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Plohophorini glyptodonts (Xenarthra, Cingulata) from the late Neogene of northwestern Argentina. Insight into their diversity, evolutionary history, and paleobiogeography

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Abstract

Northwestern Argentina (NWA), together with the Pampean region (PR), has produced one of the most complete late Neogene continental sequences in Argentina. A diversity of palaeofauna has been recognized from NWA, among which glyptodonts stand out due to the high abundance of their remains. Recent evidences suggests that the Late Miocene was a period of extra-Patagonian diversification in southern South America for glyptodonts, perhaps stimulated by the expansion of C4 grasses and open environments; this has been called the as “Edad de las Planicies Australes”. Here, we focus on one of NWA's most poorly known clades of glyptodonts, the Plohophorini, from the Villavil-Quillay Basin (Catamarca Province). Our results show that, like other clades (e.g., Doedicurini), a single species can be recognized, Stromaphorus ameghini (Ameghino, 1889; ex Moreno, 1882), whose stratigraphic record spans the latest Miocene to the Pliocene (ca. 7.14–3.3 Ma; Messinian-Zanclean). Cladistic analysis confirms the status of the tribe Plohophorini as a natural group within Hoplophorinae (“austral clade”), in which S. ameghini appears as the sister species of the Pampean species S. trouessarti (Moreno, 1888) comb. nov. The oldest precise records of S. ameghini (ca. 7.14 Ma) provide a minimum age for the Plohophorini lineage. The evidence suggests that the diversity of glyptodonts from the late Neogene of NWA is composed of endemic species that are different from those of the PR; however, both areas share the same genera, as observed in other mammalian clades such as Hegetotheriidae (Notoungulata) and Dasypodidae. The cladistic analysis reveals, in a broader context, that the spine-like structure observed in the caudal tube of some genera (i.e., Nopachtus, Propanochthus, and Panochthus) is a homologous structure rather than a convergence as usually interpreted. By contrast, the similar ornamentation pattern represented by the multiplication of peripheral figures in the carapaces of the genera Stromaphorus and Nopachtus is, in fact, a convergence.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Susana Bargo, Martín L. de los Reyes and Marcelo Reguero (Museo de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina), Laura Cruz (Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, MACN, Buenos Aires, Argentina), William Simpson and Keneth Angielezyk (Field Museum of Natural History FMNH, Chicago, USA) and the Museo “Condor Huasi” Belén Catamarca, Argentina, for granting us access to their collections; and Dirección de Antropología de Catamarca for permitting work in this Province. We also thank Gabriela Schmidt (CONICET-Prov. ER-UADER, Entre Ríos, Argentina), Johana Baez and Juan Manuel Robledo (CECOAL-CONICET-UNNE, Corrientes Capital, Argentina), Federico Degrange and Ivana Tapia (CICTERRA-CONICET-UNC, Córdoba, Argentina), Lucia M. Ibáñez and Matías A. Armella (Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina), María Carolina Madozzo-Jaén (INSUGEO-CONICET-UNT, Tucumán, Argentina), for their help during fieldwork. Special mention to Marcos Roig for his help during the palaeobiogeographical analysis, Nicolás Bauzá with phylogenetic morphometric analysis, Daniel Perea for the photographs provided, and Alvaro Mones and Cristina Luisa Scioscia for their help with nomenclatural issues.

Funding

This research was partially funded by PICT 2019–03412, PICT 2018 003380, PI Q002/21 (SGCyT-UNNE), and SNI_2020_1_1010231 ANII (P.T.).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorio de Evolución de Vertebrados y Ambientes Cenozoicos, Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral (CECOAL-CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (UNNE), Ruta 5, Km 2,5 cc 128 (3400) y, Corrientes Capital, Argentina

    Alizia Núñez-Blasco, Alfredo E. Zurita, Ángel R. Miño-Boilini & Sofia I. Quiñones

  2. Instituto de investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano (INCUAPA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Olavarría, Argentina. Av. Del Valle 5737, 7400, Olavarría, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Ricardo A. Bonini

  3. Centro Universitario Regional Noreste - sede Tacuarembó, Universidad de la República, Ruta 5. Km 386,500, Tacuarembó, Uruguay

    Pablo Toriño

  4. Departamento de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay

    Pablo Toriño

  5. División Paleontología de Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, Código Postal 1900, La Plata, Argentina

    Martín Zamorano

  6. IESGLO, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel Lillo 205, T4000JFE, CONICET, CCT NOA Sur, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina

    Sergio Georgieff

  7. Sistema Nacional de Investigaciones, Montevideo, Uruguay

    Pablo Toriño

Authors
  1. Alizia Núñez-Blasco
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  2. Alfredo E. Zurita
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  3. Ricardo A. Bonini
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  4. Ángel R. Miño-Boilini
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  5. Sofia I. Quiñones
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  6. Pablo Toriño
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  7. Martín Zamorano
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  8. Sergio Georgieff
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Núñez-Blasco A performed the geometric morphometric analysis and applied it to the phylogenetic analysis, and also prepared all the online resource; Núñez-Blasco A., Zurita A. and Toriño P. performed the phylogenetic analysis and the chronological calibration of the tree with R; Núñez-Blasco A. and Zurita A. E. made the taxonomical and systematic assignment; Núñez-Blasco A., Zurita A. E., Bonini R., Miño-Boilini A. R. and Toriño P. wrote the introduction and materials and methods texts and Historical background Núñez-Blasco A., Zurita A. E., Quiñones S. I. and Zamorano M. wrote the anatomical descriptions; Nuñez-Blasco A. and Bonini R. prepared figures 1-8. Núñez-Blasco A., Zurita A. E., Bonini R., Miño-Boilini A. R., Toriño P. and Zamorano M. wrote the discussion and conclusion texts; Georgieff S. analysed the stratigraphy and relative dating of the fossils. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Alizia Núñez-Blasco.

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Núñez-Blasco, A., Zurita, A.E., Bonini, R.A. et al. Plohophorini glyptodonts (Xenarthra, Cingulata) from the late Neogene of northwestern Argentina. Insight into their diversity, evolutionary history, and paleobiogeography. J Mammal Evol 31, 33 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-024-09726-3

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