern Min Jian'ou 早
Eastern Min Fuzhou 早
Southern Min Xiamen 早
Chaozhou 早
Wu Shanghai 早
Shanghai (Yangpu) 早
Shanghai (Xinzhuang, Minhang) 早
Shanghai (Songjiang) 早
Shanghai (Chuansha, Pudong) 早
Shanghai (Nanhui, Pudong) 早
Shanghai (Huinan, Pudong) 早
Shanghai (Fengxian) 早
Shanghai (Jinshan) 早
Shanghai (Qingpu) 早
Shanghai (Jiading) 早
Shanghai (Yuepu, Baoshan) 早
Shanghai (Chongming) 早
Suzhou 早
Wenzhou 早
Xiang Changsha 早
Shuangfeng 早
Dialectal synonyms of 早安 (“good morning”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 早安, 早上好
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 早上好
Taiwan 早安, 早
Malaysia 早安
Singapore 早安, 早
Southwestern Mandarin Guilin 早晨
Liuzhou 早晨
Cantonese Guangzhou 早晨
Hong Kong 早晨
Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) 早晨
Macau 早晨
Guangzhou (Panyu) 早晨
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 早晨
Guangzhou (Conghua) 早晨
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 早晨
Foshan 早晨
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 早晨
Foshan (Shunde) 早晨
Foshan (Sanshui) 早晨
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 早晨
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 早晨
Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 早晨
Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 早晨
Zhuhai (Doumen) 早晨
Jiangmen (Baisha) 早晨
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 早晨
Taishan 早晨
Kaiping (Chikan) 早晨
Enping (Niujiang) 早晨
Heshan (Yayao) 早晨
Dongguan 早晨
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 早晨
Nanning 早晨
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 早晨
Penang (Guangfu) 早晨
Singapore (Guangfu) 早晨
Hakka Meixian 恁早
Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) 早晨
Dongguan (Qingxi) 早晨
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 早晨
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 早晨
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 恁早, 恁會早, 恁早萋
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 恁早
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 恁早, 恁會早, 恁早萋
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 恁早, 恁早萋
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 恁早, 恁早萋
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 𠢕早, 堅早
Sabah (Bao'an) 早晨
Eastern Min Fuzhou 早頭好
Matsu 早安
Singapore (Fuqing) 早頭好
Southern Min Xiamen 𠢕早
Quanzhou 𠢕早
Zhangzhou 𠢕早
Taipei 𠢕早
New Taipei (Tamsui) 𠢕早
New Taipei (Sanxia) 𠢕早
New Taipei (Pingxi) 𠢕早
Kaohsiung 𠢕早
Kaohsiung (Cijin) 𠢕早
Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang) 𠢕早
Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) 𠢕早
Kaohsiung (Tianliao) 𠢕早
Kaohsiung (Cieding) 𠢕早
Yilan (Luodong) 𠢕早
Yilan (Toucheng) 𠢕早
Changhua (Yongjing) 𠢕早
Tainan 𠢕早
Tainan (Anping) 𠢕早
Pingtung (Baoli, Checheng) 𠢕早
Kinmen 𠢕早
Penghu (Magong) 𠢕早
Penghu (Xiyu) 𠢕早
Singapore (Hokkien) 𠢕早
Manila (Hokkien) 好早起
Pingnan (Shangdu) 早安
Shantou 早安
Singapore (Teochew) 𠢕早
Wenchang 早上好
Puxian Min Putian 起早好
Xianyou 起早好
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 早晨
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 早晨
Wu Shanghai 儂早, 早, 早浪好, 谷貓迎
Suzhou 早浪好
Wuxi 早
Ningbo 天亮好
Xiang Quanzhou 早安
Dialectal synonyms of 早餐 (“breakfast”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 朝食, 饔, 晨炊
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 早飯, 早餐
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 早飯, 早點
Taiwan 早飯, 早餐, 早點
Ulanhot 早上飯
Tongliao 早上飯
Chifeng 早飯
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 早上飯
Harbin 早上飯, 早飯
Shenyang 早飯
Malaysia 早餐
Singapore 早餐
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 點心
Weifang (Weicheng) 清晨飯
Jinan 早飯, 早晨飯, 早點
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 朝飯兒, 早飯
Wendeng 朝飯
Rongcheng 朝飯, 早飯
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 清早飯
Wanrong 早起飯
Zhengzhou 清早起來飯
Xi'an 乾早飯, 早飯
Xining 早起
Xuzhou 早點, 早上飯, 早飯
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 趕早飯
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 早飯
Bayanhot 早飯
Lanzhou 早飯
Ürümqi 乾早飯, 早飯
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 早飯, 早餐
Wuhan 早飯
Guiyang 早飯
Kunming 早飯
Guilin 早餐, 早飯, 早點
Liuzhou 早餐, 早飯, 早點
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 早飯, 點心
