ืœื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ

ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช

ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื
ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช
ื”ืžืฆื‘ื” ืขืœ ืงื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื–ืœืฆืžืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื›ื ืจืช ืฉื ืจืฆื— ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1913. ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื”ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘: "ืค"ื  ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ ื–ืœืฆืžืŸ ืžื•ืจืฉื. ื ืจืฆื— ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘' ื›"ื“ ืžืจื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ืช ืืช"ืชืž"ื” ืœื’ืœื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืŸ ื›"ื’ ืฉื ื™ื ืชื ืฆ"ื‘ื”"

ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืžื ื™ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”, ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ืขื“ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืฆืœื‘ื ื™ืช. ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืชืžืขื˜ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื, ืืš ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื•ืื™ืœืš ื—ื™ื“ืฉื” ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื•, ื–ืืช ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืชื• ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช (ื”'ืชืฉืค"ื–) ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืช 1,958 ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช[1]. ืจื™ืขื ื•ืŸ

ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื”[2] (ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืช ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ[3]) ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื—ืชืช 3,828 ืžื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืื• 68 ืžื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืชื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืชืืจื›ื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœืฉื ืช 70 ืœืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื’'ืชืช"ืœ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ืœืคื™ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ืฉื ืช 70 ืœืกืคื™ืจื” ื›ืฉื ืช 1 ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ื 69 ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื• 3,829 ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช[4]. ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื ืชืžื›ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืœื™, ืžืกื›ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”, ื“ืฃ ื˜', ืขืžื•ื“ ื', ืฉืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ 380 ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”[5], ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืžืฆื‘ื•ืช ืฆื•ืขืจ ื•ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื“ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-10 ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื’ื ื™ื–ืช ืงื”ื™ืจ ื•ืžื ื™ื™ื ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ[6].

ื‘ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื“ื•ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจ[7], ื—ื–ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื, ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืžืชื—ืœืคื•ืช ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘, ื•ืœื ื‘ื' ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืžื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื. ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื "ืจืืฉ ืฉื ื” ืœื—ืจื‘ืŸ"[8] ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื™ืจืฉื• ื”ืงืจืื™ื ืืช โ€ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉโ€ (ืกืคืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ, ืคืจืง ืž', ืคืกื•ืง ื')[9].

ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ, ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ[10], ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ืžื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืจืืฉื™ืชื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘' ื ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืชืืจื™ืš โ€ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื‘ึดืฉึฐืืœึนืฉึดืื™ื ื•ึธืฉึถืื‘ึทืข ืฉึธืื ึธื” ืœึฐื’ึธืœื•ึผืช ื™ึฐื”ื•ึนื™ึธื›ึดื™ืŸ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ-ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื”โ€ย (ื›"ื”, ื›ื–), ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ: โ€ื‘ึฐึผืขึถืฉึฐื‚ืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐื—ึธืžึตืฉื ืฉึธืื ึธื” ืœึฐื’ึธืœื•ึผืชึตื ื•ึผโ€ย (ืž', ื). ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื™ื›ื™ืŸ โ€“ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉื ืชืคืก ื›ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืœืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืคืกื•ืง ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื’ื โ€ื‘ึฐึผืึทืจึฐื‘ึทึผืข ืขึถืฉึฐื‚ืจึตื” ืฉึธืื ึธื” ืึทื—ึทืจ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื”ึปื›ึฐึผืชึธื” ื”ึธืขึดื™ืจโ€ ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืกืคืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื™ื›ื™ืŸ. ื”ืงืจืื™ื ื‘ืจืžืœื” ืžื ื• ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื™ื›ื™ืŸ[11].

ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
ืžืฉืงื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื ื‘ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช: ืœืžืกืคืจ ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ื•ืชื™ืฉืขื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื” ืœื—ืจื‘ืŸ (ืฉื ืช 563 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”), ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืฉืจืจ ื—ื ื™ื ื ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื–ืจ ื•ืœื•ืœื™ืื ื ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืŸ

ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ[12]. ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืขื•ืœื ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ื ื”ื’ ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช:

ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ืื•ืžืจ: ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืคืจืก ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœ"ื“ (34) ืฉื ื”; ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืŸ ืง"ืค (180); ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ โ€“ ืง"ื’ (103); ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื“ื•ืก โ€“ ืง"ื’ (103). ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืื™ืœืš ืฆื ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ื•ื‘ื’ื•ืœื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ืœืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืืœืคื.

ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืชื™ืืจื•ืš ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื•ืช ืฆื•ืขืจ, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื’ื ื™ื–ืช ืงื”ื™ืจ, ื›ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืชื™ืืจื•ืš ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืœื•ืคื•ื ื™ื. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช.

ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื” (ืžืฆืจื™ื[13] ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื[14]) ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-9 ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”[15] ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•[16]. ื’ื ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืชื•ืืจื›ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื—ืœืคื• ืžื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ ืจืขืฉ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ืฉืื™ืจืข ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-8, ืžืชื•ืืจืš ืœืฉื ืช ื‘โ€ื–ืข"ืโ€ ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ[17]. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืื—ื™ืžืขืฅ ื‘ืŸ ืคืœื˜ื™ืืœ ืžืชืืจืš ืืช ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืœื™ื•ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช, ืœืฉื ืช 800 ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ[18]. ืžืงืจื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืืฉื›ื ื–, ืฉื›ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืžื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื[19], ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘"ืžื›ืชื‘ ืœืขื“ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื ื™ื™ืฉ" ืขืœ ืฉื ืช 924 ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ[20] ื•ื‘ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” "ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืช" ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ ืžืžื™ื™ื ืฅ ืขืœ ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืชืชื "ื•.

ืคื™ื™ื˜ื ื™ื ืžื ื• ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”[21], ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”[22] ื’ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-10[23], ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืžื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื[24].

ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ืžืื” ื”-11 ื”ืฆื˜ืžืฆื ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื•[25] ืื ื›ื™ ืœื ื ืฉื›ื—ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื[26]. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื”ื—ืœ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื›ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื—ืœืคื• ืžืื– ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืชืืจื™ืš ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืงื“ืžืชื• ืœืกืคืจื• "ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืจืž"ื’, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื”ืกืคืจ ืžื•ืคื™ืข, ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื[27]. ื’ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื• 'ืžื‘ืฉืจืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ' ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื–ื” ืœืฆื“ ื–ื”. ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื—ืœ ืžื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื—' ืฉืœ ืฉื ื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช (ื™"ื˜ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• 1820 = 23 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1888) ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืจืง ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื ื™ืกื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•. ื›ืš ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืจืฉื ื–ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืืจื™ืš "ืืœืฃ ืชืชื˜"ื– ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืงื“ืฉื™ื ื• ื•ืชืคืืจืชื™ื ื•" ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื™ืจื—ื•ื ื• 'ื”ืžืกื“ืจื•ื ื”' ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื›"ื– ื‘ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”'ืชืจืž"ื”[28] ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืœืงื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“" ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืจืž"ื˜ - ืืœืฃ ืชืช"ื›[29]. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืชื™ืืจื•ืš ืœืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืœื™ื‘ ืฆื™ื˜ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ื›ืจืš ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืชืืจืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืึทื—ึปื‘ึทึผ"ืฉึตื (=ืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™)[30], ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืคื—ื™ืช 70 ืฉื ื” ืžืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื. ื”ืคืจืฉ ื›ื–ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื’ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ ืžื—' ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”'ืจืž"ื“ (ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1484) ืฉืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ 1414 ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ[31] ื•ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ ืžืฉื ืช ื”'ืจื "ื— - 1428 ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ[32] ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืจื ืฆื•ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื•ื“ืคืก ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืจืค"ื– ื•ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ืžื•ืคื™ืข 1457 ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ[33].

