Falsification

The authors briefly restates his own version of critical rationalism, in general and as applied to legal studies. According to the author, his version is nothing else but a plain development of some ideas already contained or impliedy in Hans Albert's writings.

RESUMO: Toda civilização estabelece suas bases e desenvolvimentos a partir de uma relação dialética entre tradição e inovação, na qual certas tendências prevalecem conforme as circunstâncias históricas específicas. Partindo da constatação de que períodos de guerra são especialmente delicados no que diz respeito à experiência humana no interior dessa dialética, pretendo sugerir que alguns escritores francófonos retomaram mais ou menos explicitamente textos e figuras da tradição ocidental para reescrevê-los durante o período de ruptura histórica que representou a ocupação da França pela Alemanha nazista: Jean Anouilh, Simone de Beauvoir, Albert Camus, Jean-Paul Sartre e Paul Valéry são alguns dos autores que esboçaram em obras escritas nesse período um aparente retorno a textos tradicionais da civilização antiga. Gostaria de propor uma tipologia para as formas desse " retorno " (na qual a avaliação de cada obra necessariamente será sucinta), valendo-me para isso do conceito de " falsificação " , nas linhas daquilo que foi desenvolvido por Lorena Lopes da Costa, em uma tese defendida em 2016.

This is the final argument on violation of criminal privacy law  submitted on March 31, 2017 to the Supreme Court.  This paper is not covered by confidentiality rule because the subject matter involves public interest that was previously submitted to Department of Justice, Office of the Ombudsman and Integrated Bar of the Philippines.

RESUMEN: Este trabajo presenta algunos apócrifos y plagios ocurridos en el siglo XVIII español para mostrar de qué modo esas prácticas contribuyeron a la consolidación de la Repúbli-ca Literaria. ABSTRACT: This paper presents some apocryphal and plagia-risms that occurred in eighteenth century Spain to show how these practices contributed to the consolidation of the Republic of Letters.

Written for a workshop on "Epistemologically Relevant Sociology of Science" organized by Donald T. Campbell, this paper compares Popper's and Polanyi's approaches--in fact, it was prompted by Haack's finding a book of Polanyi's next to a book of Popper's on the library shelf. In the event, Haack never delivered it: the other papers at the workshop were so provoking that she spoke extempore on what epistemologically-informed sociology of science would be.

В годы моей молодости слово «фальсификация» означало почти то же, что и «предательство». Помню, как в 1970-е  профессор по научному коммунизму, объясняя нам, студентам истфака ЛГУ, почему буржуазная социология фальшивая, приводил слова Ленина о том, что буржуазные ученые это «лакеи капитализма, мнящие себя мозгом нации», что «на деле это не мозг, а г…». Тогда нам казалось, что в Советском Союзе нет, и не может быть фальсификаторов, тем более среди тех, кто преподавал историю КПСС и истмат. Парадокс в том, что в советское время фальсификаторов не было, а фальсификация шла полным ходом.

Popper proposed falsificationism as a solution to the problem of induction. What was that problem and how does falsificationism purport to solve it? Is it a plausible solution?


Falsificationism, sometimes called critical empiricism is a branch of the critical rationalism in philosophy of science. It was originally advanced by Karl R. Popper, an Austrian-British philosopher and philosopher of science and is a further development of two fundamental problems in epistemology, which he describes in his main work “The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1959)”. One of the two problems is the so-called “Hume’s problem of induction”, the question of the validity or the grounds of the general propositions of empirical science, especially the laws of nature. Although the problem of induction was formulated in empiricism, it is a problem of all philosophies or sciences that permit inductive inferences as proof procedures. It is a modern variant of nominalism, which denies the reasonable orders of rationalism, but also based on measurements generalizations of science, an observer-independent reality.

Lifliand L.I., Sokolov I.A. Japanese Tea: Distinguishing Features, Heritage of Ancestors, Prospects in the Present-Day Russian Market // Economic policies: academic business journal, №1 (143) for 201. PP. 184 - 197. – ISSN 1680-094Х (Journal of the Institute for economic strategies Department of social sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences).

The examination of a single scientific manuscript seldom alerts scientists, reviewers, editors, and scientific administrators to the fabrication and falsification of data and information. This review shows that most documented cases of scientific fraud involve falsification (altering truthful information) and fabrication (inventing information where none previously existed). Plagiarism is much less frequent. The review of published accounts also shows that the publication of scientific papers containing recognizable fraudulent material is very low, probably less than 0.02% and extremely difficult to detect. Because most reported cases of fraud have involved research done at prestigious organizations with distinguished co-authors, and that is published in journals with exacting review processes, it becomes evident that some unscrupulous scientists are adept at fabricating and falsifying data. However, "significant" scientific fraud is detected when scientists repeatedly report results that cannot be independently verified, when colleagues report suspicious behavior, or scientific audits are performed. This review documents and compares many of the better-known cases of scientific fraud. Fraudulent behavior has served as the impetus for the scientific community to develop publication procedures and guidelines that help to guard against not only fraudulent behavior but also against other types of unethical or undesirable behaviors. A companion paper reviews the non-fraudulent issues associated with scientific publication.

