Dolor

Dolor est molesta sensus animique passio, cum aut cum quo verae aut futurae laesionis textus simili sit iuncta^{[verba obscura]}.^[1] Dolor corporis fit, cum stimulus quidam textibus nocuit, sed detrimentum textus non semper dolorem affert. Non enim sentitur dolor, nisi sunt receptoria ad dolorem experiendum apta. Quae receptoria cum aliis tum cartilagini articulari, materiae cerebri, broncho desunt.

Primus doloris gradus in systemate nervoso fit, ubi receptoria ad stimulum respondent. Quo facto nuntius doloris per neurona ad eas systematis nervosi centralis partes, in quibus dolor sentitur, transmittitur. Etiam fieri potest, ut dolor in systemate nervoso mutetur. Denique dolor in cerebro sentitur. In acerrimo impetu doloris nihil aliud in conscientia morari potest.

Scientia disciplina in parte medica, quae dolorem, effectus eius manifestos tractationem studet, nominatur algologia, eius munus principale procuratio doloris est.

De dolore acuto et chronico

Exemplo utamur homine, qui forte manu focum calidum adtigit. In cute sunt receptoria caloris, quae nuntium in medullam spinalem transmittunt et, antequam in cerebrum pervenisset hic nuntius, iam manus de foco ablata est. Mox deinde aliquid accidisse percipit cerebrum, quod hoc factum in complexu rerum praeteritarum ponit: quid acciderit et cur, quaeritat. Denique consilium capit apposite faciendi. Hoc loco iam de foco ablata est manus. Sed nihilo minus operae pretium erat manum in aquam gelidam immergere ad dolorem mitigandum ac, ne fiat ambustio, prospiciendum. Nam provisum est evolutione, ut, si venerit grave trauma, praesto sit spatium temporis (fortasse semihorae spatium) quo dolor plus minusve aberit. Ubi aegrotus in tuto se esse sentit, etiam dolorem sentire incipit.^[2]

Anxietas sensum doloris auget, itaque fieri potest, ut functio monitoria doloris evanescat. Quomodo feratur dolor, non solum ex genere detrimenti sed etiam ex aegroti ad calamitatem adfectione pendet. Si aegrotus (verbi causa) ex medico nosocomove sciat incommodum mox transiturum esse, ea cognitione iam mitigari potest dolor. Sed dolor neuropathicus, qui ex primaria laesione peripherici centralisve systematis nervosi oritur, qualitatem vitae magnopere reducere potest.^[3]

Machinatio

Systemati nervoso facultas stimulos dolorosos cognoscendi et interpretandi est, quae nociceptio ("detrimentum sentire") nominatur^[4]. Nociceptioni ita structurae nociceptiva circumpositae sunt:

Receptoria peripherica, nociceptores, nervorum sensoriorum
Nervi sensorii nociceptivi — Fibrae typorum III et IV (secundum Lloyd et Hunt, sive fibrae Aδ et fibrae C secundum Erlanger et Gasser)
Medulla spinalis — systema anterolaterale: tractus spinocerebellaris posterior et tractus spinocerebellaris anterior
Cerebrum — diversae regiones ut formatio reticularis, lemniscus lateralis, thalamus, gyrus cinguli, amygdala, insula, cortex praefrontalis medialis (PFCm)^[5].

Secundum originem doloris distinguuntur:

Dolor corporeus — de textibus non neuronalibus extra viscera
Dolor visceralis — de visceris
Dolor neuropathicus — de nervis sensoriis
Dolor psychogenicus — de systemate nervoso centrali (non corporaliter, quia cerebrum receptoria nociceptica non habet)
Dolor psychologicus － de mente

Nexus interni

Notae

↑ Terminologia doloris renovata apud IASP : "An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or resembling that associated with, actual or potential tissue damage."
↑ Kalso & al. 2018.
↑ Beniczky & al. 2005.
↑ Woller S. A., Eddinger K. A., et al. (Sep-Oct 2017). "An overview of pathways encoding nociception". Clinical and experimental rheumatology 35 (Supplementum 107): 40-46 .
↑ Apkarian V. A., Hashmi J. A., Baliki M. N. (Mar 2011). "Pain and the brain: specificity and plasticity of the brain in clinical chronic pain". Pain 152 (Supplementum 3): S49-64 .

Plura legere si cupis

Allan I. Basbaum , Diana M. Bautista, Grégory Scherrer, David Julius. "Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Pain", Cell, 2009: 267-284
Beniczky, S.; Tajti, J.; Tímea Varga, E.; Vécsei, E. (2005) Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain syndromes, Journal of Neural Transmission 112 (6): 735–49.
João Braz, Carlos Solorzano, Xidao Wang, Allan I. Basbaum. "Transmitting Pain and Itch Messages: A Contemporary View of the Spinal Cord Circuits that Generate Gate Control", Neuron, 2014: 522-536
Michael J Caterina, David Julius. "Sense and specificity: a molecular identity for nociceptors", Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 1999: 525-530
Roman Cregg, Aliakmal Momin, Francois Rugiero, John N Wood, Jing Zhao. "Pain channelopathies", Journal of Physiology, 2010(588): 1897–1904
Ronald Dubner et Michael Gold. "The neurobiology of pain", PNAS, 1999: 7627-7630
Howard L. Fields, Pain, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1987
- (curator), Pain Syndromes in Neurology, Butterworths, 1990 Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum
Michael S Gold & Gerald F Gebhart, "Nociceptor sensitization in pain pathogenesis", Nature Medicine, 2010: 1248–1257
Stephen P Hunt, Patrick Mantyh. "The molecular dynamics of pain control", Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2001: 83-91
Kalso, E.; Haanpää, M.; Hamunen, K.; Kontinen, V.; Vainio, A. (ed. 2018) Kipu ['Dolor'] Editio quarta et renovata. Duodecim.
Li Min Chen, "Cortical Representation of Pain and Touch: Evidence from Combined Functional Neuroimaging and Electrophysiology in Non-human Primates", Neuroscience Bulletin, 2017: 165–177
Pierre Rainville, "Brain mechanisms of pain affect and pain modulation", Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 2002: 195-204
Joachim Scholz et Clifford J Woolf, "Can we conquer pain?", Nature Neuroscience, 2002, 5 Suppl: 1062-7
Sarah Taves, Temugin Berta, Gang Chen, Ru-Rong Ji. "Microglia and Spinal Cord Synaptic Plasticity in Persistent Pain", Neural Plasticity, 2013
Rolf-Detlef Treede, Daniel R Kenshalo, Richard H Gracely, Anthony K.P Jones. "The cortical representation of pain", Pain, 1999: 105-111
Wall & Melzack's Textbook of Pain, sexta editio: Elsevier, 2013 Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad dolorem spectant.

[1] Terminologia doloris renovata apud IASP : "An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or resembling that associated with, actual or potential tissue damage."

[2] Kalso & al. 2018.

[3] Beniczky & al. 2005.

[4] Woller S. A., Eddinger K. A., et al. (Sep-Oct 2017). "An overview of pathways encoding nociception". Clinical and experimental rheumatology 35 (Supplementum 107): 40-46 .

[5] Apkarian V. A., Hashmi J. A., Baliki M. N. (Mar 2011). "Pain and the brain: specificity and plasticity of the brain in clinical chronic pain". Pain 152 (Supplementum 3): S49-64 .

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