ืขื ื–ืืช, ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืฉื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื, ืžืจืืฉื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื” ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื• "ืžื ื”ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื•ืช"[34]. ืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื ืชื”ื” ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืžื ื™ืขื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื’, ืคื™ืงืคืง ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืงืจ ืืช ืืœื” ืฉืื™ืžืฆื• ืื•ืชื• "ื”ืงื•ืคืฆื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ื“ืขืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ". ืœื˜ืขื ืช ืžืœ"ืœ, ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืฉืงืฃ ืชืคื™ืกื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืขื•ื–ื‘ื•. ืื“ืจื‘ื”, ืœื˜ืขื ืชื• ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืืช "ืื•ืชื ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”" ื”ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ืœื•ื™ ื’ื™ื ืฆื‘ื•ืจื’ ื—ืชื ืืช ื”ืงื“ืžืชื• ืœืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ โ€ื ื•ื™ืืจืง ื™ื•ื ื‘' ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื‘ื˜, ืืœืฃ ืฉืžื ื” ืžืื•ืช ื•ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืœื—ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืชโ€ (ืขืžื•ื“ VI).

ื”ืคื•ืœืžื•ืก ืฉืขื•ืจืจ ืœื™ืœื ื‘ืœื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืืš ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš ื–ื”. ืฉื ื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ืžืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื”ื, ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš ื–ื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื•, ืžืœื‘ื“ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื”ื™ื• ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื "ื”ืžืื™ืจ" ื•-"ื”ืขื•ืœื"[35] ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื ื—ื•ื ืกื•ืงื•ืœื•ื‘. ืขื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช "ื”ืขื•ืœื" ืœื•ื•ื™ืœื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื” ื‘ื• ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื[36]. ื’ื ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืขื“ื” ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1908, ื›ืชื‘ื” ืขืœ ืชืฆืœื•ื ืืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”: "ื‘ืชื™ื” ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืคื™ืฉืžืŸ, ื‘ืขื•ืžื“ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™, ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืืชืชืœ"ื˜"[37].

ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืžื ื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื—ื•ืœ, ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื•, ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื‘ืœืคื•ืจ[38]. ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืฃ ื”ื—ืœ ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืื™ืœืš ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื–ื•, ื•ื›ืš ืขืฉื• ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืื—ืจื™ื• ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ ื”ื›ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืชืจ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื•. ื›ืžื• ื‘ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ืœืš ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืจืฉื ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืืช ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื‘ืœืคื•ืจ, ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ืจื˜ ืกืžื•ืืœ ื•ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.

ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืžืœื‘ื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•, ืฉื™ื“ืขื• ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื“ื•ืช, ื ื•ืชืจื” ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืกืคืจื“ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืœืื—ืจ ืืžื™ืจืช ื”ืงื™ื ื•ืช, ืืช ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืกื—ื” ื–ื•:

ืฉืžืขื• ื ื ืื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ืขื•ื ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืงื“ืฉื ื• ื•ืœืฉืจืคืช ื”ื™ื›ืœื™ื ื• ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื›ื™ื ืช ืขื–ื ื• ื•ืœื ืคื™ืœืช ืขื˜ืจืช ืจืืฉื ื• ื•ืœืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ืขื ื”ืงื“ืฉ ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขื™ืจ ื”ืงื“ืฉ. ืื•ื™ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื”. ืื•ื™ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื—ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. ืื•ื™ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืื•ื™ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื’ืช ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื. ืื•ื™ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืฆืขืจื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื™ื—. ื”ื™ื•ื X ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ

โ€” ืกื“ืจ ื—ืžืฉ ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช, ืชืคืœืช ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื”ืฉืœื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฆืืœื— ื‘"ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื ืฆื•ืจ

ืืฆืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืชื™ืžืŸ ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ืื—ืจ:

ืฉืžืขื• ื ื ืื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื•ื X ืฉื ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื ืฉื ื—ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ืงื“ืฉื™ื ื• ื•ืชืคืืจืชื ื•. ื ืคืœื” ืขื˜ืจืช ืจืืฉื ื•, ืื•ื™ ื ื ืœื ื• ื›ื™ ื—ื˜ืื ื•.

ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืชื™ืžืŸ ืฉืืฃ ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืื– ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื’ืœื• ืœืชื™ืžืŸ (ื•ืœื ืขืœื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™). ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช, ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืชืืจื™ืš ืขื‘ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™, ื˜' ื‘ืื‘:

ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ืขื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•, ืื ื• ืžื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืืœื”ื™ื ื• ื•ืœืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ืขื ื”' ืืœื” ืžืขืœ ืื“ืžืช ืงื“ืฉื ื•, ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื—ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื” ืขื–ืจื ืื“ื•ื ื ื• X ืฉื ื™ ื™ื’ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื•. ื•ืœื—ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืœืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ ื’ืœื•ืชื ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื•ืœื™ ืชื™ืžืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืžื•ื ื™ื ื•, ื”ื™ื•ื X ืฉื ื™ื ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ ืขื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื•. ืขืœ ื–ืืช ื ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื‘ื‘ืฉืชื ื• ื•ืชื›ืกื ื• ื›ืœื™ืžืชื ื• ื•ืœื ื ืฉื›ื— ืžืงื“ืฉ ืชืคืืจืชื ื•

โ€” ื ื•ืกื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืืคื— ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื›ืืœื™ืœ ืขืชื™ืงื™ื

ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื” ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืฉืชื•ืจื™ ื”ืคืจื—ื™ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-14:โ€ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืงื”ืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื• ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœ ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ืžืคื ื™ ืขื’ืžืช ื ืคืฉโ€ (ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื•ืคืจื— ืคืจืง ื "ื)

ืจืื• ื’ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
  • ื"ืจ ืžืœืื›ื™, "ื›ืš ื•ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ื ืœื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”", ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืืจื™ื” ืกื˜ืจื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ (ืขื•ืจืš), ื“ืฃ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ 277, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš - ื”ืื’ืฃ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืชื•ืจื ื™ืช, ืชืžื•ื– ื”'ืชืฉืก"ื—.

