Design Innovation

The book provides a snapshot of a hot topic – the systemic nature of innovation and its relevance to design – with a trifold perspective: the academic level – the literature on innovation studies and design is often neglected and a clear connection between the two topics taken for granted; the research level – collaborative models are currently considered great opportunities for transforming consumption, production and distribution of goods, but a clear scholarly discourse is still forming; the political level – the European Commission and the OECD are devoting much effort to understanding and measuring the impact of design in innovation processes and firms and a clear contribution would greatly support this path. Thus the book provides an informed, historical and nuanced perspective to the relationship between design and innovation to contribute to all three levels and to propose a point of view that goes beyond aesthetics and meanings.

"This paper aims to highlight the most salient developments in early modernity that made it possible to identify “design intelligence” as a recognizable form of cognition. The intent behind such a move is to highlight what might be called the conceptual resources inherent in the original, early modern conception of _disegno_. Focusing particularly on the contributions of early architectural theory, I analyze the historical moment of the Italian Renaissance during which _disegno_ (“drawing”) developed from a semi-theoretical formulation of a basic artisanal technique into a fully fledged method for reasoning, on par with the so-called “topics of invention” that were taught as catalysts for rhetorical creativity. The three most distinctive features of _disegno_ are (1) its essentially semantic character, which is evidenced by its close etymological relations to modern English words such as “sign,” “signal,” and “designate”; (2) its amphibious ontological status, such that it must be conceived as both a manual practice and a form of cognition; and (3) its susceptibility to improvement through regular exercise.

I begin by briefly articulating each of these three features of early modern _disegno_, providing a few representative texts in support of its analysis. I then formulate these three features as conceptual constraints that broadly govern the potentialities and constraints of design intelligence, thereby rendering those constraints available as conceptual resources. Efforts by contemporary writers—such as Michael Jemtrud and Michael Speaks—to valorize design intelligence and to commend its exercise to those who are not professional “designers” inevitably rely upon the philological situation of the term design. A better understanding of that situation will enable a more adroit articulation of the value of design intelligence and the pedagogical techniques that have evolved to inculcate and refine it.

As an example, I will examine the practice of prototyping. I will argue that prototyping enacts design intelligence insofar as it (1) symbolizes the original intention expressed in the animating program; (2) deliberately conceives making and thinking as informed by one another; and (3) aims to improve a design (understood as both mental concept and material object) by enriching the practitioners’ experiential understanding of the project."

"There is a growing emphasis in many countries on matters such as participation in e-government, e-democracy, the provision of forums for online debate, and so on. A critical issue in all of these cases is one of encouraging engagement across a broad spectrum of potentially interested parties and stakeholders. In this paper, we use an ethnographic study of an online event, designed to encourage debate, to explore some critical issues in how the mechanisms productive of debate have shifted in company with the Web 2.0 phenomenon. By contrasting this with a prior study of how players managed their gameplay in a multiplayer pervasive game, we focus upon how different ways of constructing games and events can have serious implications for their ordinary everyday reportability in routine face-to-face interactions. We conclude that designing for reportability should be an active consideration when designing the resources for online debate and consider some ways in which that might be accomplished.

Keywords:
Ethnographic studies e-Democracy Online debate Web 2.0 Pervasive games Reportability Ethnomethodology"

"This paper presents an approach to the role of spatial events in the contemporary urban space formation against a background of new needs of post-industrial society. The phenomenon of the gradual devaluation of the features as: invariability, constancy and stability as well as the growing role of the features as: temporariness, mobility and lightness causes the significant impact of spatial events on the shape and beauty of the contemporary public space. Discussed examples illustrate an influence of the events upon functional and spacious values of urban interiors and consequently its culture-forming role towards the recipient.

