Renewable Energy

This essay, written in a manifesto form, addresses some crucial issues related to the timely topic of the distributed or Peer-to-Peer (P2P) energy production. It uses the emerging mode of the P2P production in the immaterial field of production (information, culture, knowledge) as a point of departure to realize the dynamics of this new energy technology and shed light on its socio- economic aspects.

Research on Japan has announced the addition of “Solar PV Power in Japan, Market Outlook to 2025, Update 2014” research report to their offering. The report provides an in-depth analysis on global renewable power market and global solar PV market with forecasts up to 2025.

The theoretical potential of salinity gradient energy in river mouth systems is the maximum amount of energy that can be extracted from the controlled mixing of river water and seawater. It is calculated using the Gibbs free energy of mixing equations considering as inputs the mean rivers' discharge and the long term salinity of the ocean basin. However, this theoretical amount of energy can be far from the reality because both, the river discharge and the salinity of the ocean, have natural variations in different time scales. In this paper we expose the site constraints related with the variability of the salinity gradients that must be considered in order to make a more accurate estimation of the available resources and calculate the so-called site specific potential for the most important and feasible river mouths of Colombia. The results show that in Colombia a mean site specific potential of 15.6 GW can be achieved, mainly in the Magdalena River mouth (97% of total). But more important, the results show that the salinity structure of the studied systems have different responses to variations of the environmental forcing, despite being located in the same ocean basin, and therefore, the energy potential for each river mouth has different variability patterns at different time scales. Decreases of the estimated energy potential up to 69% were found when the site specific potential is calculated instead of the theoretical potential. This prove that more detailed input data than long term discharges and salinities are necessary in order to make accurate estimations of local and regional salinity gradient energy potentials.

Daylight guidance systems (DGS) deliver daylight into remote parts of buildings. However, they still lack market penetration. The primary difficulty lies within the installation process. DGS use light ducts to distribute daylight, which occupy significant amounts of space. The integration of light ducts and HVAC ducts is a promising solution. This study compares the differences and similarities of the two ducting systems; suggests an integrated system, and evaluates the potential of and challenges faced by the proposed dual ducting system. A schematic application is completed and demonstrates that the dual ducting system has the economic potential to reduce costs, avoid conflicts between building systems and simplify the DGS installation.

Could the UNFCCC, and green laws in general, increase greenhouse gas emissions and thus worsen the threats and risks of climate change? That is the question posed by the recognition of green paradoxes; that potential green laws might backfire under certain circumstances.

This paper finds that when certain economic models are relied upon in green paradox research, there are underlying mechanisms that prevent law and policy makers from obtaining clear guidance. As such, increased efforts should be made to promote alternative and more diverse models of green policy impacts on exhaustible resources to better provide the necessary clarity for legislators.

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The origins of this concern lay with climate change economists. Their models of the impact from legislative measures drawn to counteract the industrial actions that lead to climate change revealed that under certain conditions, indeed, climate change laws could worsen climate change. One theorist, Hans-Werner Sinn, even suggested that such results might be inevitable. But is it really so? Must legal researchers and climate change activists fear that their legal policy efforts will lead to worsening climate conditions? Is there truly no way to avert this green paradox crisis?

Surely, if there is are mechanisms within climate change laws and conventions that give rise to green paradox results, then legal researchers, legislators and climate change policymakers should take caution and consider revamping the existing framework of international climate change conventions and associated domestic enactments. On the other hand, if the models are unreliable, then caution should be taken to unravel the decades of negotiations that have enabled the existing frameworks. Thus, the analysis of green paradox models on legal research is of prime importance.

However, as Sinn and other have demonstrated, in certain circumstances it would appear that such legal policies could backfire and thus increase greenhouse gas emissions. Given the importance to prevent anthropogenic climate change, it thus becomes critical for legislators and policy makers to understand if these green paradox concerns are substantial.