Yangzhou 早飯
Nantong 早飯
Hefei 早飯
Huanggang 早飯
Cantonese Guangzhou 早餐, 朝早飯, 朝
Hong Kong 早餐
Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) 早飯
Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) 早飯
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 早飯
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 早飯, 朝頭
Macau 早餐
Guangzhou (Panyu) 早餐
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 早飯
Guangzhou (Conghua) 早餐
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 早飯, 早餐
Foshan 早餐
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 粥
Foshan (Shunde) 早餐
Foshan (Sanshui) 朝早飯
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 早飯
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 早餐
Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 早餐
Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 早餐
Zhuhai (Doumen) 朝早飯
Jiangmen (Baisha) 朝早飯
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 早餐
Taishan 早餐
Kaiping (Chikan) 早餐
Enping (Niujiang) 早餐
Heshan (Yayao) 早飯
Dongguan 早餐
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 早餐
Shaoguan 早餐
Yunfu 早餐
Yangjiang 朝
Xinyi 朝
Lianjiang 朝
Nanning 過早
Wuzhou 過早
Yulin 早朝
Hepu (Lianzhou) 早朝
Danzhou 早朝
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 早餐
Singapore (Guangfu) 早餐
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 早餐
Gan Nanchang 早飯
Lichuan 早飯
Pingxiang 早飯
Hakka Meixian 朝
Xingning 朝
Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) 朝, 早餐
Huizhou (Shuikou; Bendihua) 朝
Huizhou (Hengli; Bendihua) 朝
Huidong (Pingshan; Bendihua) 朝
Huidong (Daling) 朝
Dongguan (Qingxi) 朝
Longmen (Pingling; Bendihua) 早餐, 朝
Longmen (Luxi; Bendihua) 朝
Boluo (Bendihua) 早餐
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 朝
Guangzhou (Zhengguo, Zengcheng) 朝
Zhongshan (Wuguishan) 朝, 早餐
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 早餐
Wuhua (Shuizhai) 朝
Wuhua (Huacheng) 朝
Wuhua (Changbu) 朝
Wuhua (Mianyang) 朝
Heyuan (Bendihua) 朝
Zijin (Guzhu; Bendihua) 朝
Longchuan (Tuocheng; Bendihua) 朝
Longchuan (Sidu; Bendihua) 朝
Heping (Linzhai; Bendihua) 朝
Lianping (Zhongxin; Bendihua) 朝
Lianping (Longjie; Bendihua) 朝
Shaoguan (Qujiang) 朝
Xinfeng (Matou; Bendihua) 朝
Xinfeng (Daxi; Bendihua) 朝
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 朝
Liannan 朝
Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) 朝
Jiexi 朝
Changting 朝
Wuping 朝
Wuping (Pingyu) 朝
Liancheng 天光
Ninghua 朝飯
Yudu 晨朝
Ruijin 朝
Shicheng 朝飯
Shangyou (Shexi) 早晨
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 朝
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 朝
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 朝
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 朝
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 朝
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 早頓, 早, 晨早
Hong Kong 朝, 朝飯
Luchuan 朝
Luchuan (Daqiao) 朝, 早點
Sabah (Longchuan) 早餐
Senai (Huiyang) 朝, 早餐
Singkawang 朝
Huizhou Jixi 早飯
Shexian 早飯
Huangshan (Tunxi) 天光
Xiuning 天光
Yixian 天光
Qimen 點心
Wuyuan 朝飯, 朝粥
Jin Taiyuan 早清飯, 清早飯, 打早飯
Pingyao 早起飯, 早晨飯
Xinzhou 打早飯, 早起飯, 早升飯
Taibus (Baochang) 早飯
Linhe 早飯
Jining 早飯
Hohhot 早飯
Baotou 早飯
Dongsheng 早飯
Haibowan 早點
Northern Min Jian'ou 早
Jian'ou (Dikou) 早
Songxi 飯
Zhenghe (Zhenqian) 飯
Wuyishan 朝
Pucheng (Shibei) 朝
Eastern Min Fuzhou 早
Fuqing 飯, 早
Zhouning 飯
Southern Min Xiamen 早頓, 早起頓, 早起
Quanzhou 早頓, 早起頓, 早起
Yongchun 早起
Zhangzhou 早頓, 早起頓, 早起
Tainan 早頓
Kinmen 早頓
Singapore (Hokkien) 早起頓, 早起, 早餐, 早頓
Manila (Hokkien) 早起, 早餐, 早頓
Zhangping 飯
Zhangping (Yongfu) 飯
Chaozhou 眠起, 早餐
Shantou 猛早頓, 猛早, 早飯, 早糜
Jieyang 猛早頓, 猛早, 猛早飯, 眠起早飯, 眠起早頓
Haifeng 眠早
Bangkok (Teochew) 早餐, 早頓
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 早餐
Singapore (Teochew) 早餐
Leizhou 早糜, 早
Wenchang 糜旦, 天光糜, 早
Haikou 天光糜, 天光, 天光早糜, 天光早, 天光白糜, 天光白
Qionghai 早糜, 早餐
Singapore (Hainanese) 早餐
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 早餐
Zhongshan (Sanxiang) 早餐
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 過早, 朝飯, 點心
Northern Pinghua Guilin (Dahe) 早飯
Wu Shanghai 早飯, 早點
Shanghai (Chongming) 飯
Suzhou 早飯
Wuxi 早飯, 早點
Danyang 早飯
Hangzhou 早飯
Ningbo 天亮飯
Wenzhou 天光
Jinhua 五更兒飯, 五更飯, 五更兒
Jinhua (Tangxi) 五更
Xiang Changsha 早飯
Loudi 早飯
Shuangfeng 早飯, 晨飯
Quanzhou 早飯

