Africa

This essay is historically anchored  and aims to foreground the role of police forces in enforcing law and order in British colonial Africa My goal is to account for the ambiguous and dynamic nature of colonial policing in British Africa. Along the way, I intend to underscore the tenuous nature of colonial control and to argue that the colonial police should be seen in relation to the wider pattern of social control enforced by the colonial state.

The advent of the Internet has allowed many scattered communities across the world to rediscover and share a common identity that was believed lost. It has also led to the reconstruction of identities by way of new representations, which are constantly being formulated, nourished, and maintained. The Africans of the diaspora, in particular, created multiple websites for community exchanges in the form of discussion groups, online forums, interactive newspapers, blogs, and various media tools such as online television, radio, and newspapers that are being used as shared spaces at national or even continental levels. However, these shared spaces do not have the stability of national, cultural or racial spaces. They appear to be the receptacles of contradictory identities, concurrently manifesting globalizing and localizing dynamics. These spaces represent a ‘fragmegration’ (Rosenau 2003), where people struggle to reconcile the tensions resulting from their perceived Africanity and their belonging to a global world; the tensions between common cultural heritages and new identities; and the tensions between a shared experience of colonization and different expressions of colonialism in different parts of Africa – and therefore different conceptions of what it means to be African today. The objective of this paper is to show how these seemingly irreconcilable contradictions manifested themselves on the French African diaspora's online forums.

In Brazil, buses represent the main mode of public transportation. However, in recent years intercity and interstate bus companies have been facing a growing competition with other forms of transportation such as bus companies competitors, illegal transportation companies, chartered buses, and, more recently, air companies. In this scenario characterized by growing competition, it is essential to evaluate the quality of road transportation of passengers. In order to contribute to the analysis of this issue, this paper presents a methodological approach to assess the quality of intercity road transportation of passengers, according to the customers’ perspective. By conducting a case study in a city of almost 500,000 inhabitants from the interior of Rio de Janeiro, an Importance–Satisfaction Analysis (ISA) and an assignment procedure were used in order to obtain: (i) the main factors (criteria) that influence the quality of service intercity road transportation of passengers, (ii) the importance degree of criteria related to road transportation of passengers, (iii) the satisfaction of the users of road transportation under the considered criteria, (iv) the critical criteria/items, and (v) the categories which best represent the quality of service intercity road transportation according to the passengers’ perspective. Finally, several possible corrective actions to improve the quality of services considering each critical item/criterion were highlighted and special recommendations were done for the critical process (ticket sales).► Criteria that most influence the quality of intercity road transportation of passengers. ► The importance degree of criteria related to road transportation of passengers. ► The satisfaction degree of passengers of bus road transportation under the criteria. ► The critical criteria of intercity road transportation of passengers. ► Classification of the quality of intercity road transportation.

"Abstract

This paper documents the reality of South Africa focusing the foreign policy, and some internal and external issues. It will set light to us to understand better why something which was unique happened in there, starting from historical background of South Africa to now, and so on. Also root of many problems in South Africa comes from people of differences of ethnicity and linguistic disparity, and regional division as well as its natural sources such as gold and diamonds, etc. Why the violence always is there? The paper has various approximations to define the conflicts mentioning foreign policy. The structure of the paper is in orderly of South African general information, background, external issues, foreign policy before 1994 and revival after 1994 as a comparison, international organization and bilateral relationship with its neighbor and rest of the world. Furthermore, the paper mention about the colony term of South Africa under the control of British. Finally, the paper revises the future plan of South Africa as foreign affairs with the world."

This thesis presents the findings of a case study undertaken in a semi-rural basic (primary) school in Zambia. The case in question is a professional development programme focussing on the implementation of interactive teaching and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools in education. Case study was chosen as the methodology because it is able to provide an in-depth analysis of the difficulties, challenges and possibilities of implementing change in classroom practice. The instruments of data collection chosen for this study were interviews, audio diaries, a focus group (which included all the seven teachers taking part in the programme), classroom observation and workshop observation. Through the analysis given by the use of such a variety of instruments it was possible to triangulate information sources and gain different perspectives of the phenomenon researched. The data highlight some of the issues faced by teachers to change their practice even when an in-service professional development programme, infrastructure and IT support are available. The findings from this research indicate some issues that should be addressed when implementing ICT use in a poorly resourced educational systems setting, and they help us understand some of the difficulties in promoting change in practice.

""Hungary is a country with serious social and environmental issues. This is especially true for the
Northern-Hungary region. Social marketing, with its multidisciplinary approach, can be a very
effective tool in addressing the above mentioned issues. To do so, there is a need for a detailed
diagnosis. In order to make the diagnosis, we conducted a representative questionnaire survey on
current social and environmental issues. We found that unemployment was the most serious issue in
Northern-Hungary, followed by minority related issues and poverty. Environmental issues were also
considered important by inhabitants living in this region. Their involvement in environmental issues
turned to be high. They judged the level of their environmentally conscious behaviour correctly, as
there was no significant difference between the result of their self-assessment and those of measured
in the GEB scale. Northern Hungary was the second most environmentally conscious region in
Hungary. People living here expected the state (government) to address issues, though they did not
trust in governmental organizations. Family, friends, traditional and online media can be used as
efficient channels in campaigns promoting living green. Our research findings can be utilized by both
professionals promoting environmentally conscious behaviour and researchers of social and
environmental marketing."""