Quality Control

"PT United Biscuit Manufactory merupakan sebuah perusahaan yang bergerak di industri makanan, memproduksi berbagai jenis biskuit. Perusahaan memiliki komitmen yang tinggi untuk memproduksi biskuit dengan kualitas yang baik bagi konsumen. Akibatya, perusahaan memerlukan dana yang cukup besar untuk memenuhi standar kualitas yang ditetapkan. Peneilitian ini diarahkan untuk mengembangkan usulan perbaikan prosedur inspeksi yang memenuhi standar kualitas dengan ekspektasi biaya termurah. Untuk itulah, prosedur inspeksi dimodelkan pada kerangka single acceptance sampling beserta komponen biaya yang mengikutinya.
Pemodelan prosedur inspeksi pada PT United Biscuit Manufactory ini dikembangkan dari model referensi yang ada dengan pengembangan seperlunya sesuai sistem nyata pada perusahaan. Selain memodelkan, penelitian ini juga mencoba mencari titik optimal dari model yang mana terjadi pemenuhan standar kualitas dengan ekspektasi biaya termurah.Untuk itu, model memerlukan data untuk dimasukkan dalam bentuk parameter.
Pencarian titik optimal dari model dilakukan menggunakan bantuan program berbahasa Pascal. Program melakukan perhitungan pada setiap kombinasi input parameter dan mencari kombinasi input mana yang menghasilkan ekspektasi total biaya terendah. Pada kasus PT United Biscuit Manufactory, didapatkan titik optimal yang menggambarkan prosedur inspeksi sebagai berikut.
“Dari setiap lot yang berisi 1000 biskuit, ambil 69 biskuit secara acak untuk diinspeksi. Jika jumlah biskuit yang defect melebihi 9 buah, reject lot tersebut. Sebaliknya, accept lot tersebut.”
Dengan prosedur inspeksi seperti di atas, perusahaan akan terkena ekspektasi biaya relevan terkait prosedur inspeksi sebesar Rp 28.500 untuk setiap lot yang diinspeksi.
Kata kunci: kualitas, model, economic design of single acceptance sampling"

"Objectives: The purpose of the paper was to determine appropriate terminology, criteria, implementation, and develop a theoretical framework by which credibility in health care web sites can be depicted. Future research directions for evaluating credibility in health care web sites was also discussed.

Method: A comprehensive literature review of published articles, policy papers, and grey literature using relevant search terms was conducted. Sources for articles reviewed included MEDLINE (from 1966 to present), PsycINFO (from 1840 to present), ERIC (from 1966 to present), and the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) databases. The Web of Science citation service was continuously searched using a subscription service from 2002 to 2004. The search engine Google was also implemented.

Results: A common term, credibility, was purposed for use in this context. A comprehensive set of credibility criteria, presented within a theoretical framework was also developed. Implementation by means of a browser-based graphic icon was purposed.

Conclusions: Relevancy and readiness of the purposed common terminology, criteria, and implementation within the theoretical framework must be further researched. More knowledge of consumers’ behaviour regarding use of online health content and collaboration with others when implementing such information should be considered in future research."

The article first describes characteristics of major infrastructure projects. Second, it documents a much neglected topic in economics: that ex ante estimates of costs and benefits are often very different from actual ex post costs and benefits. For large infrastructure projects the consequences are cost overruns, benefit shortfalls, and the systematic underestimation of risks. Third, implications for cost–benefit analysis are described, including that such analysis is not to be trusted for major infrastructure projects. Fourth, the article uncovers the causes of this state of affairs in terms of perverse incentives that encourage promoters to underestimate costs and overestimate benefits in the business cases for their projects. But the projects that are made to look best on paper are the projects that amass the highest cost overruns and benefit shortfalls in reality. The article depicts this situation as ‘survival of the unfittest’. Fifth, the article sets out to explain how the problem may be solved, with a view to arriving at more efficient and more democratic projects, and avoiding the scandals that often accompany major infrastructure investments. Finally, the article identifies current trends in major infrastructure development. It is argued that a rapid increase in stimulus spending, combined with more investments in emerging economies, combined with more spending on information technology is catapulting infrastructure investment from the frying pan into the fire.

""Two methods for filling missing data gaps in geophysical time series are presented.
The first one is based on the principal component decomposition of the correlation
matrix built for close spatial stations with common time series records of the same
variable. This multivariate method allows the incorporation in the estimated values
of large scale features based on the information shared by the stations. The second
method could be used when there are no close station and the missing data must
be calculated from the same station historical information. This method adjusts an
auto-regressive model to the time series which is then used to estimate the missing
data. Two algorithms were used to calculate the auto-regressive coefficients: the Burg
estimator and the one proposed by Ulrych and Clayton. The first one is appropriate for
stochastic processes and the second for deterministic series. The two methodologies
described in this work are recursive: a first estimation of the missing data is done
running the algorithms but ignoring or using a crude approximation of them. Then,
the algorithm runs again with the new estimated data, replacing the previous run
missing data estimations. The run stops when the maximum difference between two
successive estimations is smaller than the value fixed by the user. Filled data conserves
the mean and standard deviation of the original time series. These algorithms have
been adapted and modified for its use in SCILAB using also Graphic User Interfaces.
Scilab is an open source platform, similar to MATLAB, and runs indistinctively in
Windows and Linux. They were elaborated as an extension activity of the University
of Costa Rica.""

This paper addresses the problem of quality inspection of regular textured surfaces as, eg, encountered in industrial woven fabrics. The motivation for developing a novel approach is to utilize the template matching principle for defect detection in a way that does not need any particular statistical, structural or spectral features to be calculated during the checking phase.

"Introduces a practical approach to managing the quality of products and services throughout the entire value chain from design through delivery and service. Focusses especially on the needs of small-medium enterprise and short-run manufacturing or bespoke services.

Citation:
"Mellalieu, P. J. (1978). The Management of Quality. Wellington, New Zealand: Productivity Centre, Department of Trade & Industry.

Related:
Mellalieu, P. J. (1978). Case study: Total Quality Control at W Graham Hitchins Ltd. Productivity & Technology, NZ Department of Trade & Industry, 1(78), 8–10. Retrieved from http://unitec.academia.edu/PeterMellalieu/Papers/1571203/Case_study_Total_Quality_Control_at_W_Graham_Hitchins_Ltd"

Mellalieu, P. J. (1976, November). Improving the quality of goods produced in New Zealand (Year paper for Policy Analysis, Master of Public Policy). Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved from http://unitec.academia.edu/PeterMellalieu/Papers/1579713/Improving_the_quality_of_goods_produced_in_New_Zealand
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