Yordamchi texnologiya

Yordamchi texnologiya — nogironligi boʻlgan shaxslar va keksalar uchun moʻljallangan yordamchi, moslashtiruvchi va reabilitatsiya qurilmalarini ifodalovchi atama. Nogironligi boʻlgan insonlar koʻpincha kundalik hayot faoliyatini mustaqil ravishda yoki hatto yordam bilan bajarishda qiyinchiliklarga duch keladi. Kundalik hayot faoliyatiga oʻziga gʻamxoʻrlik qilish mashgʻulotlari, jumladan, hojatga chiqish, harakatlanish (yurish), ovqatlanish, choʻmilish, kiyinish, pardoz qilish va shaxsiy qurilmalarga qarash kiradi. Yordamchi texnologiyalar ushbu kundalik faoliyatni bajarish qobiliyatini cheklaydigan nogironlik oqibatlarini yumshatishi mumkin. Yordamchi texnologiya insonlarga ilgari bajara olmagan yoki bajarishda katta qiyinchilikka duch kelgan vazifalarni bajarish imkonini berish orqali koʻproq mustaqillikni taʼminlaydi. Bunga texnologiyani takomillashtirish yoki u bilan oʻzaro aloqa qilish usullarini oʻzgartirish orqali erishiladi. Masalan, nogironlik aravachalari yura olmaydigan insonlar uchun mustaqil harakatlanishni taʼminlasa, yordamchi ovqatlanish qurilmalari mustaqil ovqatlanolmaydigan insonlarga bu ishni amalga oshirish imkonini beradi. Yordamchi texnologiyalar tufayli nogironligi boʻlgan insonlar „ijtimoiy ishtirok“, „xavfsizlik va nazorat“ ortishi hamda „uy xoʻjaligi xarajatlarini sezilarli darajada oshirmasdan, shifoxona xarajatlarini kamaytirish“ imkoniyati bilan ijobiyroq va qulay turmush tarziga ega boʻladi^[1]. Maktablarda yordamchi texnologiyalar nogironligi boʻlgan oʻquvchilarning umumiy taʼlim dasturlaridan foydalanishini taʼminlashda hal qiluvchi ahamiyatga ega boʻlishi mumkin. Masalan, yozish yoki klaviaturada ishlashda qiyinchilikka duch keladigan oʻquvchilar buning oʻrniga nutqni aniqlash dasturidan foydalanishlari mumkin. Yordamchi texnologiyalar insultdan keyin sogʻayayotgan insonlarga va kundalik vazifalariga taʼsir qiluvchi jarohat olgan shaxslarga yordam beradi^[2]^[3]^[4].

Hindistonda doktor Edmond Fernandes boshchiligidagi Edvard va Sintiya Jamoat salomatligi instituti tomonidan oʻtkazilgan hamda JSSTning SEARO jurnalida chop etilgan soʻnggi tadqiqot shuni koʻrsatadiki, keksa yoshdagi insonlarning funksional qiyinchiliklariga qaratilgan geriatrik parvarish siyosati asosiy yoʻnalishga aylantirilishi kerak. Yordamchi texnologiyalar uchun shaxsiy mablagʻ hisobidan qilinadigan xarajatlarni hal qilishda esa ijtimoiy himoya boʻyicha davlat dasturlariga tayanish zarur boʻladi^[5].

Moslashuvchan texnologiya

Moslashuvchan texnologiya va yordamchi texnologiya bir-biridan farq qiladi. Yordamchi texnologiya nogironligi boʻlgan insonlarga yordam berish uchun ishlatiladigan har qanday narsa^[6]. Moslashuvchan texnologiya esa yanada ixtisoslashgan, faqat nogironligi boʻlgan insonlar uchun loyihalashtirilgan va nogironligi boʻlmagan kishilar tomonidan deyarli qoʻllanilmaydigan buyumlarni qamrab oladi^[7]. Boshqacha aytganda, yordamchi texnologiya nogironligi boʻlgan, ayrim hollarda esa nogironligi boʻlmagan insonlarga yordam beruvchi har qanday obyekt yoki tizimdir, moslashuvchan texnologiya esa aynan nogironlar uchun maxsus yaratilgan boʻladi. Shunga koʻra, moslashuvchan texnologiya yordamchi texnologiyaning bir qismi (ost toʻplami) hisoblanadi. Moslashuvchan texnologiya koʻpincha elektronika va axborot texnologiyalaridan foydalanish imkoniyatlariga tegishli boʻladi^[8].

Ekzoskeletlar

Quvvatlantiriluvchi ekzoskelet — bu elektr motorlar, pnevmatika, richaglar, gidravlika yoki oyoq-qoʻllarning harakatini oshirilgan kuch va chidamlilik bilan taʼminlovchi texnologiyalar kombinatsiyasi tizimi orqali ishlaydigan kiyiladigan mobil mashina. Uning dizayni belni qoʻllab-quvvatlashga, foydalanuvchining harakatini sezishga va uzatmalarni boshqaradigan motorlarga signal yuborishga qaratilgan. Ekzoskelet yelka, bel va sonni tutib turadi hamda ogʻir buyumlarni koʻtarish va ushlab turishda harakatga yordam berib, beldagi zoʻriqishni kamaytiradi.

