European History

""Kuinka kävi, kun Pietari Suuri päätti tehdä venäläisistä oluenjuojia? Miksi Lutherin Saksassa olut veti rintamalinjat uskontokuntien välille, ja miksi maailmankuulu kirjailija, presidentti Václav Havel meni panimoon töihin? Entä kuinka kävi puolalaisten olutpuolueelle?

Olut on aina ollut olennainen osa eurooppalaista historiaa. Kolpakolliset ovat liikuttaneet sotajoukkoja voittoon sekä rakentaneet kansojen välistä ystävyyttä, ja onpa tuoppi muuttanut monen merkkimiehen elämääkin. Tiesitkö esimerkiksi, ettei Louis Pasteurin mielessä siintänyt bakteereista puhdas maitolasillinen vaan täydellinen tuoppi ranskalaista mallasjuomaa?

Kuohuvaa historiaa tarinoi oluen ja historian yhteyksistä vivahteikkaan täyteläisesti, eikä tätä kirjaa ole syytä lukea kuivin suin. Kirjan jokaisessa luvussa on esitelty aiheeseen liittyvä olut. Huurteinen malja sille!

FL Mika Rissanen (1978) ja FM Juha Tahvanainen (1953) ovat olleet mukana kirjoittamassa kirjoja Hävityksen historiaa sekä Antiikin urheilu, joka voitti Tieto- Finlandia-palkinnon.""

"Portugal e o fim do Colonialismo. Dimensões internacionais é um livro
que propõe uma abordagem histórica e multifacetada dos factores e dos processos internacionais que condicionaram o colonialismo português nas suas últimas décadas de existência. Identificando e analisando algumas das suas principais manifestações, não tendo obviamente uma preocupação de exaustividade, o presente livro explora as relações entre estes factores e processos e determinados eventos e dinâmicas das histórias metropolitana e colonial."

"Long before homosexual activity between consenting men was decriminalized in Britain in 1967, Films and Filming subtly established its queer leanings. From its initial issues in 1954, Films and Filming sought what we would today call the Pink Pound, or Britain’s queer market segment. It included commercial advertisements for queer-friendly businesses as well as articles on censorship, profiles and images of sexually ambiguous male actors, and homoerotic photo spreads. The magazine’s contact ads further helped foster a network of queer men across Britain and internationally. Taken together, these elements all reinforced for many readers that despite its respectable credentials and mainstream accessibility Films and Filming was, in fact, queer. But even as it increasingly focused on its homosexual audience, Films and Filming nonetheless remained an internationally respected and successful film journal widely available at mainstream newsagents. This duality was key to both the magazine’s mainstream financial success and its appeal to many gay men would not buy more explicit publications.

