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Saladin

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Saladin
mutum
Bayanai
Jinsinamiji
Sunan asaliصلاح الدين الأيوبي
Sunan haihuwaيُوسُف بن نجم الدين أيُّوب
SunaSalahuddin (en) Fassara
Sunan dangiAyubi
Taken darajaemir of Damascus (en) Fassara, Sultan of Egypt (en) Fassara da emir of Aleppo (en) Fassara
Shekarun haihuwa1138
Wurin haihuwaTikrit Castle (en) Fassara
Lokacin mutuwa4 ga Maris, 1193
Wurin mutuwaDamascus
Sanadiyar mutuwaSababi na ainihi
Dalilin mutuwainfectious disease (en) Fassara
Wajen rufewaAziziyeh Madrasa (en) Fassara
UbaNajm ad-Din Ayyub (en) Fassara
UwaSitt al-Mulk Fatma Khatun (en) Fassara
Abokin zamaIsmat ad-Din Khatun (en) Fassara
Yarinya/yaroAl-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din (en) Fassara, Al-Aziz Uthman (en) Fassara da Az-Zahir Ghazi (en) Fassara
Relative (en) FassaraShirkuh (en) Fassara
IyaliAyyubid dynasty (en) Fassara
HarsunaLarabci da Kurdish language (en) Fassara
ƘabilaKurdawa
AddiniMusulunci da Mabiya Sunnah
Present in work (en) FassaraThe Decameron (en) Fassara, Civilization VI, Divina Commedia (mul) Fassara da Kingdom of Heaven (en) Fassara

Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub[1] (c. 1137 – 4 March 1193), wanda aka fi sani da Saladin,/ˈsælədɪn/. 'Saladin'[2] ya kasance wanda ya kafa Daular Ayyubid kuma Sultan na farko a duka Misra da Siriya. Musulmi Mabiya Sunnah, sarki daga tsatson Kurdawa, Saladin na daga cikin muhimman mutane a Yakin Kasa Mai Tsarki na Uku kuma ya jagoranci sojojin Musulmi a kan jihohin Yakin Kasa Mai Tsarki a Levant. A lokacin giyan-mulkin sa, masarautar Saladin ta mamaye Misra, Siriya, Mesopotamia ta Sama, Hejaz, Yemen, da Nubiya.

An aika Saladin zuwa Fatimid Misira a cikin 1164, tare da kawunsa Shirkuh, kwamandan mercenary na Kurdawa a hidimar Daular Zengid, bisa umarnin Nur al-Din Zengi . Tare da ainihin manufar su shine taimakawa wajen dawo da Shawar a matsayin mai kula da matashi Fatimid Khalifa al-Adid, gwagwarmayar iko ta biyo baya tsakanin Shirkuh da Shawar bayan an sake dawo da shi. Saladin, a halin yanzu, ya hau matsayin gwamnatin Fatimid ta hanyar nasarorin da ya samu a yaƙi da hare-haren Crusader da kuma kusanci da al-Adid. Bayan an kashe Shawar kuma Shirkuh ya mutu a 1169, al-Adid ya nada Saladin a matsayin vizier. A lokacin mulkinsa, Saladin, Musulmi Sunni, ya fara lalata tsarin Fatimid; bayan mutuwar al-Adid a cikin 1171, ya soke Khalifancin Fatimid na Alkahira wanda ya kasance daular Isma'ili (reshe a cikin Shi'a Islam), kuma ya sake daidaita Masar tare da Khalifancin Sunni Abbasid na Baghdad.

A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Saladin ya jagoranci hare-hare a kan mayakan Kasa Mai Tsarki a Falasdinu, ya ba da umarnin cin nasarar Yemen, kuma ya hana tawaye na Fatimid a Misira. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan Nur ad-Din ya mutu a cikin 1174, Saladin ya fara cin nasarar Siriya, ya shiga Damascus cikin lumana bisa ga bukatar gwamnansa. A tsakiyar shekara ta 175, Saladin ya ci Hama da Homs, ya gayyaci ƙiyayya da sauran sarakunan Zengid, waɗanda suka kasance sarakunan hukuma na masarautun Siriya; daga baya ya ci Zengids a yakin Horns na Hama a cikin 1175 kuma daga baya aka ayyana shi Sultan na Masar da Siriya ta Khalifa Abbasid al-Mustadi. Saladin ya ci gaba da cin nasara a arewacin Siriya da Upper Mesopotamia, ya tsere wa yunkurin rayuwarsa sau biyu ta Order of Assassins kafin ya koma Masar a 1177 don magance batutuwan cikin gida a can. A shekara ta 1182, Saladin ya kammala cin nasarar Siriya bayan ya kama Aleppo amma ya kasa karɓar sansanin Zengid na Mosul.