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
  1. โ†‘ ืื‘ืจืžื™ ืคืจืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืื–ื•ื– ืžื—ืฉื‘: ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืžื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ?, ื‘ืืชืจ ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ ื—ืจื“ื™ื, 13 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2016
  2. โ†‘ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืขื•ืœื ื–ื•ื˜ื (ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-9) ื•ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืชื ืื™ื ื•ืืžื•ืจืื™ื (ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-9)
  3. โ†‘ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ืื™ื™ื‘ืฉื™ืฅ, ืชื•ืžื™ื, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืก"ื–, ืกืขื™ืฃ ืงื˜ืŸ ื’'. ืจืื™ื” ืœื–ืืช ืขื•ืœื” ืžื›ืš ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืžื”ื’ื ื™ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืœืฆื“ ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืžืขื•ืœื ื›ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™.
  4. โ†‘ ื”ืžืื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืžืกื›ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื“ืฃ ื˜' ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘'.
  5. โ†‘ ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื” ืœืจืžื‘"ื, ืกืคืจ ื–ืžื ื™ื, ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืคืจืง ื™"ื, ื”ืœื›ื” ื˜"ื–. ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื” ืœืจืžื‘"ื, ืกืคืจ ื–ืจืขื™ื, ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ, ืคืจืง ื™', ื”ืœื›ื” ื“'.
  6. โ†‘ ืจืื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื‘ื•ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” 8, ืขืžื•ื“ 329.
  7. โ†‘ ืจืื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืœื•ื— ืœืฉื ืช ื“'ืชืชืงืฆ"ื“
  8. โ†‘ ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“ ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช. ืคื•ืจืกื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืจืฆื”ื‘ื™ ื‘ืกื™ื ื™, ื›ืจืš ืงื™"ื˜, ืขืžื•ื“ ืง"ื.
  9. โ†‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ, ืกืคืจ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ.
  10. โ†‘ ืกืคืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ, ืคืจืง ื', ืคืกื•ืง ื‘'.
  11. โ†‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืื•ืœืฉื•ื‘ื™-ืฉืœื ื’ืจ, ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงืจืื™ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื ื™ื–ื” ืžืงื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื”ืงืจืื™ืช, ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ืดืชืขื•ื“ื”ืด, ื›ืจืš ื˜"ื•, ืขืžื•ื“ 135.
  12. โ†‘ ื—ื’ื™ ืžืฉื’ื‘, ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืœืชืขื•ื“ื” ืžื‘ื™ืชึพืขืžืจ, ืงืชื“ืจื”, ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช 148, ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื 179-184.
  13. โ†‘ ืงื˜ืข ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืžืชื ืก (en:Tinnis)
  14. โ†‘ ื ื•ืกื— ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืžื—ืœื‘
  15. โ†‘ atti del iv congresso internazionale degli orientalisti, ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื 271โ€”319. Die alten jรผdischen Katakombeninschristen in Sรผditalien.
  16. โ†‘ ืื ืืฉื›ื—ืš ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉื›ื— ื™ืžื™ื ื™ - ืžื ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ
  17. โ†‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืžืจื’ืœื™ื•ืช, ืชืขื•ื“ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืขืœ ืฆื•ื ื”ืจืขืฉ, ืชืจื‘ื™ืฅ, ื›ืจืš ื›"ื˜, ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื“', ืขืžื•ื“ 340.
  18. โ†‘ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืื—ื™ืžืขืฅ
  19. โ†‘ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื“ืื™ืจื›ืกื ืœืืฉืช ืจื‘ื ื• ื’ืจืฉื•ื ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื˜"ื– ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ 4,773 ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ืขื•ืœื "ืœืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืช" (ื›ืจื ื—ืžื“ ื—' ืขืžื•ื“ 106)
  20. โ†‘ ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืืฉื›ื ื– ื•ืฆืจืคืช ืขืžื•ื“ ื™"ื
  21. โ†‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื‘ืŸ ืื‘ื™ืชื•ืจ, 932 ืฉื ื™ื (ื“'ืชืฉืก"ื - 1001), ืžื•ืงืœื“ ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืœืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ "ื›ืœื™ืžืชื™ ืืฉื ื ื”": ื”ืขืชืงื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ื 932 (ื›ื "ืœ), 953 (ื“'ืชืฉืค"ื‘ - 1022), 954 (ื“'ืชืฉืค"ื’ - 1023).
  22. โ†‘ ื—ื“ื•ืชื ื‘ื™ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื, ืื™ื” ื—ืกื“ื™ืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, 765 ืฉื ื™ื (ื“'ืชืงืฆ"ื“ - 834).
  23. โ†‘ ืคื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืืœืžื•ื ื™, ื–ืจื•ื ื• ืžืœื›ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช, 916 ืฉื ื” (ื“'ืชืฉืž"ื” - 985).
  24. โ†‘ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื“ื•ื ื•ืœื• ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžืชื• ืœืกืคืจ ื—ื›ืžื•ื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื“'ืชืจืค"ื” (ื›ืืŸ) ื•ื“'ืชืฉืž"ื‘ (ื›ืืŸ) ื‘ืœื™ ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ
  25. โ†‘ ืงืœืžืŸ ื›ื”ื ื, ืœื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื”, ื‘ืชื•ืš 'ืฉื ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืข', ืขืžื•ื“ 130.
  26. โ†‘ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ื• ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื“ ื—ื™ืกื•ืœืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืื” (ืื•ืกืฃ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช)
  27. โ†‘ ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
  28. โ†‘ ืฉืขืจ ื”ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื™ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื•ืงืก
  29. โ†‘ ืฉืขืจ ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื™ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื•ืงืก
  30. โ†‘ ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
  31. โ†‘ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื•ื“ืœื™ื™ื ื™ืช MS. Huntington 563
  32. โ†‘ ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงืŸ, ืขื‘ืจื™ืช 356, ื“ืฃ 88ื‘.
  33. โ†‘ ื“ืฃ ืจืž"ื’
  34. โ†‘ "ืžื ื”ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื•ืช", ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ, ืฉื ื” ืœ"ื’, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ 114 (ื›"ื ื‘ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”'ืชืจื "ื’).
  35. โ†‘ ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
  36. โ†‘ ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
  37. โ†‘ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืืชืจ ื‘ื™ืชืžื•ื ื”
  38. โ†‘ ืฉืœื” ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื "ื”ืžืื•ืจืข ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ" ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื‘"ื”ืชื•ืจืŸ", ืฉื ื” ื“, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”-ืœื—.
ืื•ื—ื–ืจ ืžืชื•ืš "https://he.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ_ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ_ื”ื‘ื™ืช&oldid=43278278"