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The article first describes characteristics of major infrastructure projects. Second, it documents a much neglected topic in economics: that ex ante estimates of costs and benefits are often very different from actual ex post costs and benefits. For large infrastructure projects the consequences are cost overruns, benefit shortfalls, and the systematic underestimation of risks. Third, implications for cost–benefit analysis are described, including that such analysis is not to be trusted for major infrastructure projects. Fourth, the article uncovers the causes of this state of affairs in terms of perverse incentives that encourage promoters to underestimate costs and overestimate benefits in the business cases for their projects. But the projects that are made to look best on paper are the projects that amass the highest cost overruns and benefit shortfalls in reality. The article depicts this situation as ‘survival of the unfittest’. Fifth, the article sets out to explain how the problem may be solved, with a view to arriving at more efficient and more democratic projects, and avoiding the scandals that often accompany major infrastructure investments. Finally, the article identifies current trends in major infrastructure development. It is argued that a rapid increase in stimulus spending, combined with more investments in emerging economies, combined with more spending on information technology is catapulting infrastructure investment from the frying pan into the fire.

This is the first of a two-case series (210-020-1 and 310-258-1). India was precariously positioned on the cusp of rapid urban transformation and as one of the fastest emerging economies in the world. In the 1950s none of the Indian cities figured in the United Nations list of World Urban Agglomerations with 5 million inhabitants or more. But by 2000, five Indian cities made to the list and another three were waiting to be listed by 2015. The concentration of population in urban India in million plus populated cities had created demand pressure on already strained government resources for providing infrastructure and civic amenities. The situation had also led to shortage of land, housing, and inadequate transportation. Realising the magnitude of the problems, the government initiated several measures to revive the decaying urban India and strengthen infrastructure in the country at large. The case traces the history of growth of cities across the world in general and India in particular. Besides, the case also highlights issues related to urbanisation, public private participation and the government's dilemma related to management of urban development.

"How should one cope with complexity and uncertainty in mega infrastructure projects? While rational theories tend to eliminate or reduce these unruly conditions, the authors of this article are in search of a different approach to deal with the characteristics of complexity and uncertainty proactively. Three theoretical reflections are introduced to explore possible solutions: (1) the change of institutions to address the problem of excessively simple structures for making decisions on complex projects; (2) the shaping of a learning environment in order to deal with uncertainty and emergent properties; and (3) balancing the generation and the reduction of a variety of policy options in order to select a limited number of feasible options and to bridge the strategic exploration and the operational processes of decision making. Informed by this conceptual thought, concrete pathways are developed and discussed by means of a case study of the construction of a high-speed railway line in the Netherlands.

Résumé
Comment doit-on gérer complexité et incertitude dans le cadre de mégaprojets d'infrastructure? Tandis que les théories rationnelles ont tendance àéliminer ou à minorer ces circonstances incontrôlées, cet article recherche une approche différente pour aborder les caractéristiques de la complexité et de l'incertitude de manière proactive. Trois axes de réflexion théorique sont présentés: la transformation des institutions, pour résoudre le problème des structures extrêmement simples confrontées à des décisions sur des projets complexes; la configuration d'un environnement d'apprentissage, pour faire face à l'incertitude et aux nouveaux éléments; l'équilibrage entre génération et réduction des diverses possibilités d'action publique, afin de sélectionner un nombre restreint d'options réalisables et d'harmoniser recherche de stratégies et processus décisionnels opérationnels. À partir de cette réflexion conceptuelle, des voies concrètes sont développées et analysées à travers une étude de cas sur la construction d'une ligne ferroviaire à grande vitesse aux Pays-Bas."

Bifurcation of domain models is introduced as a strategy for customisation and business intelligence in a Malaysian real estate CRM system. The process of bifurcation forms part of a broader strategy in the context of domain-driven innovation. The overarching approach is described, the bifurcation process and resulting domain models are discussed, and the results of the approach are analysed.

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In this thesis the debate between the two regimes of historical cost accounting and fair value accounting is exemplified with observation of real estate valuation over time. The aim of the study is to contribute to the understanding of how different value concepts are of relevance in a real estate company. An explorative case study illustrates the different value concepts used for accounting and management in a family owned real estate company, the Kjellbergs. The rebuilding of Kvillestaden in Göteborg finished thirty years ago is analysed, presenting how the family company has built its assets over a long period of time. The study shows how contradicting accounting methods are used in an integrative accounting that presents different financial values built on personal values. A model of accounting communication is used to analyse significance and fidelity of each value concept. The financial value concepts identified for real estate are: investment value, book value, tax value and market value. Customer value is the operational focus area for the Kjellbergs and is based on the three personal values underpinning the management of the firm and the investment decisions. These personal values are identified in: well thought through operations, high quality assets and long-term ownership. A conclusion is drawn that the different value concepts are of relevance in an integrative manner. The integrative use of the different value concepts, financial and personal, is seen as the key success factor in the operations of the firm through eight decades. Another conclusion of the study is that different value concepts are relevant because of the strong twofold relation between the owner of the company and the buildings and their tenants on the one hand and on the other hand between the owner and the accounting and its external users such as municipalities and banks.