Prehistory

The study of violence is generally androcentric in its focus, with emphasis on men and their pursuit of resources, power, and prestige. Neglected is the role and motivations of the women in violence, and this is especially true in raiding. With the analysis of over sixty Ancestral Pueblo human remains from La Plata Valley as a case study, this study is focused on the relationship between the women in the culture and interpersonal violence. The basic questions that this project addresses are: (1) Does the pattern of trauma vary and are there certain individuals who are at more risk within the culture (i.e., appear “beaten down”)? (2) Are there certain portions of the culture that appear to have worked harder during their lifetime (i.e., been “worked to the bone”)? (3) What can the differential patterning of pathology, trauma, and early death across the population reveal regarding the roles of men and women in raiding societies? In order to answer these questions several categories were evaluated according to age and sex. These factors include non-lethal injury (especially trauma to the head), mortuary status (e.g., burial position and grave goods), and muscular stress markers or enthesopathies. The results of this analysis present a picture of inequality within the La Plata population with obvious morbidity differences between women of varying status. The results of this study found that were two groups of women living in La Plata. The local women who lacked cranial trauma, received a culturally appropriate burial, and showed little evidence of muscular stress markers. The women that may have been obtained from raids had cranial trauma, were thrown haphazardly into abandoned pits, and possessed clear signs of having worked hard throughout their lives. This study looked closely at the relationship between women, work, and violence, and results suggest that the local women living at La Plata may have been attempting to reduce their own morbidity risks by both sanctioning and supporting the subordination of captive women obtained in raiding activities. The captive women (having been beaten and worked to the bone) benefited both the local men and women at La Plata. This study shows the complex ways that structural violence works, the potential for gender based functional differences in violent behaviors, and the ways that violence becomes culturally normalized.

"To identify and characterize the diet of early hominins, that probably ate what was available for primates –originally insecti-frugi-omnivores- where they lived, we study the dental micro-wear.
The dentition of early hominins from Laetoli and Hadar provide evidence of “incisal stripping” and a shear-grinding action for C/P3 complex through microscopic examination of wear facets on dental crowns. This masticatory pattern of dental wear resembles that of Papio papio and suggests behavioural analogies between early hominins and Papio."

La utilización de la Historia como vehículo legitimador de los regímenes totalitarios ha sido un tema ampliamente estudiado en las últimas décadas. En el caso de la dictadura franquista, cuestiones como la unificación territorial y religiosa tras la llamada Reconquista, o el pasado imperial español, han sido extensamente investigados como formas de justificación histórica de la dictadura. Sin embargo, apenas existen estudios en profundidad sobre el papel que jugó la Prehistoria más antigua en esta empresa legitimadora. Presentamos aquí las conclusiones obtenidas en el análisis historiográfico de las publicaciones científicas, divulgativas y escolares generadas durante la dictadura franquista sobre dos problemáticas estrechamente relacionadas: (1) el origen del Paleolítico Superior en la Península Ibérica y (2) la aparición en dicho territorio del morfotipo humano anatómicamente moderno. El tratamiento de estas problemáticas por parte de los investigadores de la época demuestra la influencia de la ideología nacionalcatólica del régimen en las conclusiones obtenidas. El escenario dibujado por dichas conclusiones es el de una Península Ibérica racial y étnicamente homogénea desde el inicio del Paleolítico Superior, lo cual se relaciona con la arribada de poblaciones que, en el marco teórico de un evolucionismo de corte "espiritualista", son consideradas biológica y moralmente superiores a las pre-existentes, correspondientes al morfotipo Neandertal. Este escenario contribuye, en su justa medida, a consolidar los pilares ideológicos, nacionalistas y católicos, de la dictadura de Franco.

Obtaining radiocarbon assays on objects of chronological interest is always preferable to obtaining assays on spatially associated charcoal. The development of Accelerator Mass Spectrometer (AMS) dating has expanded the number of objects that can be directly assayed because it requires only a few milligrams of material. Pottery can be directly assayed when charred cooking residues adhering to the interior walls are present. The accuracy of AMS ages derived from residues has been questioned in cases where cooking freshwater aquatic organisms may have introduced carbon from ancient carbon reservoirs into residues. Here we provide analytic protocols for examination of this phenomenon and the results of systematic modeling of age estimates on residues formed from fish and maize with varying percentages of dead carbon. We present a regional case study using a large series of AMS age estimates on residues from the Finger Lakes region of northeastern United States to demonstrate how the paleolimnological record and lipid analysis of residues can help to determine if dates on residues from a given region are likely to have been affected by the presence of ancient carbon. In the case of the Finger Lakes, there is no evidence that ancient carbon affected the age estimates.""

