Historical Demography

El artículo realiza un análisis crítico de las fuentes de datos censales para el período 1854-1920, atendiendo tanto a las versiones impresas de los censos como a los padrones manuscritos. Se analiza en primer lugar los niveles de desagregación territorial, la definición de las unidades administrativas, los criterios de demarcación de las zonas urbanas y rurales. En segundo término, se estudia la evolución del cuestionario censal y se realiza una evaluación de los datos censales disponibles sobre 10 variables (sexo, edad, estado civil, nacionalidad, lugar de nacimiento, actividad económica, educación, discapacidad, etnia y religión). Asimismo, se analizan distintas opciones metodológicas y se sugieren alternativas de uso de las los datos censales como fuente para la historia social, demográfica y económica del período.

"Belice y México comparten características demográficas, culturales y económicas. Su gente
fronteriza ha tenido procesos de sociabilidad, impactando en la formación de sus familias y
su modo de asimilación a los lugares de destino al momento de migrar. Se evaluaron estos
procesos a través de los registros civiles de nacimientos y defunciones de Corozal, Belice y
del sur de Quintana Roo, México (1885 a 1955), con la finalidad de reconstruir las familias,
de ahí se obtuvo información sobre su fecundidad y tipos de familias (endo/exogámicas).
Los resultados muestran diferencias en estos rubros, por lo que cada grupo social (cultura
íntima) vive diferente su proceso migratorio. "

""DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN THE BULGARIAN COMMUNITY IN BUDAPEST FROM THE LATE NINETEENTH TO THE LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY

Original title in Bulgarian "Демографски промени в будапещенската българска общност от края на XIX до края на XX век"

Penka Peykovska

The object of this study are the changes in the demographic profile of the Bulgarian community in Budapest from 1880 to 2001. It is based on the analysis of the results of population censuses in Hungary in 1880-1930, 1960, 1990 and 2001, and in particular on the database including all those who defined their mother tongue as Bulgarian, which is taken (albeit condi¬tionally) as a marker of ethnicity. The current statistics from “Budapest székesfőváros statisztikai és közigazgatási évkönyve” [Statistical and administrative yearbook of Budapest] is used as additional source. The author traces the dynamics of the number, migration and resettlement of Bulgarians in Budapest, their regional distribution, their characteristics by age and sex, marital status, religion, socio-occupational structure, educational status. The article examines some demographic indicators about their ethnic and cultural identity in the late twentieth century, the processes of integration and natural assimilation, using for example statistical data by ethnic attributes; Bulgarian citizenship and “proficiency in Hungarian” for the population in Budapest with Bulgarian mother tongue.
The major demographic changes in the Bulgarian community in Budapest in the late nineteenth to the late twentieth century arc summarized as follows: 1) from a male community made up by immigrated men-working abroad, it became a settled community with predominant, although slightly prevailing, female element. 2) the community aged increasingly in the second half of the twentieth century due to the change in the way it is replenished through individual immigration. 3) After the First World War formation of a stratum of intellectuals began among local Bulgarian gardeners and merchants, repatriated Banal Bulgarian intellectuals lived along with that intelligentsia and in the second half of the twentieth century its ranks included new immigrant intellectuals. 4) The professional pattern of the Bulgarian community in Budapest changed dramatically - from a community of gardeners, it became a community of intellectuals, 90 percent (1990) of which was bilingual, and 44% - with Hungarian citizenship (2001).

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""Data on vital events of medieval women are extremely scarce. We use a dataset based on a necrology of nuns in late-medieval Holland to arrive at estimates for the development of life expectancy and mortality. The first study of its kind for the Low
Countries, it shows striking differences in the development of life expectancy and mortality between Holland and England. In the fifteenth century, life expectancy at age 25 in Holland was much higher than in England. Also, mortality among our population of nuns was much lower than among monks in England, and mortality crises were less frequent. Our result support claims by Van Bavel and Van Zanden (2003) about the relatively early recovery of
the population of Holland, as well as the mild impact of infectious diseases. The comparison with England suggests that this country’s crisis of the late Middle Ages was most likely the
result of a high-mortality demographic regime.""

""It is examined different approaches to the typology and the evolution of Russian families from the old Russian period to the beginning of XIX century in the national historiography, focusing on the development of terminological base for the research of the family.
Автор рассматривает различные подходы к типологии и эволюции русской семьи с древнерусского периода до начала XX в. в отечественной историографии, уделяя особое внимание развитию терминологической базы изучения семьи.
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XVII. yüzyılı ilgilendiren şehir tarihi araştırmaları için göz önünde bulundurulması gereken husus, Osmanlı Devleti’nde görülen sistem değişikliğidir. Timar sistemi, XVI. yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren tam anlamıyla uygulanamaz duruma gelmişti. Bununla beraber eskiden beri uygulana gelen tahrir kısmen de olsa işlevselliğini yitirmişti. Bu nedenle, şehir araştırmalarında tahrir defterlerinden edinilen bilgileri XVII. yüzyıl söz konusu olduğunda, başka tür kaynaklardan edinmek zorunluluğu ortaya çıkmıştı. Karanlık dönem olarak zikredilen XVII. yüzyılda şehir tarihleri için en kıymetli kaynaklar; mufassal olarak hazırlanmış olan avârız ve cizye defterleridir. Anadolu’nun stratejik ehemmiyete sahip merkezlerinden birisi olan Erzurum Şehri’nin XVII. yüzyıldaki demografik, sosyal ve ekonomik yapısı hakkındaki bilgiler, avârız ve cizye defteri sayesinde elde edilebilmektedir.