Historical toponomy

Despite Zambia, like many other nations, being described in gendered terms as “Motherland”, in reality the names of public places such as streets, neighbourhoods, townships, properties and others reflect a “Fatherland”. In addition, the names still project a colonial heritage, overshadowing local heritage. Nearly 45 % per cent of neighbourhoods in Lusaka bear English names, and slightly more than a quarter of these place names come from names of Europeans who settled on the respective lands in the colonial period. Moreover, as in other sub-Saharan African cities, ambiguity or non-existence of formal naming systems directly impacts on the ability of residents to benefit from basic services such as postal and related courier services, access to certain banking services, and access to technology such as GPS, mobile telecommunications; others are ambulance response and other location-based services and business opportunities that require exact identification of address, property or location. A study in selected African cities revealed that some residents attached having a unique address to higher social status. UNGEGN identified the absence of street naming in some sub-Saharan African cities as a contributing factor to the lack of personal identity.
The exercise of naming and renaming streets, townships and other public places is an essential function in management of land use. It is linked to developments such as township establishment and subdivision. Naming/renaming and/or numbering public places helps to identify properties in the provision of various municipal services, ranging from development to emergency services. The Lusaka City Council does not have policy on naming/renaming public places/properties, especially in highly populated settlements. There is therefore need for a standard system for naming public places in Lusaka District.

Scientific collection and analysis of local names related to the Trentino territory began in the second half of 19th century. Geographers like Bartolomeo Malfatti and Cesare Battisti developed this survey, strongly linked to the recognition of Trentino as an Italian region. Despite the importance of toponymic analysis in a border region, in recent decades this topic has received little attention in this area.
This paper uses historical maps as a source for local names research with particular focus on border toponymy.

We do not have much information about Idil Bulgarians that we have seen in the Middle Taurus Mountains since the beginning of the Tenth century. The answer to the questions of which tribes came to this region (to the Taurus Mountains) and where they settled under Bulgarian name depends on onomastic, more specifically toponymy and ethnonym studies. The name of today's Tırnak village, which was named as “Dırnaklu” in Ottoman cadastral record book ssince the 16th century, is related to the “Tırnaklı” tribe, which still maintains its identity in the northeast of Bashkortostan. Apart from Tırnaklı, the toponyms such as Tol, Anay, Bolyaran, Ayalanı, Kazanlı, Bulgarı, etc. also reveal the ethnic relationship between the Idil-Ural Bulgarians and the Middle Taurus Mountains. Based on the information obtained, it is possible to state that the first toponymic layer in the Middle Taurus Mountains was formed by Idil-Bulgarians.

Özet
Doğu Avrupa coğrafyasının Osmanlı dönemindeki durumunu yansıtan birçok akademik çalışma yapılmaktadır. Bugün bahse konu coğrafyada farklı dilde konuşan veya farklı alfabe ile yazan devletler ve milletler bulunmaktadır. Bu sebeple, Osmanlı döneminde kullanılan isimlerin büyük bir kısmı değişime uğramıştır. Günümüzde yapılan veya yapılacak olan tarih araştırmalarında yer isimlerinin bir anakronizm hatasına düşülmeden kullanılması zarureti vardır. Osmanlı döneminde kullanılan çeşitli müessese isimleri ve bazı terimler için de aynı hassasiyetin gösterilmesi gerekmektedir.
Arap alfabesi kullanılarak oluşturulmuş Osmanlı belgelerinde geçen isimler araştırmacılar tarafından farklı şekillerde okunmaktadır. Bazen belgelerde de aynı isim farklı şekillerde yazılabilmektedir. Araştırmacıların bu handikabı göz önünde bulundurması ve konuyu tarihi coğrafya boyutuyla ele alması halinde daha gerçekçi bir tablo ortaya çıkacaktır. Yer isimleri ve terimlerin farklı dillerde yapılan çalışmalarda kullanılması halinde, bugünkü ifade edilen şekillerinin yanı sıra eski özgün kullanımlarını da birlikte verilmesinin sorunu bir ölçüde çözeceği öngörülmektedir.
Doğu Avrupa tarihi araştırmalarında siyasi süreç ve bu süreçteki değişim ve farklılıklar da mutlaka dikkate alınmalıdır. Bütün Osmanlı döneminde aynı terminolojinin kullanılmadığı ve gelişen siyasi olaylar çerçevesinde farklı uygulamaların olduğu bilinmektedir.
Bu bildiride, ana kaynaklardaki bilgiler ışığında, Doğu Avrupa coğrafyası ölçekli yapılacak çalışmalarda isim ve terimlerin doğru kullanılmasına dikkat çekilmiş ve önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
Anahtar kelimeler: Doğu Avrupa, Yer İsimleri, Yerleşme İsimleri, Toponomi, Osmanlı, Rumeli

