ืœื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ

ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช
ืœื•ื’ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื’ื ืืช ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืงื‘ืœื”

ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš โ€“ ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื ื”ื™ื ืขืžื•ืชื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืจืฉื•ืžื” ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ื‘ื”ืคืฆืช ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื[1]. ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืืฉืœื’ ("ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ืœื") ื•ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืœื•ื ื”ืœื•ื™ ืืฉืœื’ (ื”ืจื‘"ืฉ).

ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1991 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื“"ืจ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ[2][3], ืžืงื™ื ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืงื‘ืœื”, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1997 ื ืจืฉืžื” ื›ืขืžื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉื "ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš โ€“ ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื". ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื ื•ืฉืืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื•-ืื™ื™ื’'[4]. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื ืคื’ืขื™ ื›ืชื•ืช ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื™ืฉ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื›ืช[5].[6]

ืชื ื•ืขืช ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืข"ืค ื“ืจื›ื• ื•ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ "ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ืœื" (ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืฉืœื’). ื”ืจื‘ ืืฉืœื’ ืœื™ืžื“ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืœื–ื•ื”ืจ (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืกื•ืœื) ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืืจ"ื™ (ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื”ืœื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช), ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืจืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ื“ื’ืฉ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืืฉืœื’ ื’ืื•ืœืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื”ืคื ืžื” ื•ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื•ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ืœืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜. ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืฆืช "ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื”" (ืขืœ ืคื™ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืฉืœื’) ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืืฆืœ ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืจื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื›ื•ืœื[7].

ืชื ื•ืขืช ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื•ืžืคืชื—ืช ืื•ืชื”. ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืคืจืฉืช ืืช ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืืฉืœื’ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื’ืช ืžืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช. ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื”ืœื›ื”, ื”ืืœื•ื”ื•ืช, ื•ืืฃ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื” ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™.

ืชืคื™ืกืชื• ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืขืœ ืคื™ "ื™ื“ ืœืื—ื™ื" ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ืžืชื™ื™ืžืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื• ื›ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื ืžืื– ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื’ื•ืืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื“ืข ื•ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœ. ื”ื•ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ืœื ืจืง ื›ืœ ื—ื›ืžืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืœื”, ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืืœื ื’ื ื›ืœ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•[8].

ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื›ื“ืจืš ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช, ื›ื–ื• ืฉืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜. ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื™ื "ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช", "ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขื ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื ืชื™ื ื”", ืื• "ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช"[9]. ื‘ืงื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืžื˜ืืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืืจ"ื™ (ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช, ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช, ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื ื•ื›ื•') ืขื‘ืจื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ืžื” ื•ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืœื ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืืœื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื”ืชื•ืš-ื ืคืฉื™ืช. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืžืจื—ื™ืง ืœื›ืช ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื“"ืจ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ื’ื ื”ืžืงืจื ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื ื• ("ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืื• ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™")[10], ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ื— ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื—ืกืจ ืฆื•ืจื”[11]. ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช "ืขืœึพืžืขืจื›ืชื™ืช" ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื, ืžืื—ืจ ื”ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื“ืจื›ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื”[12]. ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืจื•ืื” ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ื›"ื’ื™ื”ื•ืง ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™" ืฉื™ื•ื—ืœืฃ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื"[13].

ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื™ื ืžื“ืข: "ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืžื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช"; "ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืžื“ืข ืฉืžืœืžื“ ืื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ื ืฉืžื” ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื” ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืฆื—ื™ื™ื"[14][15]. ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืžืฉืœื™ืžื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ืกืชืจื™ื ืœืžื“ืข ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ืื‘ืœ ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ื•ืžื’ืœื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืžื“ืข". ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืœื•ืžื“ ืืคื•ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืคื•ืขืœืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืื ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื•ื™ื ื”ื’ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื”, ื”ืื“ื ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœื“ื•ืžื” ืœืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ื•ื›ื›ื–ื” ืœืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜[16]. ืจืง ื›ืš ื’ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ืฉืจ[4].

ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื™ื ื” ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช. ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ("ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ"), ืžืคื ื™ ืฉ"ืžื”ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”"[17]. ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืงื‘ืœื”, ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข: "ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ("ืืœื”-ื™ื" ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” = "ื”ื˜ื‘ืข" = 86), ืฉืืœื™ื”ื ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื“ืžื•ืช, ื•ืื•ืชื ืœืงื™ื™ื. ื•ื–ื” ื ืงืจื "ืงื™ื•ื ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช". ืื“ื ืฉืžืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™, ื ืงืจื ืžืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช"[18]. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืš, ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืžื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื“ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื›ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช: "ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืฉื—ื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืืœื•ืงื•ืช, ืžื–ื“ื”ื” ืขื™ืžื”, ื•ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืœื‘ื•ืจื ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืจื•ื›ืฉ, ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืงื™ื•ื ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื›ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ"[19].

ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ื— ื-ืคืจืกื•ื ืœื™, ืฉืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœื˜ื‘ืข ืขืฆืžื•. ื”ืืœ, ื”ื ืงืจื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ "ื”ื‘ื•ืจื", ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื”, ื•ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช[20]. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื ืชื™ื ื” ืžืชืžื“ืช, ื•ืžื˜ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื“ืžื•ืช ืœื•, ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืžืื’ื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืœืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™ื. ื–ืืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืงื‘ืœื”.

ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช. "ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™" - ืžื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืขื ื”ื‘ื•ืจื" ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ื™ื“ืžื•ืช ืœืืœื•ื”ื•ืช[21]. ืžืžื™ืœื ื’ื ืœื-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื", ื•ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืงื‘ืœื”.

ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืชื”. ืœื›ืŸ, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ื ื›ื ืก ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ืื’ื• ืฉืœื• ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื•. "ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืฉื›ืœ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื˜ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื, ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื“ืขืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืœืœื›ืช ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื“ืขืช"[22][23]. ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื "ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื—ื‘ืจื”, ื•ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืžื ื” ืฉืชืขืฉื” ืœื• ืฉื˜ื™ืคืช ืžื•ื—."[24] ื”ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช, ืฉืžืงื‘ืœืช ืืช ื”ื•ืจืื•ืชื™ื” ืžื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ื™ื™ื ืฆืœ ืžืฉื•ืื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช: "ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉื ืฉืžืข ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืขื“ ืœื“ื•ืจื ื• ื–ื”, ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืชื™ื”ื ื›ืœืคื™ื ื•, ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ืฉื•ืื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช"[25].

ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื” ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืืžื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ 125 ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ืงื•ื ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื” ืžืื™ึพื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืœื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืœืžื”. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืข ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืžืงื•ื‘ืœ, ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืœ ืชื•ื›ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื‘ืžืœื•ืื• ื•ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ "ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืฉื ืงื‘ืœื”" ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ "ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืฉื ื ืชื™ื ื”", ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืžืฆื‘ ืื’ื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™ ืœืžืฆื‘ ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™[26].

ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื•ืื—ื•ื•ื”. ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ื–ืืช ืชื•ื ื”ื’ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืจืขืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืชื™ื”ื:

"ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉื’ื” ื™ื™ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืจื•ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื•ื”ื ื™ืงื‘ืขื• ืžื™ื”ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš. ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืขืจืขืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืคื. ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ 'ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื•ื‘' ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื–ื• ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื• ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜. ืื“ื ื”ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืขื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืข ืœื” ื›ืžื• ืืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ."

โ€” ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ, ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืข"ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ ืืฉืœื’, 2006, ืขืž' 229

ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ, ื•ืœื โ€“ ื™ืชืจื—ืฉ ืืกื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000 ื”ืชืจืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ืœืขื™ืชื•ืŸ 'ื•ืกื˜ื™' ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื•ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™

"ื›ื™ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื• ื–ืžืŸ. ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ืกืฃ ื”ืฉืžื“ื”. ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช, ืžืกืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืœืจืื•ืช ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืข, ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืืกื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคืชื—: "ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ". [...] ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืžื” ืฉื”ื‘ื•ืจื ืขืฉื” ืœื ื•, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืื“ืžืชื ื•, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืกื˜ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• [โ€ฆ] ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ "ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช", ืื‘ืœ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื™ืœืš ื•ื™ื’ื‘ืจ, ืขื“ ืฉื ืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ืืช ืžืฉื™ืžืชื ื•. [...] ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ืœ ืฉืœื ื•. ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ืจื— ืœืชืžื™ื›ืช ื›ื•ืœื. [โ€ฆ] ืื ืœื ื™ืจืฆื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื ื• ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื ืคืกืคืก ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ."

โ€” ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ, ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืข"ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ ืืฉืœื’, 2006, ืขืž' 229

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืงื‘ืœื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืคืฆื” ืžืงื™ืคื”. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื—ื™ืœืงื” ื—ื™ื ืžื•ืŸ ("ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื"), ื•ืื™ืœื• ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืžืคืจืกืžืช ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ื‘ืืชืจื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื“ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื, ืขืจื•ืฅ ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” (ืขืจื•ืฅ 96), ื•ืืฃ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช (ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืคืœื’ื” ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ื•ืื ืฉื™ื” ื”ืชืคืงื“ื• ืœืœื™ื›ื•ื“).

ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืžืกืคืจืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื–ื• ืฉืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืจื•ืฅ ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืฉื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•, ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืœื”, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืจืžืชื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ. ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืžืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื”:

ื—ื•ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืœืžื“ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ื•. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื•ืจ-ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืฉื™ืžืชื. ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช, ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืกืชืจื” ืžืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ (ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื”), ืขื“ ืœื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• - ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืคื•ืชื—ื” ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื”. ืœื›ืŸ ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืกืคืจ "ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ", ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื•ื‘ืขืœ-ื”ืกื•ืœื, ืฉืžืžื ื• ื•ื”ืœืื” ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืชืชื’ืœื” ืœื›ื•ืœื ืœืœื ืฉื•ื ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช. ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1995 ื•ืื ื• ืฉืจื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื•.