This study attempts to reduce and placate some of those concerns. It attempts to review a large body of theoretical green paradox models to reveal that certain underlying modeling assumptions substantially and materially limit their applicability to the research of green paradox phenomena. As such, most of the existing models that find the existence of green paradox events are revealed to be unreliable for legal researchers and policymakers.

This paper finds that when certain economic models are relied upon in green paradox research, there are underlying mechanisms that prevent law and policy makers from obtaining clear guidance. As such, increased efforts should be made to promote alternative and more diverse models of green policy impacts on exhaustible resources to better provide the necessary clarity for legislators.

Since the Industrialization revolution, atmospheric CO2 concentration has been increased from 280 to 400 ppm due to mainly caused fossil fuel uses in the energy sector. However, small portion of the
incoming solar energy into the world is sufficient to meet human needs. For this reason nowadays to use renewable energy sources such as solar energy is very important to protect atmosphere.
Geographic variables are measured at certain points, and prediction map for the entire area is been obtained by some spatial interpolation methods. Spatial distribution of geographic data can be obtained only from this data and also prediction map can be obtained by using secondary variables which have spatial relationship with the measured values (Bostan, P.A., et al, 2007) Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) and Co-kriging methods were applied in the modelling of
radiation. GWR is the multi-faceted approach to the analysis of spatial data. GWR opens a window through the data set to calculate local r2 (Laffan, 1999). Co-kriging is an extension of ordinary kriging
method which takes into account the spatial cross-validation between two or more data. In the modeling of spatial interpolation of radiation data, aspect, latitude, relative humidity and cloudiness were used as secondary variable. Best results were obtained with the cloudiness and
relative humidity parameters. Simple linear models generally are been solved by ordinary least square method is given below formula:
P= C1+C2+e where;
P= Radiation (KWh/m²)
C1= solar radiation parameters change with the humidity
C2= solar radiation parameters change with the cloud cover
e= error term

Co-kriging and GWR model results were compared by the lowest RMSE and higher r² values obtained in the model. Because of the RMSE is smaller and r2 is grater than the Co-kriging result, GWR tool is
been selected for modeling solar energy potential in Turkey. According to model result, southern parts of Izmir-Igdir line, have over 1500 KWh/m²/Year radiation potential and is considered as optimum area
for the photovoltaic installation.

In 2010, biogas which produced from cattle waste was introduced an alternative energy in Klungkung Regency. The program was in line with the initiation of Integrated Farming System (Simantri) and were applied to groups of farmers. Utilization of biogas as an alternative energy was capable to fulfil the energy needs in the community. The produced biogas energy have utilized for cooking and house lighting. This study aims to identify the conditions and problems of each farmer groups in utilizing biogas as an alternative energy by reviewing the cattle condition, fertilizer production, biogas utilization, and economic aspects of farmer groups. This study used a descriptive-deductive approach. The results of the study in seven farmer groups showed that there was an increase in the number of cattle and manure production significantly. However, the use of biogas was not fully optimized because of the damage of some equipment and difficulty to find the spare parts.

Distilled Water is widely utilized in different manufacturing process industries and unit operations as a raw material, a catalyst or a reactant. In such requirements, the respective process industries may have to purchase or to produce the required quantity of distilled water. The popular and economic method of distilled water manufacturing for those small scale requirements is the basic distillation plant. This plant mainly includes an evaporator and a heat exchanger or a condenser. The raw water from a water source is evaporated in an evaporator and the water vapor is condensed by sending through a heat exchanger. The condensed output is the distilled water required for other processes. Mostly, steam generated by boilers is used as the energy source for heating the raw water in the evaporator. The main objective of this research is to optimize this distilled water plant for maximum energy efficiency with replacing the energy source as solar energy. The computer simulated results can be validated for actual performance and the solar energy heating requirement is determined according to the optimized model. This optimized model can be utilized by any process industry either to upgrade or to convert their distilled water plants sourced by solar energy.

KEYWORDS:
Distilled Water, Manufacturing Processes, Energy Efficiency, Optimized Model, Solar Heating.