Relying on evidence from Films & Filming itself, including editorials, advertisements, personals, and imagery, this chapter demonstrates the magazine’s cultivation of and engagement with a queer marketplace. Interviews with editors and contributors, and reminiscences from readers further reinforce its role in pre-decriminalization British queer history. Films & Filming was in fact the longest-running pre-decriminalization magazine to gain success and respect in the mainstream while actively courting a queer market segment. Surrounded by the victimization of queer men by the state and press in the early 1950s, publisher Philip Dosse had recognized both a thriving subculture and a potential market.
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"Business history can be a valuable, even critical element in teaching international management – not only at elite institutions and at postgraduate level, but at universities of applied sciences and in undergraduate education, too. It is specifically relevant for programs with a focus on Europe. Students should be given a chance to discover common and connected pasts of European enterprise. The article offers a rationale for curriculum integration and discusses case selections and teaching methods for non-historians. Five exemplary themes are presented: East India companies, financial market bubbles, telegraphy, the Suez Canal, and the emergence of airlines.
Zusammenfassung
Unternehmensgeschichte kann ein wertvoller, sogar kritischer Beitrag in der Vermittlung des internationalen Managements sein – nicht nur an elitären Einrichtungen und im Master, sondern auch an Fachhochschulen und in Bachelor-Studiengängen. Besonders relevant ist sie für Studiengänge mit Fokus Europa. Studenten sollten eine Chance erhalten, die gemeinsame und zusammenhängende Vergangenheit europäischer Unternehmenstätigkeit zu entdecken. Der Artikel begründet die Integration ins Curriculum und diskutiert Fallauswahl und Lehrmethodik für Nichthistoriker. Eine exemplarische Auswahl von fünf Themen wird gezeigt: Ostindienkompanien, Finanzmarkt-Blasen, Telegrafie, der Suezkanal und die Entstehung von Fluggesellschaften.
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From the Sunday Pictorial’s 1952 ‘Evil Men’ series, the first post-war exposé on homosexuality to appear in the British popular press, to the 1964 achievement by its stable mate the Daily Mirror of record circulation figures, both papers commodified and sensationalized homosexuality for consumption by mass newspaper audiences. Sensationalism was combined with homosexuality as a deliberate strategy to succeed in Britain’s highly competitive postwar circulation wars and also to promote particular personal and political agendas of key directors. But historians have tended to focus on the vitriol of sensationalism, emphasizing its homophobic content, without fully interrogating the tactic itself. This paper looks to the origins of sensationalism as a strategy at Mirror Group newspapers, asserting that sensational treatments of homosexuality concretely illuminate the multiple interactions between subjective beliefs and the seemingly objective profit motive. At the Daily Mirror and Sunday Pictorial, homosexuals held a negative moral, political and social value, but critically, they also held a high commercial value.

Post-1945 decolonization involved the universal acceptance of nation-statehood as the alternative to imperialism. Nationalism vanquished its transnational competitors, notably imperialism and Marxism. Alternatives to imperial rule that avoided sovereign states on national lines, such as federations in the later 1940s and 1950s, have received less attention from historians. Federations involved alternative ways of thinking about sovereignty, territoriality, and political economy. British interest in creating federations, for example the Central African Federation (CAF) in 1953, offers some new perspectives on the strength of imperial ideology and the determination to continue a missionary imperialism after the Second World War. Federal thinking and practice was prominent at this time in other European empires too, notably the French and Dutch ones. The federal idea was also an aspect of the emerging European community. This is suggestive of a wider “federal moment” that points to the importance of linking international, trans-national, imperial, and world historical approaches.

This book chapter is intended for an interdisciplinary audience within the scope of European Studies. We try to show how historians, including historians of the medieval and early modern worlds, do define and study the processes of europeanization and at the same time are affected by those processes. Stricto sensu, europeanization may be defined as the top-down effects of the bottom-up process of 20th C. European political integration. This top-down europeanization in social, economic, legal and cultural issues is a relatively new field for contemporary historians. At the same time, they are affected by this europeanization which means new credits as well as a demand to write an official history of the European Union, and they try to adopt a critical attitude. Lato sensu, europeanization may be defined as the set of long-run processes from the Middle Ages onwards resulting in a common sense of European identity. European historians until today are affected by these processes as much as other Europeans. They have to resist any form of teleology, especially when studying  medieval and early modern Europe. They should be aware how the European civilization’s big narrative, mainly based upon the Latin roman-catholic (and later also reformed) cultural tradition and written from within this tradition, may be at odds with the reality of continental Europe and its other cultural traditions (the Greek-Orthodox one, derived from Byzantium, and the Muslim one), and the reality of the European Union itself.

The paper defines a renovated profile of grain policies in Florence, Pisa and Orvieto in the 13th and the 14th centuries.  The text illustrates the development of urban institutions for grain trade, which had influence on economic and political strategies of town councils. A special interest is shown in defining points of contact between the annona and urban social mobility. It is pointed out how several different provision practices found place in the social and economic patterns of the comune, leaded by florentine super-companies (Bardi, Peruzzi, Acciaioli) or the main characters of both urban and rural market. Furthermore, it is shown how grain policies could be, in italian medieval towns, an essential factor of political competition.