"Content

NEW DISCOVERIES: FROM THE NEAR EAST TO MOLDOVA 

S. A. Kulakov (Saint Petersburg, Russia), A. A. Zeynalov (Baku, Azerbaijan)
The First Flake Cleaver (hachereau sur éclat) in the Acheulean of the Caucasus 17
Y. Zaidner (Jerusalem, Israel)
A New Open-Air Middle Palaeolithic Site at Nesher Ramla, Israel 29
N. K. Anisyutkin (Saint Petersburg, Russia), V. A. Burlacu (Kishinev, Moldova), V. A. Marareskul (Tiraspol, Moldova), A. K. Otcherednoy, K. N. Stepanova, A. R. Basner (Saint Petersburg, Russia)
Grushka Site 45
A. L. Chepalyga (Moscow, Russia), D. V. Kiosak (Odessa, Ukraine)
Little Known Stone Age Sites and Traces of the Extreme Inundations Epoch in Budzhak 59


MAN AND ANIMALS IN THE LATE PALAEOLITHIC OF EASTERN EUROPE 

I. V. Sapozhnikov (Illichivsk, Ukraine)
Steppe Natural-Economic Area of East Europe in the Upper Palaeolithic 69
M. N. Zheltova, N. D. Burova (Saint Petersburg, Russia)
Comparison of Dwelling Complexes of Kostenky 4 Based of the Study of Osteological Collections 111


PROBLEMS IN THE STUDY OF THE PALAEOLITHIC OF EASTERN SIBERIA 

V. I. Tashak (Ulan-Ude, Russia)
Formation of the Early Upper Palaeolithic in Western Transbaikal (with particular reference to the Lower Complex of the Podzvonkaya site) 149
E. I. Demonterova, A. V. Ivanov, E. M. Ineshin, A. V. Tetenkin (Irkutsk, Russia)
On the Mobility of Ancient Population in the North of Baikal Siberia at the End of the Pleistocene 165


MESOLITHIC 

S. N. Savchenko (Ekaterinburg, Russia)
Continuity and Innovations in the Development of the Mesolithic Bone Industry in the Forest Zone of Eastern Urals 181


FROM THE HISTORY OF PALEOLITHIC ARCHAEOLOGY 

E. V. Detlova (Krasnoyarsk, Russia), A. M. Burovsky (Saint Petersburg, Russia), S. V. Kuzminykh (Moscow, Russia)
Conflict of V. A. Gorodtsov and Gero v. Merhart in the Context of the History of Science 221
S. V. Kuzminykh, I. V. Belozerova (Moscova, Rusia)
Correspondence between V. A. Gorodtsov and D. N. Lev (1933—1941) 229


ARCHAEOLOGICAL EDUCATION 

E. Yu. Girya (Saint Petersburg, Russia), A. V. Tsybriy, V. V. Tsybriy (Rostov-on-Don, Russia)
Experience of Organizing and Conducting Experimental-Traceological Schools-Seminars in Ethno-Archaeological Parks 297


SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONS 

L. B. Vishnyatsky (Saint Petersburg, Russia)
Armed Violence in the Palaeolithic  311


HOMO ARMATUS: A CONTINUATION OF THE DISCUSSION 

P. V. Putshkov (Kiev, Ukraine), A. M. Burovsky (Saint Petersburg, Russia)
Sapienti sat… (Answer to “Ex ungue leonem” by V. V. Pitulko) 335


ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 

List of Abbreviations 343
Submissions 352

Содержание

НОВЫЕ ОТКРЫТИЯ: ОТ БЛИЖНЕГО ВОСТОКА ДО МОЛДОВЫ 

С. А. Кулаков (Санкт-Петербург, Россия), А. А. Зейналов (Баку, Азербайджан)
Первый топорик (hachereau sur éclat, flake cleaver) в ашеле Кавказа 17
Й. Зайднер (Иерусалим, Израиль)
Нешер Рамла — новая стоянка среднего палеолита в Израиле 29
Н. К. Анисюткин (Санкт-Петербург, Россия), В. А. Бурлаку (Кишинёв, Молдова), В. А. Марарескул (Тирасполь, Молдова), А. К. Очередной, К. Н. Степанова, А. Р. Баснер (Санкт-Петербург, Россия)
Местонахождение Грушка 45
А. Л. Чепалыга (Москва, Россия), Д. В. Киосак (Одесса, Украина)
Малоизвестные местонахождения каменного века и следы эпохи экстремальных затоплений в Буджаке 59