Compounds

[edit]

References

[edit]

Japanese

[edit]

Kanji

[edit]
早

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

[edit]

Compounds

[edit]

Etymology 1

[edit]
Kanji in this term
早
はや
Grade: 1
kun'yomi

Stem of the adjective 早(はや)い (hayai, “early, quick-witted, fast”). From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *paya.

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

早(はや) • (haya) 

  1. already, now
    はや数日(すうじつ)
    haya-sūjitsu
    a few days from now

Etymology 2

[edit]
Kanji in this term
早
わさ
Grade: 1
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 早 – see the following entry.
【早稲わさ】
[prefix] maturing early (of crops)
(This term, 早, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

From Middle Chinese 早 (MC tsawX). Recorded as Middle Korean 조〯 (cwǒ) (Yale: cwo) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

[edit]
Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

早 (eumhun 일찍 조 (iljjik jo))

  1. hanja form? of 조 (“early”)

Compounds

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

[edit]

Han character

[edit]

早: Hán Việt readings: tảo (子(tử)皓(hạo)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
早: Nôm readings: tảo[2][4][6], chảo[1], tảu

  1. chữ Hán form of tảo (“early; in advance”)
  2. chữ Hán form of tảo (“morning”)

Compounds

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ^ Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bonet (1899).
  5. ^ Génibrel (1898).
  6. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=早&oldid=92200650"