Moldavia

"The development of the bow has held a central position in the evolution of military technology. It is, by far, the most frequently represented weapon in the archaeological record and (unlike other weapons) it tends to occur in datable contexts on excavated sites. This situation is largely accidental because being easy to manufacture and cheap made them easily replaceable if broken or lost. The fortunate result is that a more comprehensive and reliable archaeological study is possible for the bow and arrow than for any other medieval military findings. The general intention of this paper is to develop a basic typology for the study of medieval arrowheads in 14th-15th centuries Moldavia. The classification is obtained with the help of statistical analysis through the comparison of quantitative and functional characteristics.

Keywords: medieval weapons, bow, arrowhead, typology, Moldavia."

"The present work focuses on the underlying seminal causes of the Annihilation of Jewish Greeks in Bulgarian occupied Northern Greece, in particular the regions of Eastern Macedonia (the cities of Kavala, Serres and Drama) and Thrace (the cities of Alexandroupolis, Komotini and Xanthi), along with the Annihilation of their brethren of the cities of Didimoteixo, Nea Orestiada and Soufli of the Evros Prefecture of Thrace occupied by the Germans 70 years ago.  A definition of the Holocaust is given that broadens the term beyond its peak point that of the actual assassination of Jews by the Germans and some of their allies.  The definition includes all past historical events and practices that fermented the path to destruction of the European and North African Jewry during the World War II as well as the now and current state practices.  Starting milestones are the Preliminary Peace Treaty at San Stefano and the Peace Treaty at Berlin both of the year 1878, even though seeds of the later calamity were sowed much earlier:  The sum total of seemingly unrelated historic events led inexorably to the final act of the tragedy.  The root causes of the complicity of the Bulgarian governments of the time in the deportation of the Jewish inhabitants of the “New” Bulgarian territories are analyzed and, given the documentary and archival evidence presented, conclusions are reached.  Also, the nation states that were created in the wake of the First World War and the ensuing Peace Treaties are shown to be fraught with all those ingredients that fertilize the national psyche to accept as legitimate racist and exclusive policies along with anti-Semitic and prejudicial ones.  The distinction of Racial Anti–
Semitism versus the millennia old Religious one is emphasized.  Memory is an inseparable part of the Holocaust and, as such, it is both a means of Remembrance and a link with the past as well as instructive and educative for all generations and acts as a shield against Holocaust denial, revisionism and/or whitewashing of the past."

"""The Hoard of Medieval Coins from the Village Stizhok. In the spring of 2011, a clay pot was found in a field nearby the village Stizhok (Shumsk district, Ternopil’ region,Ukraine). The pot contained about 2500 silver coins struck in the Golden Horde, Crimean Khanate, Caffa, Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, and Lithuania. The significant part of oriental coins bears the Tartar, Moldavian and Lithuanian countermarks. Most likely, the treasure was hidden during the Tartar military expansion atthe end of 15th and beginning of 16th centuries.

Keywords. Numismatics, medieval numismatics, coin hoard,  Moldova, Romania, Wallachia, Vladislav II, ducats, Muntenia."""

"Abstract
The study is based on first hand accounts from the archive of the former KGB of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic. This data has been disclosed recently in the framework of the Presidential Commission for the Study of Totalitarian Communist Regimes in the Republic of Moldova, created in mid January 2010 (the author was the vice-chairman). According to the new disclosed data, one can see that political repressions did not stop in 1953 when Stalin died, but continued until the mid 1980s during Gorbachev’s Perestroika. The aim of the article is to present separate cases from each post Stalinist decade and try to sketch a typology based on various motivations for repression on the part of the regime, and resistance from the unconscious and conscious
critics of the Soviet Communist regime. The basic typology the author formulates implied the existence of two distinct groups of ‘enemies’ of the regime: the first one, called dissenters, being the persons that criticized the regime not straightforwardly as an
illegal or unjust political system, but rather protesting against certain elements of it, be they nationality policy, ethnic discrimination or living conditions; the second category
of critics of the regimes were called dissidents, defined as persons formulating a more or less coherent protest against the regime and implying a rather conscious stance, more than a spontaneous one compared to the first category.