ABSTRACT Husserl’s transcendental phenomenology which he characterized as an eidetic science of transcendentally reduced phenomena aims at least at material-apriori laws of a special kind, namely eidetic descriptive laws built up from pure descriptive concepts. The paper explicates Husserl’s notion of essence in the broad sense as a state-of-affairs-function (Sachverhaltsfunktion) ; this noematic function is the objective “correlate” of the propositional function which we call a “concept” and which is part of the proposition, i.e. the state-of affairs-meaning (Sachverhaltsmeinung), in which a state of affairs is projected. Essences in the narrow or pregnant sense are pure essences which Husserl named “Eidé”. The concept of pure essence relevant for the phenomenological descriptive eidetics is elucidated through the explication of Husserl’s notion of a pure descriptive concept, so as to show how these concepts, which are pure type concepts, differ from impure descriptive concepts, especially from concepts denoting natural kinds. Grounded exclusively in pure descriptive concepts, the eidetic descriptive laws (Wesensgesetze) have special truth conditions and a need for special ways of examination. The proper place of the method called “eidetic variation” is the examination, falsification or justification of presumed eidetic descriptive laws. Starting from familiar exemplary cases of states of affairs which confirm the presumed law, the free variation, which operates in pure fantasy, has the task of constructing possible counterexamples to falsify the presumed eidetic law. The property of being falsifiable by counterexamples constructed in pure fantasy allows for a distinction between empirical laws and the eidetic descriptive laws of Husserlian eidetics. The falsifiability by fictional and factual counterexamples shows that Husserl’s transcendental phenomenology is a scientific enterprise open to intersubjective examination precisely due to its eidetic character.

ABSTRACT Husserl’s transcendental phenomenology which he characterized as an eidetic science of transcendentally reduced phenomena aims at least at material-apriori laws of a special kind, namely eidetic descriptive laws built up from pure descriptive concepts. The paper explicates Husserl’s notion of essence in the broad sense as a state-of-affairs-function (Sachverhaltsfunktion) ; this noematic function is the objective “correlate” of the propositional function which we call a “concept” and which is part of the proposition, i.e. the state-of affairs-meaning (Sachverhaltsmeinung), in which a state of affairs is projected. Essences in the narrow or pregnant sense are pure essences which Husserl named “Eidé”. The concept of pure essence relevant for the phenomenological descriptive eidetics is elucidated through the explication of Husserl’s notion of a pure descriptive concept, so as to show how these concepts, which are pure type concepts, differ from impure descriptive concepts, especially from concepts denoting natural kinds. Grounded exclusively in pure descriptive concepts, the eidetic descriptive laws (Wesensgesetze) have special truth conditions and a need for special ways of examination. The proper place of the method called “eidetic variation” is the examination, falsification or justification of presumed eidetic descriptive laws. Starting from familiar exemplary cases of states of affairs which confirm the presumed law, the free variation, which operates in pure fantasy, has the task of constructing possible counterexamples to falsify the presumed eidetic law. The property of being falsifiable by counterexamples constructed in pure fantasy allows for a distinction between empirical laws and the eidetic descriptive laws of Husserlian eidetics. The falsifiability by fictional and factual counterexamples shows that Husserl’s transcendental phenomenology is a scientific enterprise open to intersubjective examination precisely due to its eidetic character.

The symposium was concluded with a question and answer period, which served to clarify and further emphasize the aforementioned issues. Many concerns of coauthorship responsibilities, due process, and potential sanctions were discussed. Moral and ethical issues reflecting the extent of punishment, reporting of misconduct to hospitals and specialty boards, and the almost assured litigation and counter-litigation were approached with considerable apprehension and concern. Misconduct in science will clearly be monitored more closely than in the past. Increasing coauthorship responsibility, conscientious senior investigator supervision, and institutional cooperation will provide the framework to discourage dishonesty in science and encourage proper educational development of both young and established investigators in a milieu of scientific integrity.

en J. Carbonell Manils, H. Gimeno Pascual, eds., A Baete ad fluvium Anas. Cultura epigràfica en la Bética Occidental y territorios fronterizos. Homenaje al profesor José Luis Moralejo Álvarez, Alcalá de Henares 2016 (Obras colectivas. Humanidades, 54), pp. 311-325.