ЧЕЛОВЕК И ЖИВОТНЫЕ В ПОЗДНЕМ ПАЛЕОЛИТЕ ВОСТОЧНОЙ ЕВРОПЫ 

И. В. Сапожников (Ильичевск, Украина)
Степная природно-хозяйственная область Восточной Европы в позднем палеолите 69
М. Н. Желтова, Н. Д. Бурова (Санкт-Петербург, Россия)
Сопоставление жилых комплексов Костёнок 4 на основе изучения остеологических коллекций 111


ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ПАЛЕОЛИТА ВОСТОЧНОЙ СИБИРИ 

В. И. Ташак (Улан-Удэ, Россия)
Становление раннего верхнего палеолита Западного Забайкалья (по материалам Нижнего комплекса стоянки Подзвонкая) 149
Е. И. Демонтерова, А. В. Иванов, Е. М. Инешин, А. В. Тетенькин (Иркутск, Россия)
К вопросу о мобильности древнего населения севера Байкальской Сибири в конце плейстоцена 165


МЕЗОЛИТ 

С. Н. Савченко (Екатеринбург, Россия)
Преемственность и инновации в развитии костяной индустрии мезолита горнолесного Зауралья 181


ИЗ ИСТОРИИ АРХЕОЛОГИИ ПАЛЕОЛИТА 

Е. В. Детлова (Красноярск, Россия), А. М. Буровский (Санкт-Петербург, Россия), С. В. Кузьминых (Москва, Россия)
Конфликт В. А. Городцова и Геро фон Мергарта в контексте истории науки 211
С. В. Кузьминых, И. В. Белозёрова (Москва, Россия)
Переписка В. А. Городцова и Д. Н. Льва (1933—1941 гг.) 229


АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ 

Е. Ю. Гиря (Санкт-Петербург, Россия), В. В. Цыбрий, А. В. Цыбрий (Ростов-на-Дону, Россия)
Опыт организации и проведения экспериментально-трасологических школ-семинаров на базе этно-археологического парка 297


СОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ РЕКОНСТРУКЦИИ 

Л. Б. Вишняцкий (Санкт-Петербург, Россия)
Вооруженное насилие в палеолите 311


HOMO ARMATUS: ПРОДОЛЖЕНИЕ ДИСКУССИИ 

П. В. Пучков (Киев, Украина), А. М. Буровский (Санкт-Петербург, Россия)
Sapienti sat... (Ответ на «Ex ungue leonem» В. В. Питулько) 335


ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ИНФОРМАЦИЯ 

Список сокращений 343
Авторам Stratum plus
Требования к материалам, предоставляемым в редакцию журнала «Stratum plus» 347"

""The fine wares of the Wietenberg Culture in Transylvania during the Middle Bronze Age are characterised by compositions
of uniform, repetitive ‚spiraloid‘ or ‚meandroid‘ motifs. These patterns – referred to collectively as ‚spiral ornamentation‘ –
were often associated with the Mycenaean region. A detailed examination of the ceramic decoration of the Wietenberg
Culture reveals that it is not actually spiral ornamentation, but rather rows of hook patterns, which may be abstract zoomorphic
motifs. A comparison with the genuine spiral ornamentation of the Mycenaean Culture further supports the thesis
of there being a fundamental difference in the type of ornamentation. The pottery ornamentation of the Wietenberg
Culture is thus independent of southern prototypes. However, this does not mean that there was no contact between the
Wietenberg Culture and Mycenaean Greece. But this contact remained at the level of prestige objects such as ‚Mycenaean‘
swords, bone objects with wave motifs and the bronzes decorated in Hajdúsámson-Apa style, which were limited to a
small social elite and were furthermore distributed far beyond the Wietenberg Culture.