Moslashuvchan oʻtirish

Muvozanat va motorika funksiyasi bilan bogʻliq muammolari bor insonlar koʻpincha xavfsiz va mustahkam oʻtirish yoki turish uchun maxsus jihozlarga muhtoj boʻladi^[9]. Bu jihozlar koʻpincha sinfxona yoki qariyalar uyi kabi muayyan sharoitlar uchun ixtisoslashtiriladi^[10]^[11]. Oʻtirish tartibida joylashtirish koʻpincha foydalanuvchi tanasining bosimi kerakli harakatga toʻsqinlik qilmagan holda teng taqsimlanishini taʼminlash uchun muhimdir^[12].

Manbalar

↑ Parant, Aymeric; Schiano-Lomoriello, Sandrine; Marchan, Francis (October 2017). "How would I live with a disability? Expectations of bio-psychosocial consequences and assistive technology use". Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology 12 (7): 681–685. doi:10.1080/17483107.2016.1218555. PMID 27677931.
↑ Sivan, Gallagher, Holt, Weightman, O'Connor, Levesley, Manoj, Justin, Ray, Andrew, Rory, Martin (6 February 2016). "Employing the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health framework to capture user feedback in the design and testing stage of development of home-based arm rehabilitation technology". Assistive Technology 28 (3): 175–182. doi:10.1080/10400435.2016.1140689. PMID 26852630.
↑ Calabrò, Rocco Salvatore; Naro, Antonino; Leo, Antonino; Bramanti, Placido (4 March 2016). "Usefulness of robotic gait training plus neuromodulation in chronic spinal cord injury: a case report". The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine 40 (1): 118–121. doi:10.1080/10790268.2016.1153275. PMID 27077568. PMC 5376144. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5376144.
↑ Vanoglio, F.; Bernocchi, P.; Mule, C.; Garofali, F.; Mora, C.; Taveggia, G.; Scalvini, S.; Luisa, A. (7 April 2016). "Feasibility and efficacy of a robotic device for hand rehabilitation in hemiplegic stroke patients: A randomized pilot controlled study". Clinical Rehabilitation 31 (3): 351–360. doi:10.1177/0269215516642606. PMID 27056250.
↑ Kamath, Ramachandra; Fernandes, Edmond; Dsouza, Neevan; Ghai, Glory; Kamath, Surekha R. (June 2024). "Unmet Needs and Barriers to Assistive Technology in the Coastal Districts of Karnataka, India" (en-US). WHO South-East Asia Journal of Public Health 13 (1): 5–8. doi:10.4103/WHO-SEAJPH.WHO-SEAJPH_57_23. ISSN 2224-3151. PMID 39167129.
↑ „Assistive Technology Act of 1998 | Section508.gov“. section508.gov. 2016-yil 29-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2016-yil 4-aprel.
↑ „Tennessee Science Standards“. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 5-oktyabr.
↑ „Assessing for Adaptive Technology Needs“. 2014-yil 10-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 5-oktyabr.
↑ Mancini, Martina; Horak, Fay B (June 2010). "The relevance of clinical balance assessment tools to differentiate balance deficits". European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 46 (2): 239–248. ISSN 1973-9087. PMID 20485226. PMC 3033730. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3033730.
↑ „Assistive technology“ (en). www.who.int. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 30-noyabr.
↑ LDAOeng „Assistive Technology for Students with Learning Disabilities“ (en-US). LD@school (2014-yil 10-iyun). Qaraldi: 2022-yil 30-noyabr.
↑ Rodby-Bousquet, Elisabet; Agustsson, Atli (2021). "Postural Asymmetries and Assistive Devices Used by Adults With Cerebral Palsy in Lying, Sitting, and Standing". Frontiers in Neurology 12. doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.758706. ISSN 1664-2295. PMID 34938261. PMC 8685523. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=8685523.