โ€” ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ, ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื•ืฉืžื” ืงื‘ืœื”, ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืจื‘ ืืฉืœื’, 2003, ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžื”

ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘"ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ", ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”. ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื’ื–ืจ ื’ื•ืจืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืชื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ืชื”, ืื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืงืฉื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืœืš, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืงื‘ืœื”.

ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืคืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื ืช ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืคื™ืฆื™ื ืืช ืžืฉื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืืžืฆืขื™ื. ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื›ืžื” ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืงื”ืœื™ ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื”ื“ืคืกืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื‘ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืœื•ื ืืฉืœื’, ื•ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื“ืคืกืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ื™ื[27]. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืคื™ืฆื” ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื—ื™ื ื ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื“ื•-ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ ื‘ืŸ 12 ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื "ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื".

ืœื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืขื ืคื” ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ื˜ื•ืงื‘ืงื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ืกื’ื™ืจ ื–ืืช[2].

ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืคืงืช ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉื "ARI Films". ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2008 ื”ื•ืฉืง ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื”ืžืฉื•ื“ืจ ืžืžืจื›ื– "ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš" ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ื‘ืœื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืขืจื•ืฅ ืžืฉื“ืจ ื’ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘, ืืš ื—ืœืงืŸ ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ื”ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืงื•ื“[28].

ืœืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ืช ื‘ืจื“ื™ื• ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืงื”. ื”ื•ื ืžืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืชืจืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ืžืคืจืกื ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช[29] ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื[30].

ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื. ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืฉืœ 2008 ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื›-3,000 ืื™ืฉ, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืœ 2010 ื›-6000. ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืงื™ืžื™ื "ื‘ืชื™ ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื" ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ[28]. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช 2016 ื ืžื ื• ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืกื ื™ืคื™ื.

ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื’ื ืืช "ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืข"ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ ืืฉืœื’" (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ARI: Ashlag Research Institute), "ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืงื‘ืœื”" ื•ืžื›ืœืœืช "ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื".

ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื” ืžืคื™ืฆื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช "ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš" ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช "ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช". ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืงื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ "ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš" ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื—ืื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 2012, ื•ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ื’ืœ ื”ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช[31].

ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืชื ื•ืขืช ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžื•ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื ื”ื’ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“"ืจ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื—ืชื™ื• ืžืžื•ื ื™ื ืกื’ื ื™ื ืฉืื—ืจืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ืื•ืœื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื”. ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ื ืงืจื ืจื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื• ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื•ืกืžืš ืœืจื‘ื ื•ืช[2]. ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืžืขืจืš ืžื“ื™ื” ื ืจื—ื‘ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื[13]. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื—ื™ืœืงื” ื—ื™ื ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื "ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื".

ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื ืจืฉืžื” ื‘ึพ1997 ื›ืขืžื•ืชืช ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš[32].

ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื—ืงื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืงื•ืฃ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื™ืฉ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืื•ืช "ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื™ื" ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื. ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช, ืกื™ื›ื•ืœ ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืฉืžืื™ื™ืžืช ืขืœื™ื” ื•ื”ื›ื—ืฉืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืœืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื•ืคื™ื•ืก[33][34]. ืขื™ืงืจ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ื”ืคืฆืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื“ืจืš ืจืฉืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืืชืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื”ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืคื•ืช. ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ื˜ื•ืงื‘ืงื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ืกื’ื™ืจ ื–ืืช[2]. ื™ื•ืฆืื™ "ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš" ืกื™ืคืจื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื” ื’ื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ืžืฉื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ื“ืจืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ืช.[13]

ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื™ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืงื‘ืœื”. ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื™ื•ืžื™, ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื•ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ[35]. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื‘ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ 'ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช', ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ื”ื™ื ืžื˜ื™ืคื” ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ื›ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ื–ื ื•ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช. ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ ืžืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื›ื ืก ื’ื“ื•ืœ, "ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™", ืฉื‘ื• ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื.

ืœืคื™ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ ืืช ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ "ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™". ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืคืจื“ื” ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื•ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืชืขืžืงื•ืช ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”; ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ื’ืจืกืช ื”ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ืž-2006 ืืกืจื” ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืขืœ ืงืจื™ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืื•ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.[13] ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื ื™ืชื•ืง ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืขื•ืœื” ื’ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื—ืงื™ืจ ืžืฉื ืช 2017. ื›ืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ืžืžื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืคื•ืขืœืช ื›ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืกื’ื•ืจื” ืขื ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืงืฉื”, ื•ืขื“ืช ืžืฉืžืขืช, ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื•"ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช" ื•ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืžื”ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืื• 'ืžื•ืขื–ื‘', ืฉืืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืžื• ืงืฉืจ ื•ืžื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืง ื›ืœ ืงืฉืจ ืžืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื”ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืงืœ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘. ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื" ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืขื“ ืœื›ื“ื™ 20 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉืงืขืช ืฉืขื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”[8]. ื’ื ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ืชื•ืžืจ ืคืจืกื™ืงื•, ื—ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื™ื, ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉืžืข, ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื™ืฉ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ืชืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืจื•ื“ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื•ื“ืžื™ ืฉืชื™ืงื”.[13]

ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช "ื‘ื™ื—ื“" ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2013[36]. ื”ืกื™ืขื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” 13.5% ืžืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื, ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืกื™ืขื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”, ืขื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื[37]. ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช[30].

ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืชืคืงื“ื• ื‘ืืœืคื™ื”ื ืœืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื ื‘ืกื™ืก ื›ื•ื— ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™[13][38]. ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื—ื ื•ืš ืžื™ืœื‘ื™ืฆืงื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืฉืœื”[34][39].

ื”ืคื•ืœืžื•ืก ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืœืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ื•ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื• ืงืžื” ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื, ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื›ืชื•ืช, ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื. ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื›ืช, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืžืงื• ื•ื‘ื”ืชืืžืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ ืฉืื•ืชื• ืžืœืžื“ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ.

ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื ืคื’ืขื™ ื›ืชื•ืช ื”ืชืจื™ืข ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ืชืชื™ื™ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืžืฉื ืช 2025, ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืืœื™ื• ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื™ืืจื• ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื›ืœืœื• ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืชื ื“ื‘ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื”ืฉืคืœื•ืช ื•ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืขื–ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืกื•ื ื›ื™ ื‘"ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื" ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื ื™ืชื•ืง ืžืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช. ืขื•ื“ ื ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื ื“ืจืฉื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ื›ื ืกื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืœืชืœื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืœืœื—ืฆื™ื ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื.[6]

ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื•ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ืžืฉื” ืื™ื“ืœ ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื "ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ื”ื•ื [= ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ] ืขื•ืฉื”, ื•ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืžื‘ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœื”, ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืงื‘ืœื”, ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืืฆืœื• ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื—ื“ ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉืชื“ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ - ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ". ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” "ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืžื›ื™ืจ ื›ืงื‘ืœื”?" ืขื ื” ืื™ื“ืœ: "ืงื™ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช... ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืงื‘ืœื” ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœืื™ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืคื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ: ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืคืจื• ื•ืจื‘ื•"[2].

ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ืื‘ื™ื ืจ ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืงื‘ืœื” ื‘"ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื" ื•ื›ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช ื›ื›ืช[40].

ื”ืจื‘ ืืจื– ืžืฉื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš: "ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืคืจืกื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื”ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื”. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื›ื™ ืื ืกื™ืœื•ืฃ ื‘ื•ื˜ื” ื•ื—ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืชื”"[41].

ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืฉืจืงื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš: "ื”ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื˜ื—ื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืงื•ืจื ื‘ืกืชืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื’ื ืจืžืื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ืงื‘ืœื”, ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืจืง ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื’ืจื•ืฉ. ื’ื ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืช. ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื. ื–ื” ืœืœื ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ืœืœื ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืžืกื™ืจืช ืื•ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืจืง ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื ื–ืง." ื›ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื™ืฉ ืœื’ื ื•ื–[42].

ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืจืœื• ื›ืชื‘ "ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžื–ื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ. ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืชืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœืื“ื, ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ื–ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืžื ื•"[43].

ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืจื™ืืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื›ืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื•ื›ื™ "ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืœืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•"[44].

ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื, ื—ืœืงื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืœื•ื ื”ืœื•ื™ ืืฉืœื’, ื™ืฆืื•, ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืื• ื‘ืจืžื–, ื ื’ื“ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื•. ื—ืœืงื ื›ืœืœื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื ื’ื“ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ืขื ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืฉืจื’ื ื‘ืจื’, ื•ืชืงืคื• ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืคืฆืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืื–ื•ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช (ืžื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืœืงื”ืœ ืืœื™ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ื‘ืœื‘ื“) ืฉืœื”.

