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Carlo Cerutti

Diritto Costituzionale

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Papers

Vincolo di mandato. Costituzione contra Codice civile..., Quotidiano Giuridico, Milano, 9 agosto 2018, 11.pdf

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Modello di regolamento per una fiera antiquaria

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Current and Possible Political Representations in the European Countries

Political activity is largely a work of persuasion, a battle for the minds and, above all, the he... more Political activity is largely a work of persuasion, a battle for the minds and, above all, the hearts of the governed (Boccalatte, 2008: 477). Both at the level of the Member States and at the level of the European Union, the trust and the affection of the citizens for political representatives are at an all time historic low (as is shown by the multiplication of floating voters and non-voters). What can the causes be? In the political debates we always talk about who should succeed another in the exercise of power, siding with someone and against someone else, and we never note the ways of exercising power. The electoral programs (when there are any, since we talk much and write little) are always vague, ambiguous, lacking priorities, both in terms of the ends to be pursued and in terms of the means to be used, and never incisive, sufficiently detailed and immediately applicable. The elected depend on parties rather than on voters and, as a consequence, they represent parties rather than voters, as evinced by legislation strongly in favour of the public administration and the lobbies, whereas parties aim at power (political and economic) rather than at representation and are devoid of democratic method (in fact, they regularly exclude the citizens from participating in the debates, the programs, the candidatures and government). The public seem sovereign only in the choice of who should govern, within the limits of the candidatures imposed by the political parties and the rules established by electoral law, but not also in the choice of what or how they should be governed. It being understood that so delicate and complex matters naturally raise a multitude of questions, one among others, in my opinion, is emerging with increasing clarity: in political representation, as derived from the Constitutions of the French Revolution and transposed into all the modern-western democracies, the predisposed means is congruous with respect to the pursued end? Article 67 of the Italian Constitution, for example, provides: " Ogni membro del Parlamento rappresenta la Nazione ed esercita le sue funzioni senza vincolo di mandato " .

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Caso-Consulta. A proposito di rappresentanza politica

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Lung alkaline phosphatase as a marker of fibrosis in chronic interstitial disorders

by A. Capelli and Carlo Cerutti

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 1997

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in lung lavage fluids is a marker of tissue damage and type II cell pr... more Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in lung lavage fluids is a marker of tissue damage and type II cell proliferation. Type II pneumocytes are extensively involved in fibrosis. The aim of our study was to verify whether local ALP activity can be held as a marker of fibrosis in chronic interstitial lung disorders. ALP was determined in the bronchoalveolar lavage of 140 subjects: 25 control subjects, and 33 patients with silicosis, 38 with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and 18 with Stage I, 16 with Stage II, and 10 with Stage III/IV sarcoidosis. We observed a significant augmentation of ALP activity in patients with IPF, as well as in those with Stages II and III/IV sarcoidosis. Albumin was higher in those with Stages I and II sarcoidosis, but it was normal in the other groups. Therefore, a significant increase in ALP:albumin ratio characterized IPF (median, 10.3; range, 2.4 to 83.2) and Stage III/IV sarcoidosis, (8.9, 4.4 to 103.1) as compared with Stage I (2, 1.1 to 18) and Stage II (4.7, 0.7 to 26.6) sarcoidosis, silicosis (6.5, 0.5 to 42.7), and the nonsmoker (6.1, 2.9 to 12.9) and smoker (6.4, 2 to 15.2) control groups. We conclude that an increase of the ALP: albumin ratio in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from patients with chronic interstitial disorders may reflect a fibrosing progression.