ืœื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ

ืจื‘ืงื” ื•ื“ืžื ื™-ืฉืื•ืžืŸ

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช
ืจื‘ืงื” ื•ื“ืžื ื™-ืฉืื•ืžืŸ
ืœื™ื“ื” 13 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1948 (ื‘ืชย 77)
ืงืคืจื™ืกื™ืŸ ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
ืœืขืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืžืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช

ืจื‘ืงื” ื•ื“ืžื ื™-ืฉืื•ืžืŸ (ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืงืคืจื™ืกื™ืŸ, ื‘-13 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1948) ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื’ื ื™ืช ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื”, ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2016 โ€“ ืžืจืฅ 2017. ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืžืื– 2012. ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ื›ื™ืจื” ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื›ื™ื”ื ื” ื›ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื, ื ืฉื™ืืช ื”ืžื›ืœืœื” ืœื”ื•ืจืืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื ื”ืœืช ืคื•ืจื•ื ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืจืืฉ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžื•ืกืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืžืขืจื›ืช "ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช", ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ืฉืœ ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘[ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื”ืจื”][1].

ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฆืจ ื‘ืงืคืจื™ืกื™ืŸ, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 1948, ื‘ืชื ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื’ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉื•ืื”, ืืฉืจ ืฉื ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1947 ืขืœื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืจื•ืžื ื™ื”, ื‘ืกืคื™ื ืช ื”ืžืขืคื™ืœื™ื "ื’ืื•ืœื”" ื•ื’ื•ืจืฉื• ืœืงืคืจื™ืกื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื. ื”ืื‘, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืื•ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืžื•ื ืจ "ื‘ื ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื" ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืคืขืœ "ื ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”. ื”ืื, ืขื“ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื˜ืœื™ื ื’ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืจืืฉื™ "ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™" ื‘ื‘ื•ืงื•ื‘ื™ื ื”.

ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžืงืคืจื™ืกื™ืŸ ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1949, ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืคื• ื•ื›ืืŸ ื’ื ื ื•ืœื“ ื”ืื— ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื•ื“ืžื ื™-ืฉืื•ืžืŸ, ืกืคื™ ืฉืื•ืžืŸ, ืœื™ืžื™ื ืกื"ืœ ืฉื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”[2].

ื•ื“ืžื ื™-ืฉืื•ืžืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื“ืชื™ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘"ื‘ื ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื". ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช (1971), ืžื•ืกืžื›ืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš (1994) ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘-2004, ืืฃ ื–ืืช ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืขื“ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืจื” ืœืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื˜' ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ืคื˜ืจื•ื›ื™ืžื™, ื•ืžืจืฆื” ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื” ืœืžื™ื ื”ืœ. ื‘-1995 ืžื•ื ืชื” ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžื›ืœืœื” ืœื”ื•ืจืืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืฉื ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื›ื™ื”ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘-2008 ื”ืชืื—ื“ื” ื”ืžื›ืœืœื” ืฉื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื” ืขื ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื, ื•ื•ื“ืžื ื™-ืฉืื•ืžืŸ ืžื•ื ืชื” ืœืžืฉื ื” ืœืจืืฉ ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืจืืฉ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžื•ืกืžื›ื™ื, ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืจ.

ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2012 ืžื•ื ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืกืขืจ, ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”[3] ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2016, ืžืฉื”ื•ื“ื—ื” ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื—ื’ื™ืช ืžืกืจ-ื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื ืคืชืœื™ ื‘ื ื˜ ื•ืžืœื™ืืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืžื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื•ื“ืžื ื™-ืฉืื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื”, ืœืกื’ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื”[4]. ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.

ื‘-9 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2017 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืœืฆืช ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื ื˜, ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœืžื ื•ืชื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื’ื ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”-13 ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”[5]. ื›ืกื’ืŸ ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื” ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืื“ื• ืคืจืœืžืŸ.

ื‘-18 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2018 ื ืžื ืชื” ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืชืงืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืื™ืฉืจื• ืืช ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืืจื™ืืœ. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2018 ื ื•ื“ืข ื›ื™ ื•ื“ืžื ื™-ืฉืื•ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ื‘ืขื“ ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื“ื ื” ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืขืกื™ืง ืื•ืชื”. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2019 ืงื‘ืข ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ื™ ื•ื“ืžื ื™-ืฉืื•ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืจื•ื™ื” ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืžืœ"ื’ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืœื™ืš[6].

ื•ื“ืžื ื™-ืฉืื•ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื ืืœืžื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืชื“ื™ ื•ื“ืžื ื™ (ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2020, ืื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืงื™ ื•ื“ืžื ื™) ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ืชื"ืœ ืืžื™ืจ ื•ื“ืžื ื™, ืจืืฉ ืžื˜ื” ืื’ืฃ ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ.

ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
  • ืจื‘ืงื” ื•ื“ืžื ื™ (ืขื•ืจื›ืช) ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ืื—ืจืช, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืค"ืช, ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื 2018
  • ืจื‘ืงื” ื•ื“ืžื ื™ (ืขื•ืจื›ืช ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืฉื•ืชืคื”), ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืชย : ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืค"ืช ื•ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื, 2017
  • ืจื‘ืงื” ื•ื“ืžื ื™, ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžื•ืจื™ื ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื“ืคื™ื: ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช ืœืขื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื›ืจืš 54, ืขืž' 167โ€“192, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืค"ืช, 2012[7]
  • ืจื‘ืงื” ื•ื“ืžื ื™, ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”, ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช 14, 2012, ืขืž' 190โ€“221[8]

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืžื“ื™ื” ื•ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืจื‘ืงื” ื•ื“ืžื ื™-ืฉืื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
  1. โ†‘ ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื (ืžืงื•ืฆืจ) (ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2017)
  2. โ†‘ "ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืกื•ืฆ'ื‘ื” (ืฉื•ืฅ) ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”"
  3. โ†‘ "ื“"ืจ ืจื‘ืงื” ื•ื“ืžื ื™ ืชื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”", 25 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2012
  4. โ†‘ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื‘ื™ื’ืžืŸ,ย ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”?, ื‘ืืชืจ ืžื™ื“ื”, 22 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2016.
  5. โ†‘ "ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉ-ืขืฉืจื”", ื‘ืืชืจ ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”
  6. โ†‘ ืืชืจ ืœืžื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืื•ืจ ืงืฉืชื™, ื”ื™ื•ืขืž"ืฉ ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ืืจื™ืืœ, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, 4 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2019
  7. โ†‘ ื”ืžืืžืจ
  8. โ†‘ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื•ื”ืžืืžืจ