ืชื•ืžืจ ืคืจืกื™ืงื•, ื—ื•ืงืจ ื•ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ ืชืคื™ืกืช "ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื" ื”ื™ื "ืจื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžื—ื“, ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืžืื™ื“ืš, ื•ื”ืขืžื“ืชื ืขืœ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“: ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืจื‘ ืืฉืœื’". ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008 ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ "ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ืฆืื™ ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ืžืจื•ืช ืœืœื ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ...ืœืืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืงืคืชื• (ืฉืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ) ืžืœืื” ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ.."[8] ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010 ื”ื ื™ื— ืคืจืกื™ืงื• ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ-ื˜ืœ, ืฉื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืชืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืชืจื›ื›ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆื•ื‘ืจืช ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื, ื•ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืกื•ืจื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื” ื ื•ืงืฉื” ืœื–ืจื, "ื•ื›ืคื™ ื”ื ืจืื” ื–ืจื ื—ืฉื•ื‘", ืฉืžื˜ื‘ืขื• ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืงื”ืœ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืื“ื•ืง ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ื•ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ื”ื ื—ืชื• ืชืชื’ืœื” ื›ื ื›ื•ื ื”[45]. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื”ืงืœื” ื•ื‘ื”ื’ืžืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ืงืคื“ื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืชืืคืฉืจื” ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืขื˜ื” ืœื“ืจืš 'ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš'. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืืฉืจ "ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื•ืช ืžืœืžืขืœื” ืœืžื˜ื”". ืคืจืกื™ืงื• ื”ืขืจื™ืš ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011 ื›ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘"ืฆื•ืžืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื" ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชื’ืžืฉื•ืชื” "ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื“ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืชื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื›ืžื” ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ืชืชื™ื™ื"[5]. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2012 ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื "ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ื˜ื•ื˜ืืœื™ื˜ืจื™, ืฉื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ื™ื•ืงื, ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืœื ืจื—ื•ืง, ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืืกื•ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืจืขืจ"[2]. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2024 ื›ืชื‘ ืคืจืกื™ืงื• ืขืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ืชืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื—ืกื• ืœืชื ื•ืขื”, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืจื•ื“ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื•ื“ืžื™ ืฉืชื™ืงื”. ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื ื•ืงื‘ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ื—ืก ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ืขื•ื“ ื›ืชื‘: "ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉืืœื™ื• ืฆื•ืขื“ ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืจืกืง ืืช ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืจื›ื– ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขืช, ืชื•ืื ื›ื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืืœื™ื• ื›ืžื”ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•"[13].

ื‘-15 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2017, ืฉื™ื“ืจื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช 'ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคืงืจ' ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ื›ืืŸ 11 ืชื—ืงื™ืจ ืฉืขืกืง ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš. ื‘ืชื—ืงื™ืจ ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืคื™ื”ืŸ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื—ืกืจืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืขื•ื“ ืขืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืคื•ืขืœืช ื›ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืกื’ื•ืจื” ืขื ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืงืฉื”, ื•ืขื“ืช ืžืฉืžืขืช, ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืืฃ "ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช" ื•ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืžื”ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืชื—ืงื™ืจ ื ืžืฆื ื’ื ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ "ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื" ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื—ืกื ืœื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืœ. ื ืžืฆื ื’ื ืฉื ืจืฉืžื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื—ื‘ืจื™ "ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื" ืžื“ื—ื™ืงื™ื ื•ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืžืกืœืงื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืื• ืฉืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื. ืงื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื—ืงื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื ื™ืชื•ืง ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช - ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืชืงื• ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืชื•ืืจ ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ืœื• ืžื ื™ื“ื•ื™ ืžืฆื“ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืคืจื•ืžื• ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช, ืคืจืกืžื• ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื”ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืขืฆื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™, ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื—ื ื•ืš ืžื™ืœื‘ื™ืฆืงื™.

ืชื ื•ืขืช "ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš" ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ื’ื•ืคื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืžืชื—ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื•ื—ืฉืคื• ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช "ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื" ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื”, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืจืชื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื[46][47][48][2][49].

ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื“ื™ื‘ื” ื ื’ื“ ื’ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื•ื“ืจื• ื‘ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ "ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื" ืชื—ืงื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืžื•ืชื” ื›"ื›ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ื•ื ืฆืœื ื™ืช" ื•ื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื” "ืฉื˜ื™ืคืช ืžื•ื—", "ื™ื—ืก ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ื•ืœื ืœื ืฉื™ื" ื•"ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื›ืกืคื™ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ืงื”". ืžื’ืœื™-ืฆื”"ืœ ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืœื ื ืคืœ ืคื’ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื, ื•ื›ื™ ื”ืขืžื•ืชื” ืžื ืกื” ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืฉื "ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืชืงืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืžื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉื™ื— ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืงื™ื ื”". ืœืื—ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื’ื™ืฉื•ืจ ื ืกื•ื’ื” ื”ืขืžื•ืชื” ืžื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื”[50][51]. ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื ื’ื“ ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ื™ืชืจื” ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืขืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืš ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื“ืจืฉื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืกืš 670 ืืœืฃ ืฉืงืœ ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืžื—ื™ืงืช ืฉืชื™ ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืจืฉืช[52].

ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื ืคื’ืขื™ ื›ืชื•ืช ื•ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ "ื™ื“ ืœืื—ื™ื" ื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœ"ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš" ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ืชืชื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžืื™ 2010 ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื‘ืกืš 700 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื— ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœื ืคื’ืขื™ ื›ืชื•ืช ื•ื ื’ื“ ืžื ื›"ืœื™ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ื“ื ื™ืช ืงืจืŸ, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืขืกืงื” ืงืจืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ืืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš. ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชื•ืงืฃ ืฉืœ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ืคืจืกืžื• ืงืจืŸ ื•ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœื ืคื’ืขื™ ื›ืชื•ืช ื”ื‘ื”ืจื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืชื ืฆืœื• ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืขืฉื™ื ืคืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืื• ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืชื ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื[53]. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื ืคื’ืขื™ ื›ืชื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ืขืžื•ืชืช ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžื›ืœ ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื•[54]. ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2017 ืคืจืกื ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืืชืจื• ื›ื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื›ืช ื•ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืฆื‘ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”[55]. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2025 ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื›ื™ ื”ืชืจื™ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื›ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”.[6]

ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ืžื” ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื“ื™ื‘ื” ื ื’ื“ ืื”ืจืŸ ืืคืœื‘ืื•ื, ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืœื ืคื’ืขื™ ื›ืชื•ืช ืฉื‘ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื•ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœื ืคื’ืขื™ ื›ืชื•ืช. ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื ื’ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื˜ืขื ืช "ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš" ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืืชืจ ืฉืœ ืืคืœื‘ืื•ื (ื“ื™ื“ื™ ืจืžื–, ื’ื™ื ื‘ื›ืจ ื•ื“ืœื™ื” ืืœื•ื ื™) ื ื“ื—ืชื” ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2019 ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืชื•ืš ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืขืžื•ืชืช ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉื›ืจ ื˜ืจื—ืช ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืš 130 ืืœืฃ ืฉ"ื—. ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืงื‘ืขื” ืฉื”ื”ืชืขืงืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ "ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš" ืœื ื”ืœ ื”ืœื™ืš ื›ื ื’ื“ ืืœื•ื ื™ ืฉืฉืžื” ื”ืฉืชืจื‘ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ื ืขืฉืชื” "ืฉืœื ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื‘". ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืจืžื– ื•ื‘ื›ืจ ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืœืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื’ื™ื ื ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื”. ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืงื‘ืขื” ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘"ืืžื™ืจื” ืชืžื•ื”ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื›ืœ ืื—ื™ื–ื” ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืช". ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืžืชืŸ ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ "ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš" ืคื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื”, ืืš ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืœื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื” ืœื‘ืงืฉืชื ื•ืงื‘ืขื” ื›ื™ ื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืœื”ื™ื“ื—ื•ืช[56][57].

ืชื ื•ืขืช "ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš" ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืจื‘ืข ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื“ื™ื‘ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื’ื•ืจ ืžื’ื™ื“ื• ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื“ื” ื‘ื”ื. ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฉื“ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ืง ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ื›ื™ ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ "ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš" ื™ืฉ "ืกืžืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ 'ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืฉืชืงื”'"[47][48]. ืื—ืช ืžืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืืœื” ื ืžื—ืงื” ื•"ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš" ื—ื•ื™ื‘ื” ืœืฉืœื ืœืžื’ื™ื“ื• ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืš 20,000 ืฉ"ื—. "ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš" ืขืจืขืจื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช, ืขืจืขื•ืจื” ื ื“ื—ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื™ื‘ื” ืœืฉืœื ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืกืš 4,000 ืฉ"ื—[58]. ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื ื“ื—ืชื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ืชื•ืš ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขื™ื, ืขืžื•ืชืช ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื•ืขื•"ื“ ื—ื ื•ืš ืžื™ืœื‘ื™ืฆืงื™, ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืš 45,000 ืฉ"ื—. ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืงื‘ืข ืฉืžื™ืœื‘ื™ืฆืงื™ ื•ื”ืขืžื•ืชื” ืขืฉื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืจืขื” ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืชื•ื ืœื‘[59]. ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื ื“ื—ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘[60]. ื‘-5 ื‘ืžืื™ ื ืกื•ื’ื” ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ[61] ืฉืขืœื™ื” ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜: "ื™ืฉ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื ืชื‘ืข ืฉืœืคื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืฉืชืงื”". ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ "ื”ืฉืชื›ื ืขืชื™ ื›ื™ ื”ื ืชื‘ืข ืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื•ืช ืื—ืจืื™ืช ื•ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช, ื•ื›ื™ ืขืจืš ืชื—ืงื™ืจ ืžืงื™ืฃ ื•ื™ืกื•ื“ื™...ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื”ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขืœื• ืžื”ืชื—ืงื™ืจ ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ ืฉืขืจืš"[46]. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœืคื™ื”ืŸ "ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื" ื”ื™ื ื›ืช, ื•ื’ื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ ืชืงื™ืคื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช โ€“ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืืœื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ[46].