Die Feinkeramik der mittelbronzezeitlichen Wietenberg-Kultur in Siebenbürgen ist gekennzeichnet durch Kompositionen
aus gleichförmigen, sich wiederholenden ‚spiraloiden‘ oder ‚mäandroiden‘ Motiven. Diese pauschal als „Spiralzier“ bezeichneten
Muster wurden oft mit Einflüssen aus dem mykenischen Raum in Verbindung gebracht. Ausgehend von einer
detaillierten Untersuchung der Keramikzier der Wietenberg-Kultur wird nachgewiesen, dass es sich nicht im eigentlichen
Sinne um Spiralzier, sondern gereihte Hakenmuster handelt, die sich möglicherweise als Abstraktion zoomorpher Motive
erklären lassen. Ein Vergleich mit der echten Spiralzier des mykenischen Kulturraumes stützt die These zur grundlegenden
Unterschiedlichkeit der Zierweisen weiter, die Keramikverzierungen der Wietenberg-Kultur sind damit unabhängig von
südlichen Vorbildern zu sehen. Dies bedeutet jedoch nicht, dass keine Kontakte zwischen der Wietenberg-Kultur und
dem mykenischen Griechenland bestanden hätten. Nur äußern sich diese lediglich auf der Ebene von Prestigeobjekten wie
„mykenischen“ Schwertern, wellenbandverzierten Beinobjekten und den im Hajdúsámson-Apa-Stil verzierten Bronzen,
die jedoch auf eine kleine soziale Elite beschränkt und zudem weit über den Raum der Wietenberg-Kultur hinaus verbreitet
waren.""

""Pre-Pottery Neolithic assemblages are best known from the fertile areas of the Mediterranean Levant. The archaeological
site of Jebel Qattar 101 (JQ-101), at Jubbah in the southern part of the Nefud Desert of northern Saudi Arabia, contains a
large collection of stone tools, adjacent to an Early Holocene palaeolake. The stone tool assemblage contains lithic types,
including El-Khiam and Helwan projectile points, which are similar to those recorded in Pre-Pottery Neolithic A and Pre-
Pottery Neolithic B assemblages in the Fertile Crescent. Jebel Qattar lies ,500 kilometres outside the previously identified
geographic range of Pre-Pottery Neolithic cultures. Technological analysis of the typologically diagnostic Jebel Qattar 101
projectile points indicates a unique strategy to manufacture the final forms, thereby raising the possibility of either direct
migration of Levantine groups or the acculturation of mobile communities in Arabia. The discovery of the Early Holocene
site of Jebel Qattar suggests that our view of the geographic distribution and character of Pre-Pottery Neolithic cultures may
be in need of revision.""

In this paper we examine the possible application of a statistical test from astronomy and astro-physics to the analysis of ancient astronomical alignments. We compare the test the Nearest-Neighbour Test which has been previously used for this purpose. We then compare the outcomes of both tests when applied to alignments of sites in northwest Scotland. This revealed that this newer test, Z-test, has far greater adaptability and power in the detection of clusters in orientation, especially where there was background 'noise'. Importantly, we discovered that the clustering in orientation of megaliths in western Scotland was stronger and far more geographically wide-spread than previously reported.

"Abstract
The goal of this PhD thesis is the characterization of the late Pleistocene and early Holocene human occupation of the Mediterranean façade of the Iberian peninsula. This study in achieved through the analysis of the lithic industries recovered at several archaeological sites located on the northern part of the Valencian country. The results are then evaluated in the immediate context (the Ebro valley and the Mediterranean side of the Iberian peninsula) through a literature review. Immediately before and after the Holocene the human groups of this area experience very quick industrial changes, especially when compared with other Upper Palaeolithic techno-complexes. These changes persist with the regional traditions emerging, at least, since the end of Pleniglacial. Nevertheless they are always related to the more global changes occurring in Western Europe. From 12500 BP, this area of the continent developed industrial complexes characterized by an increase of the pointed bladelets, a decrease of the dimensions of some common items (end-scrapers), together with a large decrease of burins, parallel (and linked) to the decline of the bone industry. These features are reinforced as we move towards the Holocene. From this period other industrial complexes develop, introducing a small number of geometric elements. Clearly, the industrial complexes used during this period derived from the Magdalenian, but they are not isolated from the changes taking place at the north of the Pyrenees. The overall influence is evident in the general characteristics explained before, and therefore they no longer belong to that upper Magdalenian. However, These changes have not been significant enough to support a break between these two complexes, since some characteristics persist. This is why we prefer to name it Epimagdalenian, to evidence the maintenance of an important part of the Magdalenian features, but with the addition and development of new tools adapted to new ecological and economical circumstances.

