Functionalism

""This book develops a sociologically informed theory of constitutionalism in the global realm, addressing both national and transnational forms of constitutional ordering. The book begins with the argument that current approaches to constitutionalism remain tied to a state-based conception of constitutions, and overlooks underlying structural transformations that trigger the emergence of constitutional forms of ordering. Poul F. Kjaer aims to address this shortcoming by offering a sociological and historically informed analysis of the evolution of constitutionalism in the face of globalisation. The analysis contextualises on-going constitutional developments through the use of a long-term historical perspective, which is capable of highlighting the impact of deeper structural transformations unfolding within society.
The book looks at the ways in which national and transnational legal forms have evolved alongside one another. It demonstrates that the formation of global constitutions has not resulted in a corresponding decrease in the power of nation states, but instead, legal and political aspects of both the nation state and the transnational have been reconfigured and intensified in a mutually supportive manner.
In combining insights from a range of fields, this interdisciplinary book will be of great interest to students and scholars of constitutional law, sociology, global governance studies, and legal, social and political theory.

List of Content
Introduction: The Metamorphosis of Constitutionalism
Part 1: Structural Transformations
2. The Implosion of the Euro-Centric World
3. The Multiplicity of Normative Orders in World Society
Part 2: Re-configurations of Law and the Political
4. The Law within and in-between Normative Orders
5. The Political within and in-between Normative Orders
Part 3: Constitutional Stabilisation
6. The Breakdown of Constitutional Ordering through Globalisation-induced Crises
7.The Transmutation of Constitutional Ordering
8.Re-calibrating the Constitutional Concept
9. Conclusion

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""The proposed study aims to reflect on the house’s minimum living space through its functional and spacial distribution features throughout architectural models of the so-called ‘social housing’, where coexist budget restraints and the need to dignify the habitat.
The main architectural movements will be mentioned through their practical and theoretical ideals who express the principles of spacial definition and its correlation with the individual and the surrounding environment.
Spacial and formal restrains are therefore defined as the main concerns in an essential architectural research, meaning that ‘minimum’ thinking does also apply to a daily architectural practice, where there’s a need to balance the ‘desired’ house with the ‘possible house’""

This article intends to discuss the political cohesion of the BRICS and its way forward as a group, drawing upon their engagement with African countries and recent developments towards the creation of an operational platform for collaboration. It shows that the group is still uneven and competitive. However, increasing initiatives to foster exchanges combined with growing economic cooperation and the common political aims lay a firm foundation for a more functional and integrate community.

Brian McLaughlin has objected to Sydney Shoemaker’s subset account of realization, posing what I call the problem of property entailment. Recently, Shoemaker has revised his subset account in response to McLaughlin’s objection. In this paper I argue that Shoemaker’s revised view fails to solve the problem of property entailment, and in fact makes the problem worse. I then put forward my own solution to the problem.

O presente artigo é fruto de pesquisas preliminares realizadas com objetivo de subsidiar o trabalho de conclusão de curso atualmente em andamento. Trata-se da uma breve reflexão acerca dos argumentos essenciais de duas das principais correntes historiográficas dentro dos estudos sobre o Nacional-Socialismo, intencionalistas e funcionalistas. A controvérsia envolvendo as correntes citadas polarizou historiadores durante vários anos, e embora hoje a compreensão acerca do papel de Hitler e do Nacional-Socialismo de maneira geral seja mais complexa, os argumentos elencados pelos historiadores partícipes da discussão ainda formam a base do conhecimento produzido sobre o tema pelos historiadores da nova geração.

"In this article, the author reconstructs the particular sense attributed in the Spencer’s functionalism to notions such as function, need, subject of a function and objective consequences. He shows a fundamental difference between this concept and twentieth-century functional theories in sociology. Although they all use the same terms, they give them a remarkably different meaning. Change made by Durkheim in the meaning of the term „function” is of fundamental importance: for Spencer the word “function” meant a specific activity (action, work), but it came to mean the result of an influence. The author challenges the way in which the founding role in the twentieth-century’s functional paradigm is attributed to Spencer. At the same time, he points to theoretical import of the original concept of Spencer in relation to the functional approach as modified by Durkheim.
W artykule autor rekonstruuje oryginalny sens, jaki w ramach Spencerowskiego funkcjonalizmu mają pojęcia funkcji, potrzeby, podmiotu funkcji oraz obiektywnych konsekwencji. Wskazuje na zasadniczą odrębność tej koncepcji w stosunku do dwudziestowiecznych teorii funkcjonalnych w socjologii. Choć posługują się one tymi samymi terminami, to nadają im zasadniczo odmienne znaczenie. Fundamentalna jest zwłaszcza dokonana przez Durkheima zmiana sposobu rozumienia terminu „funkcja”, który Spencer odnosił do konkretnego działania (czynności, pracy), a który zaczął oznaczać rezultat oddziaływania. Autor kwestionuje przypisywanie Spencerowi założycielskiej roli dla dwudziestowiecznego paradygmatu funkcjonalnego, wskazując jednocześnie na zapoznaną wagę teoretyczną oryginalnej koncepcji autora Zasad socjologii w stosunku do ujęcia zmodyfikowanego przez Durkheima."

Until 1993 there were conducted first excavations in what promised to be the site of one of the most important buildings of Petra, the stunning capital of the Nabataean kingdom. Its construction, whose initiation century BC, several changes, reconstructions and landslides along its more than five hundred years of operation. But despite this still unknown for certain functions for which it was designed and that, regardless of the construction elements, materials have been located just still less inscriptions that shed some light on a mystery that will try here exhibit various theories that enable closer to resolution.