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
  1. โ†‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš โ€“ ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื (ืข"ืจ), ื‘ืืชืจ "ื’ื™ื™ื“ืกื˜ืืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ"
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ืืชืจ ืœืžื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืื•ืจื™ ื‘ืœืื•, ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื, ื•ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœืงื•ืคื”, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, 22 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2012
  3. โ†‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ, ื‘ืืชืจ ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื | ื”ืจื‘ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ
  4. 1 2 ืฉื™ ื‘ืŸ-ื˜ืœ, 'ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš' - ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื“ืชื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืืงื“ืžื•ืช, ืชืฉ"ืข ื›"ื”, ืขืž' 146-169
  5. 1 2 ืชื•ืžืจ ืคืจืกื™ืงื•, ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืขื ืง ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ื ื’ื“ ืชื ื•ืขืช "ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš"
  6. 1 2 3 ื”ืฉืชืงื”, ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ื›ื ืกืช ืžื›ื”ืŸ: ื”ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืคืœื™ื ืฉืœ 'ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš', ื‘ืืชืจ ืคื•ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื ืคื’ืขื™ ื›ืชื•ืช, โ€27.7.25
  7. โ†‘ ื‘ื•ืขื– ื”ื•ืก, 'ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™': ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืืฉืœื’, ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืžืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ 16, 2006, ืขืž' 109โ€“130
  8. 1 2 3 ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš-ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื, ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ื“ ืœืื—ื™ื
  9. โ†‘ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ, ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื: ื”ืกืคืจ, ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื, 2007, ืขืž' 28, 105, 110
  10. โ†‘ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ, ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ืขื ืงื‘ืœื”: ืื™ืฉื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืืžื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื—ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื, 2008, ืขืž' 132
  11. โ†‘ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ, ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ืขื ืงื‘ืœื”: ืื™ืฉื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืืžื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื—ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื, 2008, ืขืž' 119
  12. โ†‘ ืฉื™ ื‘ืŸ ื˜ืœ, 'ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš' - ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื“ืชื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”. ืขืžื•ื“ 9
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ืชื•ืžืจ ืคืจืกื™ืงื•, ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื’ืื•ืœื”: ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉื›ืœ ื•ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ืช, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, 18 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2024
  14. โ†‘ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ, ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื•ืฉืžื” ืงื‘ืœื”, ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื, 2006, ืขืž' 74
  15. โ†‘ ืฉื™ ื‘ืŸ-ื˜ืœ, 'ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš' - ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื“ืชื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืืงื“ืžื•ืช, ืชืฉ"ืข ื›"ื”, ืขืž' 156
  16. โ†‘ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ, ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืงื‘ืœื”, ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื, 2006, ืขืž' 217; ืฉื™ ื‘ืŸ-ื˜ืœ, 'ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš' - ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื“ืชื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืืงื“ืžื•ืช, ืชืฉ"ืข ื›"ื”, ืขืž' 155
  17. โ†‘ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ, ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ืขื ืงื‘ืœื”: ืื™ืฉื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืืžื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื—ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื, 2008, ืขืž' 27, 131
  18. โ†‘ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ, ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ืขื ืงื‘ืœื”: ืื™ืฉื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืืžื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื—ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื, 2008, ืขืž' 15
  19. โ†‘ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ, ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ืขื ืงื‘ืœื”: ืื™ืฉื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืืžื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื—ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื, 2008, ืขืž' 28
  20. โ†‘ Michael Laitman, Kabbalah, Science and the Meaning of Life, Laitman Kabbalah Publishers, ืขืž' 179
  21. โ†‘ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ, ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืงื‘ืœื”, ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื, 2006, ืขืž' 229
  22. โ†‘ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ, ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช, ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื, 2005, ืขืž' 212
  23. โ†‘ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืžืื™ืจ, ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืกืชืจ: ืขืœ 'ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™' ื”ืจื™"ืœ ืืฉืœื’, ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื•ื”ืคืฆืช ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื“, ืงื‘ืœื” 16, ืชืฉืก"ื–
  24. โ†‘ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ, ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช, ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื, 2005, ืขืž' 204
  25. โ†‘ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ, ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืงื‘ืœื”, ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื, 2006, ืขืž' 217
  26. โ†‘ ืฉื™ ื‘ืŸ-ื˜ืœ, 'ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš' - ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื“ืชื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืืงื“ืžื•ืช, ืชืฉ"ืข ื›"ื”, ืขืž' 155
  27. โ†‘ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืžืื™ืจ, "ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืกืชืจ", ืขืž' 168โ€“169
  28. 1 2 'ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš' โ€“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื“ืชื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืขืž' 161
  29. โ†‘ ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื, ื‘ืืชืจ ynet
  30. 1 2 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื™ืคืจื—, ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ืžืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžื•ืกืฃ "ืฉื‘ืช", 31 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2017
  31. โ†‘ ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืฉื™ ื‘ืŸ ื˜ืœ, ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืžืจ ืคืจืกื™ืงื•