Keywords: KGB, Communism, political repressions, one party rule, party-state,totalitarianism, Stalinism, post Stalinism, nationalism"

"The present work focuses on the underlying seminal causes of the Annihilation of Jewish Greeks in Bulgarian occupied Northern Greece, in particular the regions of Eastern Macedonia (the cities of Kavala, Serres and Drama) and Thrace (the cities of Alexandroupolis, Komotini and Xanthi), along with the Annihilation of their brethren of the cities of Didimoteixo, Nea Orestiada and Soufli of the Evros Prefecture of Thrace occupied by the Germans 70 years ago.  A definition of the Holocaust is given that broadens the term beyond its peak point that of the actual assassination of Jews by the Germans and some of their allies.  The definition includes all past historical events and practices that fermented the path to destruction of the European and North African Jewry during the World War II as well as the now and current state practices.  Starting milestones are the Preliminary Peace Treaty at San Stefano and the Peace Treaty at Berlin both of the year 1878.  The root causes of the complicity of the Bulgarian governments of the time in the deportation of the Jewish inhabitants of the “New” Bulgarian territories are analyzed and, given the documentary and archival evidence presented, conclusions are reached.  Also, the nation states that were created in the wake of the First World War and the ensuing Peace Treaties are shown to be fraught with all those ingredients that fertilize the national psyche to accept as legitimate racist and exclusive policies along with anti-Semitic and prejudicial ones.  The distinction of Racial Anti–Semitism versus the millennia old Religious one is emphasized.  Memory is an inseparable part of the Holocaust and, as such, it is both a means of remembrance and link with the past as well as instructive and educative for all generations and as a shield against Holocaust denial, revisionism and/or whitewashing of the past.

"

Liste des trente discours inédits prononcés entre 1733 et 1767 par Nicolas Chiliodromeus à l'Académie princière de Jassy. Manuscrits pris en compte : Naoussa, Bibliothèque d'Argyroupolis 65 et Bucarest, Bibliothèque de l'Académie roumaine 702.

"1711-1821 süreci, Efl ak ve Boğdan’ın yönetimi açısından farklı bir dönemdir. Bu yıllar arasında Osmanlı Devleti, Efl ak ve Boğdan’ın yönetimi için yerli beyleri atamaktan vazgeçerek, voyvodalık görevini yıllardır donanma ve dîvân tercümanlıklarını yapan Fenerli Rum ailelere devretmiştir. İstanbul’un Fener semtinde oturan soylu ailelerden seçilen bu voyvodalar, gerek görevlendirildikleri bölgedeki idarecilikleri ve gerekse Osmanlı Devleti’nin dış politikası açısından komşu devletlerle yazışma ve onların gizli faaliyetlerini istihbar etme anlamında önemli işler
üstlenmişlerdir. Bu araştırmada; 1711-1821 sürecinde Fenerli ailelerin Osmanlı Devleti’ndeki konumları, tercümanlık faaliyetleri, Efl ak ve Boğdan’a voyvoda olarak atanmaları ve bu görevde iken casusları vasıtasıyla Avrupa’da yaşanan siyasi gelişmeleri ve antlaşmaları Osmanlı Devleti’ne sunmaları, orijinal tarih kaynakları ışığında değerlendirmeye alınmaktadır."

"Discussion of a small Bronze Age sickle hoard. The type is foreign to Romania (the find region) and can be traced back to the Eurasian steppes of Russia and the Ural foreland.
Bronze Age economy is discussed - although sickles are found all over the steppe belt, pollen analyses do not indicate cereal cultivation. The possibility that sickles were used for harvesting grass (hay) is argued. This would allow winter stall-keeping of livestock."