"On Monday 30 November 1215 in the Basilica of St John Lateran, Innocent III brought the first assembly of the whole Church since the Council of Chalcedon (451) to a rousing finale by summoning all the delegates to unite in faith and by issuing Ad Liberandam , an encyclical calling for a crusade to liberate the Holy Land. This Council, fourth in the Lateran series but the twelfth ecumenical gathering of the Church in the Western tradition, included the five patriarchs or their representatives, together with more than one thousand bishops, abbots and other dignitaries, both ecclesiastical and secular. At each of the three plenary sessions held on 11, 20 and 30 November respectively, Innocent preached a set-piece sermon whilst, behind the scenes, delegates debated such major issues as who was more worthy to lead the Empire and how to contain the Albigensian heresy.
The accounts of eyewitnesses reveal that Innocent’s consecration of Santa Maria in Trastevere and celebrations for the anniversary of the dedication of the Vatican Basilica served not only to emphasize the history, majesty and ritual of the Church but also offered a welcome respite from the intensive discussions in the Lateran Palace. The Fathers of the Council promulgated seventy decrees, covering topics as diverse as heresy, Jewish-Christian relations, pastoral care and Trinitarian theology as well as ecclesiastical governance. Monks and secular clergy were to be reformed, the nascent mendicant orders welcomed to the Church and diocesan bishops instructed to implement far-reaching conciliar decisions across Christendom.
Eight hundred years on, Lateran IV still stands as the high-water mark of the medieval papacy, its political and ecclesiastical decisions enduring down to the Council of Trent whilst modern historiography has deemed it the most significant papal assembly of the Later Middle Ages. In November 2015, we have a unique opportunity to re-evaluate the role of this Council in the reform of the universal Church. Taking an inter-disciplinary approach, we shall investigate how its decisions affected the intellectual, cultural, social and religious life of the medieval world. We particularly encourage individual papers from disciplines such as art history, theology, canon law, crusade studies, literature and from those who work on relations between Jews and Christians, which we hope will broaden current interpretations of the events of the Council, their subsequent importance and long-term impact. Alternatively, three-paper session proposals on a common theme will also be most welcome.
Papers may be delivered in English, French, German, Italian or Spanish but must be limited to 30 minutes. Abstracts of no more than 200 words with all the necessary contact details should be sent no later than 1 November 2014.
Please direct all questions to: fourthlateranat800@gmail.com . For more information or to submit a proposal, please visit our website: http://LateranIV.com"

""At the end of the First World War, Germany appeared to have lost everything: the lives of millions of soldiers and civilians, control over borderland territories, and, above all, a sense of national self-worth in the international political arena. But it also lost almost three million square kilometres of land overseas in the form of colonies and concessions in Africa, China, and the Pacific. Allied powers declared Germany unfit to rule over overseas populations, and it was forcibly decolonized. It thus became the first ‘postcolonial’ European nation that had participated in the ‘new imperialism’ of the modern era.

The end of colonialism was the beginning of a memory culture that has been remarkably long-lived and dynamic. This book traces the evolution of the collective memory of German colonialism, stretching from the loss of the colonies across the eras of National Socialism, national division, and the Cold War to the present day. It shows to what extent this memory was intimately bound to objects of material culture in the former colonial metropole, from tropical fruit sold at colonial balls, to state gifts handed to the former colonies at independence, to ethnological items kept as family heirlooms.

The study draws on a wide range of sources, including popular literature, oral history, and previously unexplored archival holdings. It marks an important shift in historical methodology, considering the significance of both material culture and private memories in constructing accounts of the past. Above all, it raises important questions about the public responsibilities of postcolonial nations and governments in Europe and their relationship to the private legacies of colonialism.
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