  32. โ†‘ ื ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืงืก, ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืขื ืฉื•ืจืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช: ื”ืขืžื•ืชื” ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืคืจืฉืช ืžื™ืœื‘ื™ืฆืงื™, ื‘ืืชืจ ynet, 26 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2025
  33. โ†‘ ืื™ืชืžืจ ื‘"ื–, ืชื—ืงื™ืจ: ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืช, ื”ื—"ื› ืžื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืกื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืืชืจ "ืฉืงื•ืฃ", 18 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2024
  34. 1 2 ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“: ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื” ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืงื™ืคื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ "ื›ืช", ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, 18 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2024
  35. โ†‘ ืฉื™ ื‘ืŸ-ื˜ืœ, 'ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš' - ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื“ืชื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืืงื“ืžื•ืช, ืชืฉ"ืข ื›"ื”, ืขืž' 158
  36. โ†‘ ืชื•ืžืจ ืคืจืกื™ืงื•, 'ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš' ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2013
  37. โ†‘ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื ื“ื˜โ€, ื”ืกื™ืขื” ื”ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ืฉื ื™ืฆื—ื” ื‘ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ื‘ืืชืจ ื•ื•ืืœื”, 24 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2013
  38. โ†‘ ื–ืื‘ ืงื, ื“ืื’ื” ื‘ืœื™ื›ื•ื“: ื—ื‘ืจื™ "ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื" ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ืœืžืคืœื’ื”, ื‘ืืชืจ nrgโ€, 21 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2014
  39. โ†‘ ื—ื‘ืจ-ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื ืกื•ื’ ืžื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื• ื˜ื™ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื ืฉื™ื ื•"ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ืข ืžืžื•ืกื“", ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, 5 ื‘ืžืื™ 2024
  40. โ†‘ ืฉื•"ืช ืกืžืก ื“ืฃ ืงื›ื“' (ืฉื•"ืช) โ€“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ืื‘ื™ื ืจ, ื‘ืืชืจ www.shlomo-aviner.net
  41. โ†‘ ืืจื– ืžืฉื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ,ย โ€"ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื?", ื‘ืืชืจ ื›ื™ืคื”, ื– ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืก"ื–
  42. โ†‘ ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื, ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืฉืจืงื™
  43. โ†‘ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืจืœื•,ย โ€ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื, ื‘ืืชืจ ื›ื™ืคื”, ื›"ื‘ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืก"ื–
  44. โ†‘ ืื’ื•ื“ืช "ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš", ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘, ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.
  45. โ†‘ ืชื•ืžืจ ืคืจืกื™ืงื•, ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืขื ื”ืจื‘ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ
  46. 1 2 3 ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื“ื—ื” ืืช ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื—ื ื•ืš ืžื™ืœื‘ื™ืฆืงื™ ื•"ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš" ื•ืžืชื— ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื—ืจื™ืคื”, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, 1 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2023
  47. 1 2 "ืกืžืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ 'ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืฉืชืงื”'", ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, 16 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2021
  48. 1 2 ื”ืคืกื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื—"ื› ื—ื ื•ืš ืžื™ืœื‘ื™ืฆืงื™ ื•"ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš" ืžื•ืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื’ื•ืจ ืžื’ื™ื“ื•, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, 18 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2024
  49. โ†‘ ืฉื•ืงื™ ื˜ืื•ืกื™ื’, ืœื ืชืฉืชื™ืงื• ืื•ืชื ื•, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, 22 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2016
  50. โ†‘ ื–ื” ืœื ืื ื—ื ื•, ืืœื• ื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, 17 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2018
  51. โ†‘ ืื™ืชืžืจ ื‘"ื–, "ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืžืกืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืขืจ", ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, 25 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2017
  52. โ†‘ ืžื—ื™ืงื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, 9 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2021
  53. โ†‘ "ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืชื ืฆืœื•ืช"' ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, 27 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2011, ืขืž' 21
  54. โ†‘ ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืช"ื (ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘) 20693-05-10 ืขืžื•ืชืช ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื ื’ื“ ื’ื‘' ื“ื ื™ืช ืงืจืŸ ื•ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื ืคื’ืขื™ ื›ืชื•ืช ื‘ืข"ืž
  55. โ†‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš / ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื / ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ, ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2017, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื ืคื’ืขื™ ื›ืชื•ืช (ืชืืจื™ืš ืื—ื–ื•ืจ: 31 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2017)
  56. โ†‘ ืื™ืชืžืจ ื‘"ื–, ื”ืคืกื“ ืœืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, 14 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2019
  57. โ†‘ ื”ืคืกื“ ืœืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, 14 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2019
  58. โ†‘ ืฉื•ืงื™ ื˜ืื•ืกื™ื’, ื”ืคืกื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœ"ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื" ืžื•ืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื’ื•ืจ ืžื’ื™ื“ื•, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, 15 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2021
  59. โ†‘ ืื™ืชืžืจ ื‘"ื–, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื“ื—ื” ืืช ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื—ื ื•ืš ืžื™ืœื‘ื™ืฆืงื™ ื•"ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš" ื•ืžืชื— ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื—ืจื™ืคื”, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, 1 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2023
  60. โ†‘ ืื™ืชืžืจ ื‘"ื–, ื”ืคืกื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื—"ื› ื—ื ื•ืš ืžื™ืœื‘ื™ืฆืงื™ ื•"ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš" ืžื•ืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื’ื•ืจ ืžื’ื™ื“ื•, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, 18 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2024
  61. โ†‘ ืื™ืชืžืจ ื‘"ื–, ื—ื‘ืจ-ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื ืกื•ื’ ืžื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื• ื˜ื™ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื ืฉื™ื ื•"ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ืข ืžืžื•ืกื“", ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, 5 ื‘ืžืื™ 2024