City

"""Cet article s’attache à dévoiler les diverses formes de conflits et de tensions traversant le quotidien de la rue nantaise des trois dernières décennies de l’Ancien Régime et des premiers mois révolutionnaires. La source utilisée est celle du registre de l’écrou policier qui rend compte des arrestations pour faits délictueux ou infractionnels. Les 6 629 individus interpellés au cours de 3 633 opérations de police menées entre 1761 et 1790 ne dénotent pas une société marquée par un désordre endémique. Parmi 73 motifs identifiés de mise en détention, quelques-uns renvoient aux principales caractéristiques du monde urbain de la fin de l’époque moderne. L’importance croissante des vols en est une, de même qu’une violence physique et verbale tendant à diminuer, la stabilité globale des rapports houleux mettant aux prises les divers acteurs du monde du travail artisanal, ainsi que l’attention portée par les autorités aux populations marginales que constituent prostituées et vagabonds.

MOTS-CLÉS : Nantes, XVIIIe siècle, police, délit, infraction, écrou, peuple, ville, société.


This article aims at presenting the different forms of conflicts and social tensions which occurred in the everyday life by the streets of the city of Nantes during the last three decades of the Ancien Régime and the first months of the French Revolution. The sources of this research come from the prison registers which have recorded the police arrests for criminal breaches of the peace. The 6629 individuals jailed as a result of the 3633 police operations conducted between the years 1761 and 1790 do not reflect a society which would be marked by an endemic social disorder. Among the 73 identified grounds for remand in custody, some take us back to the main characteristics of the urban life at the end of the Early Modern Period. The growing development of thefts is one of them, just as a verbal and physical violence tending to diminish, the overall stability of the turbulent relationships which affect the several components of craftsmen and working class people and, finally, the attention focused by the authorities on the people living on the fringes of society mainly constituted by prostitutes and tramps.

KEYWORDS : Nantes, eighteenth century, police force, offence, committal, people, city, society."""

"Les résultats des recensements des Etats-Unis, dont la nature est constitutionnelle, ont des effets directs en géopolitique interne et externe. Ainsi, ils déterminent le nombre de représentants par État au Congrès des États-Unis et la composition du corps électoral qui élit le président. En outre, ils conduisent à connaître la répartition par origine et par « race » de la population des États-Unis, un résultat fortement examiné par les candidats aux élections qui adaptent leurs stratégies électorales à cette répartition. Ces dernières répartitions indiquent l’importance quantitative de certaines diasporas et, donc, leur influence potentielle sur la géopolitique externe des États-Unis. Enfin, le recensement éclaire sur les indicateurs démographiques de cette puissance, qui sont l’un des paramètres de la géopolitique mondiale.
[The census of the United States, whose nature is constitutional, have direct effects in internal and external geopolitics. Thus, they determine the number of representatives per state in the Congress of the United States and the composition of the electorate that elects the president. In addition, they lead to know the distribution by origin and "race" of the population of the United States, a highly reviewed by election candidates that fit their electoral strategies in this division result. Recent distributions indicate the quantitative importance of some diasporas, and therefore their potential influence on the external geopolitical United States. The census sheds light on the demographic indicators of this power, which are one of the parameters of global geopolitics.]"

""Le second peuple de Nantes au XVIIIe siècle :
environnements du quotidien et interactions sociales.

Pour les intellectuels et lexicographes officiant sous l’Ancien Régime, le peuple de France n’est alors pas un mais multiple. Au cœur de l’espace urbain, exclusion faite de la population mendiante et vagabonde, la partie tout à la fois la plus nombreuse et la moins bien considérée de ce peuple regroupe les travailleurs journaliers et sans qualification, ceux de la terre ou plus ou moins qualifiés mais non dépendants d’un cadre corporatif, la domesticité au sens large, les ouvriers de manufactures, les compagnons et garçons de métiers jurés ainsi que l’ensemble des chambrelans besognant en contravention aux statuts des jurandes. Cette population que nous identifions sous l’appellation « second peuple » se caractérise par une existence de ses membres majoritairement vécue dans la précarité quotidienne, une insertion plus ou moins bien définie et solide au sein de la société urbaine et une inscription en dehors de toute forme officielle d’organisation horizontale du travail. Une attention portée sur trois pans majeurs de l’existence du second peuple de la ville de Nantes au dernier siècle de la monarchie absolue, soit la vie en communauté, la consommation matérielle et l’activité laborieuse, est en mesure de dévoiler quelques-uns des traits essentiels des individus le constituant : place centrale de l’élément féminin, importance des notions de déplacement et d’implantation géographiques, force des connexions et solidarités de voisinage, rapport parfois houleux à l’autorité et frugalité de l’environnement matériel du quotidien.

Mots clés : peuple, ville, Nantes, inventaire de biens, travail illégal, résistance, solidarité, voisinage, lien social, violence, mouvement, migration, parrainage, pauvreté, précarité, consommation, micro-histoire, déménagement.

The second people of Nantes in the XVIIIth century:
everyday environments and social interactions.