W artykule przedstawiono rolę zdarzeń przestrzennych w kształtowaniu współczesnej przestrzeni miejskiej, na tle nowych potrzeb społeczeństwa ery postindustrialnej. Zjawisko stopniowej dewaluacji takich cech jak; niezmienność, trwałość, stabilność, oraz rosnącej roli cech takich jak; tymczasowość, mobilność, lekkość powoduje, że zdarzenia przestrzenne znacząco oddziałują na kształt i urodę współczesnej przestrzeni publicznej. Omawiane przykłady ilustrują wpływ zdarzeń na walory funkcjonalno - przestrzenne wnętrz urbanistycznych i w konsekwencji ich kulturotwórczą rolę w stosunku do odbiorcy. "

The article first describes characteristics of major infrastructure projects. Second, it documents a much neglected topic in economics: that ex ante estimates of costs and benefits are often very different from actual ex post costs and benefits. For large infrastructure projects the consequences are cost overruns, benefit shortfalls, and the systematic underestimation of risks. Third, implications for cost–benefit analysis are described, including that such analysis is not to be trusted for major infrastructure projects. Fourth, the article uncovers the causes of this state of affairs in terms of perverse incentives that encourage promoters to underestimate costs and overestimate benefits in the business cases for their projects. But the projects that are made to look best on paper are the projects that amass the highest cost overruns and benefit shortfalls in reality. The article depicts this situation as ‘survival of the unfittest’. Fifth, the article sets out to explain how the problem may be solved, with a view to arriving at more efficient and more democratic projects, and avoiding the scandals that often accompany major infrastructure investments. Finally, the article identifies current trends in major infrastructure development. It is argued that a rapid increase in stimulus spending, combined with more investments in emerging economies, combined with more spending on information technology is catapulting infrastructure investment from the frying pan into the fire.

The focus of this paper is on innovation in terms of the new product development processes and to discuss its main features. This is followed by a presentation of the new ideas emerging from complex systems science. It is then demonstrated how complex systems provides an overall conceptual framework for thinking about innovation and for considering how this helps to provide understanding and advice for the organisation of new product development in different circumstances. Three case studies are quoted which illustrate the application of these new ideas.

As American design business expands globally, designers must adapt their ideas for local markets. Undoubtedly, creative breakthroughs still happen mainly in the developed countries and are then exported to the rest of the world. However, more and more global corporations have taken notice of the benefits of Reverse Innovation – developing ideas in and initially for an emerging market and then “coaxing them to flow uphill to Western markets.” Due to their high growth potential and enormous size, emerging markets will shape how the world will become in the future. In addition, reverse innovation is potentially disruptive to established products. Therefore, understanding how successful innovation takes place in these emerging markets is crucial for any multinational business. What are the implications of reverse innovation for the industrial design profession? How can western designers make use of reverse innovation to overcome cultural barriers and successfully expand in emerging markets? Conversely, what challenges await for designers working in these emerging markets who are seeking to gain entry into western markets? What are the future research opportunities in this new area? Valuable global insights can be gained through examination of concrete examples of this phenomenon. This paper aims to use case study to provide answers to these questions and explore the value of adopting this new mindset in product development.

Drawing upon recent theories of the social construction of technology, actor network theory, discourse analysis, cultural studies and design as rhetoric, I will argue that design practice is a form of cultural production that is social, contingent and negotiated. Furthermore, I will argue that these social circumstances relate to the roles that a range of 'actors', not just the designer, and the circulation of numerous codes through discourse, other than the codes of aesthetics, play in the negotiations that characterise the design process. Little attention has been given to these complex circumstances in which the design process is located and less still has been given to the specific negotiations that occur between the client and the designer within that context. This essay explores such negotiations through the analysis of two case studies.