A karkashin umurnin Saladin, sojojin Ayyubid sun kayar da 'yan Salibiyya a Yaƙin Hattin a cikin 1187, sun kama Urushalima kuma sun sake kafa mulkin soja na Musulmi a Levant. Kodayake Masarautar Crusaders ta Urushalima ta ci gaba har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 13, cin nasara a cikin 1187 ya nuna canji a kokarin soja na Kirista akan ikon musulmi a yankin. Saladin ya mutu a Damascus a shekara ta 1193, bayan ya ba da yawancin dukiyarsa ga talakawansa; an binne shi a cikin wani mausoleum kusa da masallaci Umayyad. Tare da muhimmancinsa ga Al'adun Musulmi, ana girmama Saladin sosai a cikin Kurdawa, Turkic, Larabawa har ma da Al'adun Yamma. An bayyana shi akai-akai a matsayin sanannen mutum na Kurdawa a tarihi.

Rayuwa ta farko

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An haifi Saladin a Tikrit a Iraki ta yanzu. Sunan kansa shine "Yusuf"; "Salah ad-Din" laqab ne, sunan girmamawa, ma'ana "Jarkaka na Bangaskiya". Iyayensa sun fito ne daga asalin Kurdawa na Rawadiya, kuma sun fito ne tun daga ƙauyen Ajdanakan kusa da birnin Dvin a tsakiyar Armenia.[3][4][5]Shi dan kwangila ne na Kurdawa Najm ad-Din Ayyub . Ƙabilar Rawadiya wacce iyalinsa suka fito daga asalinsa sun fito ne daga zuriyar Larabawa amma daga baya sun zama Kurdicized.[6]

A zamanin Saladin, babu wani masanin da ke da tasiri fiye da Sheikh Abdul Qadir Gilani, kuma Saladin ya sami rinjaye sosai kuma ya taimaka masa da ɗalibansa.[7] A cikin 1132, sojojin da aka ci nasara na Zengi, Atabeg na Mosul, sun sami koma baya da Kogin Tigris ya toshe a gaban sansanin Tikrit, inda mahaifin Saladin, Najm ad-Din Ayyub ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula. Ayyub ya samar da jiragen ruwa ga sojojin kuma ya ba su mafaka a Tikrit. Mujahid ad-Din Bihruz, tsohon bawa na Girka wanda aka nada shi a matsayin gwamnan soja na arewacin Mesopotamiya saboda hidimar da ya yi wa Seljuks, ya tsawata wa Ayyub saboda ba da mafaka ga Zengi, kuma a cikin 1137 ya kori Ayyub daga Tikrit bayan ɗan'uwansa Asad ad-Din Shirkuh ya kashe abokin Bihruz. A cewar Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad, an haifi Saladin a wannan dare danginsa suka bar Tikrit. A cikin 1139, Ayyub da iyalinsa suka koma Mosul, inda Imad ad-Din Zengi ya amince da bashin sa kuma ya nada Ayyub kwamandan sansanin sa a Baalbek. Bayan mutuwar Zengi a cikin 1146, ɗansa, Nur ad-Din, ya zama mai mulki na Aleppo kuma shugaban Zengids.[8]

Saladin, wanda yanzu yake zaune a Damascus, an ruwaito yana son birnin, amma bayani game da yarinta ba shi da yawa.[8]Game da ilimi, Saladin ya rubuta, "Ana kiwon yara ta hanyar da aka kiwon dattawan su". A cewar masu ba da labarinsa, Anne-Marie Eddé da al-Wahrani, Saladin ya sami damar amsa tambayoyi game da Euclid, Almagest, lissafi, da doka, amma wannan manufa ce ta ilimi.[9] Saninsa ne game da Alkur'ani da "kimiyya ta addini" wanda ya haɗa shi da tsaransa; [10] kafofin da yawa sun ce a lokacin karatunsa, ya fi sha'awar karatun addini fiye da shiga soja.[8] Wani abu da zai iya shafar sha'awarsa ga addini shi ne cewa, a lokacin Crusade na farko, Kiristoci sun kwace Urushalima.[10] Baya ga Islama, Saladin ya san asalin, tarihin rayuwa, da tarihin Larabawa, da kuma asalin Dawakai na Larabawa. Mafi mahimmanci, ya san Hamasah na Abu Tammam da zuciya.[8]Ya yi magana da Kurdawa da Larabci, kuma ya san Turkiyya da Farisa.[11][12]

Halayensa da kuma koyon addini

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Kudin Saladin, sanye da kambin merlon na Sasanian, [13] kwanan wata AH 578 (AD 1182/3). [14]