Place Names/Settlement Names and Terminology Problems in Eastern European History Studies in the Ottoman Period
Abstract
Many academic studies reflecting the situation of Eastern European geography in the Ottoman period have been and continue to be done. Today, there are states and nations that speak different languages or write with different alphabets. For this reason, most of the names used in the Ottoman period have changed. It is necessary to use place names in historical research without making an anachronism mistake. The same sensitivity should be shown for the various names used in the Ottoman period and for some terms.
The names in the Ottoman archive documents created using the Arabic alphabet are read by the researchers in different ways. Sometimes the same name can be written in different ways even in documents. A more realistic picture will emerge if the researchers consider this handicap and deal with the issue in terms of historical geography. If place names and terms are used in studies conducted in different languages, it is foreseen that the use of old original uses together with today's expressed forms will solve the problem to some extent.
The political process and the changes and differences in Eastern European historical studies should also be taken into consideration. It is known that the same terminology was not used during the whole Ottoman period and that there were different practices within the framework of the developing political events.
In this paper, in the light of the information in the main sources, the correct use of names and terms in the studies to be conducted in Eastern European geography scale has been pointed out and suggestions have been made.
Keywords: East Europe, Place Names, Settlement Names, Toponomy, Ottoman, Rumelia

Рахно Костянтин. Топонімія Криму як об’єкт наукових фальсифікацій // Наш Крим = Our Crimea = Bizim Qirimimiz. – Київ: Інститут української археографії та джерелознавства імені М.С. Грушевського, 2017. – Випуск III. До 700-річчя проголошення Кафи головною генуезькою колонією в Криму. – С. 152-166.

With a few exceptions, Italian endonyms of towns and cities are typically not preceded by a definite article. It is
then noteworthy that the Italian names of important Levantine harbours to be found in Mediaeval and Early
Modern travelogues are often preceded by the article (Il Cairo < al-Qāhira, La Canea < Chaniá in the island of
Crete, Lepanto < *L’Epanto < vernacular Greek (N)épaktos for Classic Greek Náfpaktos: see Migliorini 1927).
What is more striking is that a numbers of city names such as Le Smirne = Smyrna and Le Gomenizze =
Igoumenitsa have been integrated into Early Modern Italian as plurals, as shown by the articles that go along
with them. The same adaptation pattern can be found in the names of some Greek and North-African islands, as
for instance le Marlere = Ereíkoussa, le Gerbe = Jerba and li Gozi = Gozo. In this paper we aim to investigate
the genesis of this unusual toponymic paradigm.

El presente artículo pretende abordar la cuestión de la interpretación del nombre de Badajoz a través de la clave aportada por Matías Ramón Martínez a comienzos del siglo XX: su valoración como el posible derivado del antropónimo de un propietario agrícola hispanorromano. Para ello se hará especial hincapié en la teoría manifestada por el citado autor, ahondándose en el análisis crítico de sus fundamentos y sus posibilidades de asociación efectiva con el topónimo.

