Greenhouse Effect

Otomatisasi sistem pengendalian temperatur dan kelembaban greenhouse ini, terdiri dari empat buah sensor, yaitu  dua buah sensor temperatur dan dua buah sensor kelembaban. Sensor-sensor ini akan dihubungkan dengan mikrokontroler  yang ber-fungsi sebagai unit kendali utama. Sensor akan mengirim sinyal ke mikrokontroler dan akan menerjemahkan sinyal dan akan mengatur keluaran disesuaikan dengan setting.

"This study attempts to predict the environmental impact of implementing an energy efficiency standard for room air conditioners in Malaysia. The ownership of room air conditioners has increased tremendously in this country. At present, there are about 528,792 room air conditioners in Malaysian households. In the year 2020, it will be about 1,511,276. The potential carbon dioxide reduction is based on the predicted electricity savings from implementing a minimum energy efficiency standard for room air conditioners. The electricity savings are calculated based on the predicted electricity consumption by a single air conditioner in the Malaysian household. The replacement of less efficient units of this appliance is reflected in reduced electricity consumption and emissions from power plants. The energy efficiency provisions of this regulation and agreement provide targets to save money, energy and, most importantly, to protect the environment. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0196890400001618/1-s2.0-S0196890400001618-main.pdf?_tid=648391ee-a9c7-11e3-96e5-00000aab0f27&acdnat=1394616140_ab340470107f652795e8f3c88b75ade9 
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890400001618  "

""This study was on the technical and biological characteristics of a partial-SHARON submerged-filter bioreactor of 3 L. The main focus was the influence of the hydraulic retention time (HRT) on biofilms. For this purpose, we used molecular tools based on the partial 16S rRNA genes. The results showed that the HRT may affect the nitrification processes of a bioreactor using synthetic
wastewater containing 600 mg/L of ammonia. It was found
that an HRT of 0.5 day transformed 100 % of the ammonium
into nitrite. However, when the HRT was decreased to 0.4 day, there was a significant reduction (35 %) in the quantity of ammonia transformed, which confirmed the complexity of the system operation. Moreover, a PCRTGGE approach highlighted the differences observed. The results obtained showed that an HRT of 0.5 day reduced bacterial biodiversity in the biofilms, which were mainly formed by Nitrosomonas and Diaphorobacter. In contrast, an HRT of 0.4 day facilitated the formation of heterogeneous biofilms formed by nitrifying bacteria, such as Nitrosomonas sp., Nitrosospira sp., and Nitrosovibrio sp.).""

"Because of changing fossil fuel prices, sources and environmental consciousness, Malaysian utilities have been forced to change the type of energy sources to generate electricity. This new policy of electricity generation companies will change fuel use gradually from 70% gas, 15% coal, 10% hydro and 5% petroleum in the year 2000 to 40% gas, 30% hydro, 29% coal and only 1% petroleum in the year of 2020. These changes tend to reduce CO2 emission. This study attempts to predict the potential CO2 reduction due to these changes. The calculation is based on CO2 emission for unit electricity generated and the changing type of fuel percentages for electricity generation in Malaysia. The study found that the substitution will reduce CO2 emission from power plants in this country. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0196890401000747/1-s2.0-S0196890401000747-main.pdf?_tid=6237a088-a9c7-11e3-8970-00000aacb35f&acdnat=1394616136_60d48f49aeea4217d4f03bbcc112da06 
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890401000747  "

"Today, electricity is an indispensable key for civilization and development. The trend of electricity consumption is rather escalating. Electricity generation principally depends upon fossil fuels. In one hand, the stocks of these fuels have been confirmed to be critically limited. On the other hand, in process of electricity generation by means of these fuels, a number of poisonous by-products adversely affect the conservation of natural eco-system. Further, electricity driven appliances use emanate anti-environmental gases that also affect human health and climate. Therefore, estimation of energy consumption for operating household appliances, savings of energy under policy intervention, and emission of poisonous gases in a fast developing country deserve academic attention. This paper focuses on estimation of energy consumption, energy savings, reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases for use of household appliances in Malaysia between 1999 and 2015. In the upstream side of electricity generation, the study estimates the amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) resulting from burning of fossil fuels. In downstream side, it considers the energy savings and reduction of CHGs. The results show that significant amount of energy can be saved and thus huge volume of toxic emissions can be controlled. The findings can be useful to policy makers as well as household appliances users. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421506002047 
http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0301421506002047/1-s2.0-S0301421506002047-main.pdf?_tid=9c21e7e6-a9c6-11e3-8cac-00000aab0f27&acdnat=1394615804_541b2831b8d87a0e99d0ee03dbeb1117  "

"In recent years, global warming has been one of the most popular headlines in the international agenda. Numerous researches
had been made to detect the main sources of the global climate change and they concluded as the most important reason is the greenhouse gas emissions that ran out of control. United Nations lead the international efforts against these sources and publish reports about personal and global precautions that have to be taken. Almost every region and sector seems to be the possible victims of global warming. Tourism is one of the sectors currently facing and expecting the future destructive consequences. Besides taking necessary precautions against the impacts of global warming over tourism, authorities should prepare the tourism countries like Turkey for the future conjuncture. In order
to attract enough interest, some of the world famous people have been in the big campaigns run against this global threat. Although the importance and possible impacts of the fact is so high, current
campaigns and international efforts so far don‟t seem to be enough for global awareness and action.
Keywords: Climate Change, Global Warming, Greenhouse
Gases, Kyoto Protocol, Tourism, Turkish Tourism"

"There are many laws in place today that strive to reduce the emission of those greenhouse gases. The UN has the Convention on Climate Change and its Kyoto Protocol. Korea has a range of legal measures, not least of which is the Framework for Low Carbon, Green Growth. The European Union has embraced multiple legal solutions to greenhouse gas emissions. Most of those legal frameworks focus on either improving energy efficiency or on the incubation of new and renewable energy sources. These laws assume that more green energy and improved energy efficiency will help reduce the causes of climate change.

However, the point of this article is to document that the various legal efforts such as the UN Convention on Climate Change and its Kyoto Protocol and the collective actions of the EU and Korea to draft similar and stronger legal framework will not be enough of a defense against anthropogenic risks to climate change. Further, this article endeavors to reveal how these laws might in fact exacerbate global emissions unless additional legal structures are put in place.

The legal risks come from governments pursuing new and renewable energy with mandates or requirements to develop such energy even if they are not commercially viable. The legal risks also come from slack to dysfunctional policing methods in international agreements like the UN’s Convention on Climate Change and its Protocol. The legal risk comes when developing countries can remain in compliance under such international agreements and yet have no legal duty to avoid using more fossil fuels to power their industrial development if warranted by ‘national circumstances’.

The current legal frameworks that support the eradication of greenhouse gases are incomplete. As drafted, there remain substantial risks that energy supplies will increase, their prices will fall, and overall consumption of all types of energy will rise. In that scenario, even greenhouse gas emitting fossil fuels could be consumed in greater quantities than today.

A solution to this problem must be found to ensure the promise of the UN Convention on Climate Change to limit and reverse the anthropogenic impact on the global climate. This article highlights the legal problems of the current laws and explores a potential solution."