A cewar Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad (daya daga cikin masu ba da labari na Saladin na zamani), Saladin Musulmi ne mai ibada - yana son jin Karatun Alkur'ani, yana addu'a a lokaci, kuma "ya ƙi masana falsafa, waɗanda suka musanta Halayen Allah, masu son abin duniya da waɗanda suka ƙi Dokar Mai Tsarki". Ya kuma kasance mai goyon bayan Sufism kuma mai kula da Khanqahs (Sufi hostels) a Misira da Siriya, ban da Madrasas da suka samar da koyarwar Sunni na Orthodox. [15] Fiye da komai ya kasance mai bautar jihadi:

A cikin 1174, Saladin ya ba da umarnin kama wani masanin Sufi, Qadid al-Qaffas (Arabic), a Alexandria.[16] A cikin 1191, ya umarci ɗansa ya kashe masanin falsafar Sufi Yahya al-Suhrawardi, wanda ya kafa Illuminationist na yanzu a Falsafar Musulmi, a Aleppo. Ibn Shaddad, wanda ya bayyana wannan taron a matsayin wani ɓangare na babi game da tsoron Allah, ya bayyana cewa an ce Al-Suhrawardi ya "karyata Dokar Mai Tsarki kuma ya bayyana shi mara amfani".Bayan tuntubar wasu daga cikin ulama (masanan addini), Saladin ya ba da umarnin kashe al-Suhrawardi.[17] Saladin ya kuma yi adawa da Order of Assassins, ƙungiyar Isma'ili Shi'i mai tsattsauran ra'ayi a Iran da Siriya, yana ganinsu a matsayin 'yan ridda kuma suna kusa da Crusaders.[18]

Saladin ya yi maraba da Sufis na Asiya zuwa Misira, kuma shi da mabiyansa sun kafa kuma sun ba da kyauta da yawa khanqahs da zawiyas wanda al-Maqrizi ya ba da dogon jerin sunaye.[19] Koyaya, har yanzu ba a bayyana abin da Saladin ke sha'awa a cikin khanqah ba da kuma dalilin da ya sa yake son Sufis daga waje da Masar. Amsoshin waɗannan tambayoyin sun kasance a cikin nau'ikan Sufis da yake so ya jawo hankalin su. Baya ga buƙatar Sufis su zo daga waje da Masar, waqfiyya da alama sun ƙayyade cewa suna da wani nau'i na musamman:[20]

Wannan Muƙalar guntuwa ce: tana buƙatar a inganta ta, kuna iya gyara ta.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Arabic: صلاح الدين يوسف ابن أيوب, ALA-LC: Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb; full name: al-Malik an-Nāṣir Abū l-Muẓaffar Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb (الملك الناصر أبو المظفر يوسف ابن أيوب).
  2. ↑ /ˈsælədɪn/. 'Saladin' is a contraction of an honorific laqab, from the Arabic: صلاح الدین, romanized: Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn, lit. 'Honour of the Dīn'.
  3. ↑ Lane-Poole 1906.
  4. ↑ Baha ad-Din 2002.
  5. ↑ Ter-Ghevondyan 1965.
  6. ↑ "RAWWADIDS". Encyclopaedia Iranica (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-03-20.
  7. ↑ 'Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani (20 January 2019). Jamal ad-Din Faleh al-Kilani (ed.). "Futuh al-Ghayb ("Revelations of the Unseen")" (in Larabci). وقد تأثر به القائد صلاح الدين الأيوبي، والشيخ معين الدين الجشتي، والشيخ شهاب الدين عمر السهروردي رحمهم الله
  8. 1 2 3 4 Lyons & Jackson 1982.
  9. ↑ Eddé 2011.
  10. 1 2 "Who2 Biography: Saladin, Sultan / Military Leader". Answers.com. Retrieved 20 August 2008.
  11. ↑ Chase 1998.
  12. ↑ Şeşen 2009.
  13. ↑ "acsearch.info – Auction research". acsearch.info. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  14. ↑ "Copper alloy dirham of Saladin, Nisibin, 578 H." numismatics.org (in Turanci). American Numismatic Society.
  15. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ":0".
  16. ↑ Caldwell Ames, Christine (2015). Medieval Heresies. Cambridge University Press. p. 171. ISBN 978-1107023369.
  17. ↑ Caldwell Ames, Christine (2015). Medieval Heresies. Cambridge University Press. p. 171. ISBN 978-1107023369.
  18. ↑ Caldwell Ames, Christine (2015). Medieval Heresies. Cambridge University Press. p. 171. ISBN 978-1107023369.
  19. ↑ J. Spencer Trimingham (1998). The Sufi Orders in Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0198028239.
  20. ↑ Nathan Hofer (2015). The Popularisation of Sufism in Ayyubid and Mamluk Egypt, 1173–1325. Edinburgh University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0748694228.
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