Het verband tussen een abdij-/ klooster-stichting en de geweld-dadige geschiedenis. Ten voor-beeld oud-Teylingen ; en over de naam Teylingen [:] haar naams-oorsprong (en betekenis). © 2018 by ARV Tegelaar , Oegstgeest [ (voorlopige) versie 1.1
Een vraag die niet vaak gesteld wordt is [:]  waarom  een  abdij (of een klooster) specifiek op die-en-die plek werd opgericht. ¿ Is er een historise verklaring voor ?
Daar-naast  staat  de  verklaring  van  de  naam  Teylingen  ( Teilingen / Teijlingen )  centraal .

Past studies on Singapore toponymy have mainly focused on etymological aspects of individual street names as distinct units, overlooking the relevance of naming practices across different languages. Singapore odonymy is still a largely unexplored field. An investigation into naming strategies in Singapore street names can provide deeper insights not only into the field of Historical Toponomastics, but also shed light on both the history of Toponymy in the local context and among different ethnic groups "en masse". This paper explores trends in naming practices in Singapore odonyms belonging to three different languages, namely English, Malay, and Chinese. A randomized sampling of 50 street names from each language was collected and analyzed according to specific naming strategies, highlighting the following categories: descriptive, commemorative, thematic, and borrowing. Results show tendencies towards naming strategies of commemoration and borrowing for English-derived odonyms, descriptive for Malay street names, and a strong preference for commemorative naming for the Chinese-derived ones. Further examination of the odonyms suggests a combination of social, political, and historical-geographical factors underlying these multi-faceted naming processes. This paper aims at being a starting point for a series of studies on the almost unexplored field of Singapore Toponymy, developed through an approach that considers the social and sociolinguistic perspectives besides the conventional historical and etymological methods.

The Northern sertões (hinterlands) – which involved, during Brazilian colonial era, the internalized areas of Maranhão, Piauí, Pernambuco and its attached provinces (Ceará Grande, Rio Grande, Paraíba and Alagoas), Bahia and Sergipe del Rei provinces -  have usually been analyzed as empty and inert spaces in socioeconomics and urban terms. On the opposite way, this paper seeks to show sertões formed by territories properly urbanized in according to the Portuguese Crown policies or by means of complex social relations formulated between local residents and King´s officers over territory. It puts light over mutual connection of manuscript and cartographical documentation in order to interpret the settlement and urbanization narratives of those interior areas.

Os sertões das capitanias do Norte – que envolveram em alguma medida as áreas interiorizadas das capitanias do Maranhão, Piauí, Pernambuco e suas anexas (Ceará Grande, Rio Grande, Paraíba e comarca das Alagoas), Bahia e Sergipe del Rei - têm sido usualmente interpretados como espaços vazios e inertes em termos socioeconômicos e urbanos. Na contramão dessa premissa, este artigo pretende expor sertões formados por territórios devidamente urbanizados segundo as políticas da Coroa portuguesa ou por meio de relações sociais formuladas entre os moradores e os representantes do rei no território. Põe-se luz no entrecruzamento da documentação manuscrita e cartográfica a fim de analisar as narrativas de ocupação e da urbanização desses espaços interiores.

PhD-dissertation Leiden University 2018

In this dissertation, I have reviewed the historical and sociolinguistic implications of some of the linguistic data that have been preserved from Merovingian Gaul. The data that was investigated here mainly consisted of Romance and Germanic lexis. More precisely, Romance and Germanic lexis that is the outcome of earlier lexical exchange (borrowing) between Germanic, Romance and Celtic. The central aim of this dissertation was to provide an overview of the linguistic and extra-linguistic factors that were involved in this lexical exchange, and thereby contribute to our knowledge of the Merovingian vernaculars in particular and Merovingian society in general.
On a more general level, this study provides an overview of how linguistic data might complement the archaeological and historical frameworks that are used to understand the transition from Roman to Merovingian Gaul. Special attention is paid to the Merovingian redactions of the Salic Law, both as a unique historical witness to everyday life in post-Roman Gaul as well as being a unique linguistic witness in its preservation of the Old Frankish Malberg glosses. Additionally, this dissertation provides an overview of Pre-French sound change and its relation to Merovingian Latin, thereby trying to specify what the vernacular Romance language of Merovingian Gaul actually looked like.