For the intellectuals and lexicographers officiating under the Ancien Regime, the people of France was then not one but many. At the heart of urban space, excluding the population of beggars and vagabonds, the at once most numerous and least well regarded part of this people groups together unqualified day laborers, those working on the land or more or less qualified but not dependent on a corporate framework, domestic workers in the broadest sense of the word, factory workers, journeymen and juniors in the legal profession and all “roomworkers” toiling in contravention of the statutes of the guilds. This population that we identify under the name of the “second people” is characterized by a life of its members mostly lived in everyday poverty, a more or less well defined and strong insertion in the heart of urban society and an entry without any official form of horizontal organization of work. A focus on three major segments of the existence of the second people of the city of Nantes in the last century of absolute monarchy, be it community life, material consumption or work activity, is able to reveal some essential features of the individuals which make it up: the central role of the feminine element, the importance of the concepts of travel and geographic location, the strength of connections and neighborhood solidarity, sometimes stormy relations with authority and the frugality of the material environment of daily life.

Key words: people, city, Nantes, inventories of goods, subterranean work, resistance, solidarity, neighborhood, social tie, violence, movement, migration, spiritual kinship, poverty, precariousness, household consumption, microhistory, move.""

The "Greek crisis" was officially inaugurated on May 2010 with the loan the Greek government took from the IMF-European Union-European Central Bank troika, the largest a country had ever taken (€110 bn). Since then, the social implications of this crisis have been dramatic. The form and the scale of social phenomena observed today in Greece and particularly in Athens--e.g., extreme poverty and inequality, profound police violence, organized racist violence--are unprecedented for the country. Nevertheless, a diachronic examination of some socio-spatial aspects of Athens reveals that the social character of the current crisis has been taking shape for some time. This article aims shed light on the social shape of the crisis by outlining three such socio-spatial dimensions as they materialized in the case of Athens during 1990s and 2000s: first, the emergence of new forms of social exclusion and inequality; second, the vast project of urban (re)development and the new spatialities it produced, and third the emergence of novel forms of political and xenophobic violence.

Shopping centers are a symptom of the changes that mark the transition from modern to postmodern city whose landscape is formed by social, economic, and ideological factors characteristic of late capitalism. This study will deal with shopping centers in Zagreb - the phenomenon that set its mark on the second half of the 20th century, in Zagreb emerges as late as in the 1990s. Through the phenomenon of shopping centers, I will trace radically changed processes of deciding about urban space where the real estate market, in collusion with the interests of investors, has replaced the modernist conception of urban planning as being the outcome of academic analysis and rationally planned development. Malls are unavoidable objects in the landscape shaped by the market and the interests of private investors, which is characterized by the desire for the city to be transformed as a whole, for it to be revitalised as a source of added value. Through comparison of typology of shopping centers in the city and those located in the outskirts of town, alongside road hubs or major urban thoroughfares, and of the type of facilities that they offer, I will try to answer the following questions: Can a shopping center operate as a vital centre of a community, and what kind of social space does it create? In what ways class stratification, implosion and fragmentation of public space, carried out by the shopping centers, transform local practices of using and experiencing public space?

""DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN THE BULGARIAN COMMUNITY IN BUDAPEST FROM THE LATE NINETEENTH TO THE LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY

Original title in Bulgarian "Демографски промени в будапещенската българска общност от края на XIX до края на XX век"

Penka Peykovska

The object of this study are the changes in the demographic profile of the Bulgarian community in Budapest from 1880 to 2001. It is based on the analysis of the results of population censuses in Hungary in 1880-1930, 1960, 1990 and 2001, and in particular on the database including all those who defined their mother tongue as Bulgarian, which is taken (albeit condi¬tionally) as a marker of ethnicity. The current statistics from “Budapest székesfőváros statisztikai és közigazgatási évkönyve” [Statistical and administrative yearbook of Budapest] is used as additional source. The author traces the dynamics of the number, migration and resettlement of Bulgarians in Budapest, their regional distribution, their characteristics by age and sex, marital status, religion, socio-occupational structure, educational status. The article examines some demographic indicators about their ethnic and cultural identity in the late twentieth century, the processes of integration and natural assimilation, using for example statistical data by ethnic attributes; Bulgarian citizenship and “proficiency in Hungarian” for the population in Budapest with Bulgarian mother tongue.
The major demographic changes in the Bulgarian community in Budapest in the late nineteenth to the late twentieth century arc summarized as follows: 1) from a male community made up by immigrated men-working abroad, it became a settled community with predominant, although slightly prevailing, female element. 2) the community aged increasingly in the second half of the twentieth century due to the change in the way it is replenished through individual immigration. 3) After the First World War formation of a stratum of intellectuals began among local Bulgarian gardeners and merchants, repatriated Banal Bulgarian intellectuals lived along with that intelligentsia and in the second half of the twentieth century its ranks included new immigrant intellectuals. 4) The professional pattern of the Bulgarian community in Budapest changed dramatically - from a community of gardeners, it became a community of intellectuals, 90 percent (1990) of which was bilingual, and 44% - with Hungarian citizenship (2001).

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""To study the change over time in an area of central Manchester around the area of St. Anne’s Square and the former Shambles.  This area has three distinct townscape periods which should be explained alongside the current townscape
fabric and its historic buildings. ""