Filosofía del Derecho

"En esta obra que  coordino junto a Guillermo Lariguet se congregan trabajos de filósofos del derecho de diversos países íbero-ítalo-americanos que discuten sobre cuestiones como el impacto de las teorías del significado en la interpretación jurídica, la prueba de los hechos, la relación entre derecho y moral, la argumentación jurídica, el papel de las virtudes en el razonamiento judicial, la inconmensurabilidad de valores, el papel de participantes patológicos, etc.
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Se abordan en este libro dos grandes bloques temáticos. El primero sobre los derechos de los grupos, con particular referencia a los derechos de los pueblos indígenas; el segundo sobre la inmigración. Tanto las comunidades indígenas como los grupos de inmigrantes constituyen, con frecuencia, grupos minoritarios de personas con rasgos étnicos y culturales distintos a los de la mayoría de la sociedad en que se incardinan. Estos grupos se han incorporado a la lucha por los derechos humanos reclamando el respeto por sus peculiaridades culturales y por su integridad colectiva. Se añaden para formar el libro tres trabajos más sobre otros aspectos del mismo problema. Uno sobre la dimensión relacional de la autonomía individual que la secular y persistente discriminación de las mujeres ha puesto de relieve; el segundo sobre la contraposición entre el derecho de las personas individuales a la intimidad y la exigencia de transparencia de las administraciones públicas; el tercero, que abre el libro, trata de argumentar que la tensión autonomía individual-autonomía colectiva está latente en la teoría y en la práctica de los derechos humanos desde el momento mismo de su invención, invención encaminada a proteger la autonomía individual. En todos estos problemas se manifiesta esa tensión no definitivamente resuelta entre la autonomía individual y la autonomía colectiva, entre los derechos del individuo y la soberanía del Estado, entre unos derechos que se conciben y proclaman como universales pero cuya satisfacción y protección queda en gran parte circunscrita al ámbito particular de la ciudadanía. Estas tensiones están hoy día determinando en gran medida la agenda filosófica y la agenda política.

"Gli ordinamenti giuridici contemporanei sono caratterizzati da un alto grado di pluralismo e un forte dissenso circa la sorte di parecchie questioni di enorme importanza per la convivenza collettiva. Non è raro il rilievo secondo il quale tali questioni sono risolte dai Tribunali costituzionali mediante l’utilizzazione, nei frangenti decisivi delle loro argomentazioni, di elementi valutativi a carattere morale. L’adagio tradizionale secondo il quale “una cosa è il diritto vigente, un’altra i suoi meriti e i suoi difetti”, sembra davvero sotto assedio.
Il percorso che l’Autore sviluppa affronta alcuni tra i problemi teorici sottesi a questi temi, prendendo le mosse dalla teoria della norma di riconoscimento proposta da Herbert Hart, per giungere infine ad alcune conclusioni concernenti l’interpretazione costituzionale debitrici della riflessione di Ronald Dworkin. Ciò potrebbe sorprendere, posto che tra i due grandi studiosi si è sviluppato un dibattito molto acceso terminato solo con la scomparsa di Hart, e che le tesi del giurista e filosofo statunitense sono state sovente costruite in forte e dichiarata polemica proprio con quelle esposte in The Concept of Law. La saldatura tra i contributi dei due maestri è però non solo possibile, ma anche proficua; e l’anello di congiunzione è costituito dalla teoria del diritto come pratica sociale, da cui Dworkin fa scaturire alcune importanti assunzioni concernenti l’interpretazione giuridica, e che, nonostante non vi appartenga, è al contempo in grado di spiegare efficacemente le caratteristiche del positivismo “hartiano”.
Nel volume si propone dunque una lettura del diritto come pratica sociale, nella convinzione che questa rappresenti la strada migliore per spiegare, al tempo stesso, la normatività della costituzione e il peso che i giudizi morali hanno nella soluzione dei casi di diritto costituzionale, nonché il ruolo che, in questo contesto, assume l’ineliminabile pluralismo che caratterizza gli ordinamenti costituzionali contemporanei.
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""This book develops a sociologically informed theory of constitutionalism in the global realm, addressing both national and transnational forms of constitutional ordering. The book begins with the argument that current approaches to constitutionalism remain tied to a state-based conception of constitutions, and overlooks underlying structural transformations that trigger the emergence of constitutional forms of ordering. Poul F. Kjaer aims to address this shortcoming by offering a sociological and historically informed analysis of the evolution of constitutionalism in the face of globalisation. The analysis contextualises on-going constitutional developments through the use of a long-term historical perspective, which is capable of highlighting the impact of deeper structural transformations unfolding within society.
The book looks at the ways in which national and transnational legal forms have evolved alongside one another. It demonstrates that the formation of global constitutions has not resulted in a corresponding decrease in the power of nation states, but instead, legal and political aspects of both the nation state and the transnational have been reconfigured and intensified in a mutually supportive manner.
In combining insights from a range of fields, this interdisciplinary book will be of great interest to students and scholars of constitutional law, sociology, global governance studies, and legal, social and political theory.

List of Content
Introduction: The Metamorphosis of Constitutionalism
Part 1: Structural Transformations
2. The Implosion of the Euro-Centric World
3. The Multiplicity of Normative Orders in World Society
Part 2: Re-configurations of Law and the Political
4. The Law within and in-between Normative Orders
5. The Political within and in-between Normative Orders
Part 3: Constitutional Stabilisation
6. The Breakdown of Constitutional Ordering through Globalisation-induced Crises
7.The Transmutation of Constitutional Ordering
8.Re-calibrating the Constitutional Concept
9. Conclusion

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"This article analyzes the Theory of Justice by John Roemer, which treats Justice as the outcome of a process that is able to maximize the minimum achievement level of individuals and hold them accountable only for their autonomous choices, excluding the effect of circumstances. In other words, it is a Justice algorithm. However, the results of the application of this algorithm lead to counterintuitive (unfair) outcomes. The article investigates the this algorithm’s viability and the philosophic topics that ought to be revised for an approximation with mathematical models, such as the self-reference in social sciences; the need to reformulate the concept of the individual; the variables in decision making and the complexity of life as a totality of games played by a subject in a specific period of time.
KEYWORDS: Theory of Justice; Algorithm; Roemer.
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"In 1603, Dutch Admiral Jacob van Heemskerk plundered a Portuguese merchantman, the Santa Catarina, travelling from Macao to Melaka. The sale of the cargo at a public auction made traders across Northern Europe aware of the riches to be reaped from Asian trade. However, the episode raised legal questions and the United Dutch East India Company (VOC) commissioned the young Hugo Grotius to defend Heemskerk's actions. Grotius produced two classic legal texts, The Law of Price and Booty and its spin-off, The Free Sea, among the greatest works in the history of international legal and political thought. His observations dealt with free trade in the East Indies, the Dutch Republic's military conflict with the Portuguese and Spanish in Asia, and the legal and moral grounds for attacking and plundering Portuguese and Spanish mercantile shipping.

This book considers the background to the treaties then content and significances, and what Grotius actually knew about Southeast Asian politics and Portuguese institutions of trade and diplomacy when he wrote them.

Grotius' work on the freedom of the sea was a cornerstone in his enduring reputation as one of the founders of modern international law. The present book provides a valuable resource for historians of Southeast Asia and for students of international relations, political theory, maritime history and public law.
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