Resum
Aquesta tesi doctoral se centra en la caracterització del poblament del final del Plistocè i els inicis de l'Holocè en la façana mediterrània peninsular a partir de l'estudi de la indústria lítica de diversos jaciments de les comarques del nord del País Valencià, i la seua comparació amb els conjunts coneguts de la vall de l'Ebre i la mediterrània Ibèrica. En els moments immediatament anteriors i posteriors a l'Holocè ens trobem amb uns grups humans que pateixen uns canvis industrials molt ràpids, sobretot si els comparem amb la resta de tecno-complexos del Paleolític superior. Aquests canvis continuaran amb les diverses tradicions regionals que es donen, almenys, des del final del Pleniglacial, però sempre aniran lligades als canvis globals que es produeixen en l'Europa occidental. A partir del 12500 BP, en aquesta àrea del continent es desenvolupen complexos industrials que es caracteritzaran pel creixement dels elements apuntats sobre lamineta (laminetes apuntades i puntes), es reduiran les dimensions d’alguns dels estris domèstics més habituals (gratadors), al mateix temps que s’assistirà a una gran disminució dels burins, paral•lela (i vinculada) al fort descens dels elements industrials sobre os i banya (sobretot aquesta segona). Aquestes característiques es reforçaran a mesura que ens apropem a l’Holocè, moment a partir del qual es desenvoluparan alguns complexos que afegiran a les seues panòplies industrials un cert nombre d’elements geomètrics de petites dimensions. És evident que els complexos industrials emprats en aquest lapse són un producte derivat del mateix Magdalenià, però no estan aïllats dels canvis que s’estan produint al nord dels Pirineus. La influència global es deixa notar en les característiques generals que acabem de veure, i per tant ja no pertanyen a aquell Magdalenià superior. Tot i això, tampoc han patit uns canvis el suficientment forts com per a desvincular-los d’aquest complex, del que mantindran una bona part de la seua natura. És per això que preferim anomenar-los Epimagdalenians, per a evidenciar que en aquesta àrea hi ha un manteniment de bona part dels trets industrials magdalenians però amb l’afegit i desenvolupament de nous instruments per a unes noves circumstàncies (ecològiques i econòmiques)."

""The aim of this work is to contribute to the quantitative analysis and development of testable hypotheses concerning archaeological sites in the landscape.  The initial intention was to ensure that valid and reliable outcomes regarding the original use of the freestanding megalithic monuments of western Scotland were possible through its use of appropriate spatial and statistical analyses.  Whilst this objective remains, it is no longer the sole objective.  Rather, more complex theories regarding the nature of the cosmology of those who built the monuments and the possible cosmological connections between them, other monuments and the environment are considered.  Based upon the methodologies and outcomes of the initial investigations, further development of sound hypotheses and robust experimental designs that could be used in conjunction with GIS data and applications was then possible for those more complex considerations.

This project attempts to incorporate systematic project design and quantitative analysis in archaeological investigations.

Conferred 2003

Keywords: landscape archaeology, archaeoastronomy, cosmology, methodology, GIS, viewshed, orientation, spatial analysis, visibility, directionality, Scotland, megaliths, Bronze Age, Neolithic Age.
""

This article deals with the use-wear analysis of 204 weapons of Period I of the Early Nordic Bronze Age. The analysed sample contained 154 spearheads and 50 swords and was made up of approximately one-third of the contemporaneous weapons in Southern Scandinavia. The use-wear analysis was undertaken with a source critical view on corrosion and other taphonomic processes. The information obtained was used to see how use-wear and taphonomic processes influence each other. Use-wear analysis was employed to evaluate statements regarding the functionality, or rather non-functionality, of Early Bronze Age weaponry. According to the results, spears and swords were not only functional but also very frequently used. Further deductions can be made from the material. Despite a difference in the scale of fighting, spears and swords show essentially the same kind of combat wear. It is argued that this relates to essentially similar styles of fighting that employ both cutting and stabbing movements and are perhaps most appropriately termed ‘fencing’. This style of fighting possibly emerged from frequent encounters of sword and spear fighters in the closely interconnected world of Southern Scandinavia during Period I of the Early Bronze Age. In these engagements, a partial homogenising effect of warfare and fighting becomes visible. Yet, it is not the only effect that accompanies combat and war. Diversification and homogenisation are not mutually exclusive or contradictive. Accordingly, they took place simultaneously and helped develop fighting styles and weapon technologies.