The subject today known as holography emerged from research in three diverse locations and having distinct origins, aims and methods: at a commercial electrical laboratory in Rugby, England, from the late 1940s until the mid 1950s; at the Vavilov State Optical Institute in Leningrad from the late 1950s and again from the mid 1960s; and, from a classified research laboratory operated by the University of Michigan beginning in the mid 1950s and accelerating from the early 1960s. The scientists, engineers, artisans, entrepreneurs and companies in that third location dominated the subject through the 1960s, making Ann Arbor, for a time, the ‘holography capital of the world’. Based on extensive unpublished documents, artifacts and interviews with some two-dozen participants (much of it as yet unavailable in publicly accessible archives), this paper focuses on the origins of the subject in Ann Arbor, Michigan. It also explores how the initial explosion of interest was transmitted to other research groups, firms, artists and the wider public.

"Action research has become a valued research and educational development technique -an innovative approach through which a group of participants engage in self-reflection to improve practice. Developing Innovation in Online Learning introduces action research as a method of developing e-learning modules and courses.
The book covers both the theory and practice of applying action research principles to develop online learning. The material is grounded in the experiences of practitioners and features practical advice, case studies, models for implementation, a design framework and e-tutoring strategies.
The four 'building blocks' of e-learning covered are:
* The organisational context
* The pedagogic model
* The educational setting
* The evaluation process
This book will be an essential resource for education managers, course developers, and educational researchers. "

""An all-FRP system can be a good alternative due to its high strength-weight ratio instead of full reinforced concrete girder. FRP in the civil engineering applications have  been researched mainly focused on the retrofitting the old bridges using strip system,  but very rarely focused on all-FRP material application, if any, deck-slab system applications. An all-FRP girder is still interesting to develop and this proposed full FRP one is named TAUFIQ (Totally Audacity U-Fibered Intelligent Quality)-girder. A set of uniaxial mat 0 and biaxial mat 45 fiber of GFRP E-type and polyester resin was used to form the composite laminates into the U-shaped. Several non-destructive load of 200kN through 3-points and 4 points static bending tests are done to describe their
performance. A quite good ’asymptotic’ result is obtained at load over than 105 kN to
200 kN, both deflection (47mm average) and strain (0.00047 strain average) describe a very ductile behaviour. This phenomenon is rushed up due to fiber angle coersion to be straightened and collaborated together with uniaxial fiber resist the tension stress, that fiber more tightened in higher load. These asymptotic strain hardening will contribute a  better design safety with CIP (cast in place) and without CIP system""

"This workshop invites paper presentations discussing the relationship between humans and technology and how this relationship informs design.

Recent debates in the fields of artificial consciousness, human enhancement, technology design and art, amongst others, indicate that there is a crisis in the current perception of the relationship between humans and technology. The disputes and deliberations exploring this crisis are pivoting around two opposing views: Posthumanism and Technoantagonism.

Posthumanism, gaining wide-spread support from philosophers, artists and technology designers argues that humans cannot be seen as separate from their natural and technological environment. That consciousness spreads beyond the confines of the brain, through body’s technological extensions into an ever-changing system.

Technoantagonsim offers a conflictingly diverse vision, believing the relationship between humans and technology to be of antagonistic nature and any radical technological agency behind change as having the ability to distress, dislodge and ultimately destroy an inherent human nature or soul.

Both fractions, however, place strong emphases on the importance active debates have within the field and the impact these have on any practical development of new and emerging technologies which further impacts upon the relationship between humans and their technological environment.

This is a call for papers that consider practical, theoretical and philosophical positions that place the relationship between humans and technology at its pivotal core. These papers could discuss new and emerging technologies and their applications, philosophical positions within the field, technology design theory amongst many other subjects, however they have to contribute and consider the debate that explores and pushes the boundaries of our current understanding of the relationship between humans and technology. "

Niccolò Machiavelli, the founder of modern political and administrative thought, made clear that an understanding of politics requires distinguishing between formal politics and what later, with Ludwig von Rochau, would become known as Realpolitik. No such distinction has been employed in the study of rationality. Yet I will argue that distinguishing between formal rationality and real rationality is as important for the understanding of rationality and planning as the distinction between formal politics and Realpolitik has been for understanding politics.