Adabiyotlar

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. „Roles and Responsibilities of Speech-Language Pathologists With Respect to Augmentative and Alternative Communication: Position Statement“ (2005). 2009-yil 13-fevralda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2009-yil 23-yanvar.
DeCoste, Denise C. „Chapter 10: Introduction to Augmentative and Alternative Communication Systems“, . Handbook Of Augmentative And Alternative Communication Glennen, Sharon: . San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, 1997. ISBN 978-1-56593-684-3.
Schlosser, R. W.; Wendt, O. (2008). "Effects of augmentative and alternative communication intervention on speech production in children with autism: a systematic review". American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 17 (3): 212–230. doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2008/021). PMID 18663107. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23133712.
; Mirenda, PatAugmentative & alternative communication: supporting children & adults with complex communication needs, 3rd, Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company, 2005. ISBN 978-1-55766-684-0.
Galvão Filho, T. (2009). Tecnologia Assistiva para uma Escola Inclusiva: apropriação, demandas e perspectivas (Doutorado em Educação) (portugalcha). Salvador, Brazil: Faculdade de Educação, Universidade Federal da Bahia.
; Marquardt, Thomas P.; Martin, Frederick N.Communication sciences and disorders: from science to clinical practice. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2000. ISBN 978-0-7693-0040-5.
Mirenda, P. (2003). "Toward Functional Augmentative and Alternative Communication for Students With Autism: Manual Signs, Graphic Symbols, and Voice Output Communication Aids". Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 34 (3): 203–216. doi:10.1044/0161-1461(2003/017). PMID 27764322. http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9b51/1649cbc5102d9604f373f1f7983fd8202816.pdf.
Mathy; Yorkston, K.; Guttman „Augmentative Communication for Individuals with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis“, . Augmentative and Alternative Communication Disorders for Adults with Acquired Neurologic Disorders Beukelman, D.: . Baltimore: P. H. Brookes Pub., 2000. ISBN 978-1-55766-473-0.
; Clark, Sue „Chapter 6: High Technology Aids to Communication“, Augmentative Communication in Practice: An Introduction Wilson, Allan: . University of Edinburgh, 1998. ISBN 978-1-898042-15-0 (2015-yil 8-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan).
Parette, H. P.; Brotherson, M. J; Huer, M. B. (2000). "Giving families a voice in augmentative and alternative communication decision-making". Education and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities 35 (2): 177–190. doi:10.1177/215416470003500206. http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2001-17960-006.
Assistive Technology in Education: A Teacher’s Guide (Wayback Machine saytida May 21, 2022, sanasida arxivlangan), Amy Foxwell, 15 February 2022.

Havolalar

WHO fact sheet on assistive technology

[1] Parant, Aymeric; Schiano-Lomoriello, Sandrine; Marchan, Francis (October 2017). "How would I live with a disability? Expectations of bio-psychosocial consequences and assistive technology use". Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology 12 (7): 681–685. doi:10.1080/17483107.2016.1218555. PMID 27677931.

[2] Sivan, Gallagher, Holt, Weightman, O'Connor, Levesley, Manoj, Justin, Ray, Andrew, Rory, Martin (6 February 2016). "Employing the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health framework to capture user feedback in the design and testing stage of development of home-based arm rehabilitation technology". Assistive Technology 28 (3): 175–182. doi:10.1080/10400435.2016.1140689. PMID 26852630.

[3] Calabrò, Rocco Salvatore; Naro, Antonino; Leo, Antonino; Bramanti, Placido (4 March 2016). "Usefulness of robotic gait training plus neuromodulation in chronic spinal cord injury: a case report". The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine 40 (1): 118–121. doi:10.1080/10790268.2016.1153275. PMID 27077568. PMC 5376144. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5376144.

[4] Vanoglio, F.; Bernocchi, P.; Mule, C.; Garofali, F.; Mora, C.; Taveggia, G.; Scalvini, S.; Luisa, A. (7 April 2016). "Feasibility and efficacy of a robotic device for hand rehabilitation in hemiplegic stroke patients: A randomized pilot controlled study". Clinical Rehabilitation 31 (3): 351–360. doi:10.1177/0269215516642606. PMID 27056250.

[5] Kamath, Ramachandra; Fernandes, Edmond; Dsouza, Neevan; Ghai, Glory; Kamath, Surekha R. (June 2024). "Unmet Needs and Barriers to Assistive Technology in the Coastal Districts of Karnataka, India" (en-US). WHO South-East Asia Journal of Public Health 13 (1): 5–8. doi:10.4103/WHO-SEAJPH.WHO-SEAJPH_57_23. ISSN 2224-3151. PMID 39167129.

[6] „Assistive Technology Act of 1998 | Section508.gov“. section508.gov. 2016-yil 29-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2016-yil 4-aprel.

[7] „Tennessee Science Standards“. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 5-oktyabr.

[8] „Assessing for Adaptive Technology Needs“. 2014-yil 10-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 5-oktyabr.

[9] Mancini, Martina; Horak, Fay B (June 2010). "The relevance of clinical balance assessment tools to differentiate balance deficits". European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 46 (2): 239–248. ISSN 1973-9087. PMID 20485226. PMC 3033730. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3033730.

[10] „Assistive technology“ (en). www.who.int. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 30-noyabr.

[11] LDAOeng „Assistive Technology for Students with Learning Disabilities“ (en-US). LD@school (2014-yil 10-iyun). Qaraldi: 2022-yil 30-noyabr.

[12] Rodby-Bousquet, Elisabet; Agustsson, Atli (2021). "Postural Asymmetries and Assistive Devices Used by Adults With Cerebral Palsy in Lying, Sitting, and Standing". Frontiers in Neurology 12. doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.758706. ISSN 1664-2295. PMID 34938261. PMC 8685523. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=8685523.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]