Frontier

The Grand Prairie of east central Illinois was notorious for a marshy environment that prevented dense agricultural settlement until late in the nineteenth century. While recent historical–geographical scholarship has focused on innovations in drainage technology, drainage-related laws and institutions, and the ecological impacts of wetland reclamation, it has largely failed to account for the persistence of agrarian structure, and its key component, land tenure, on the Grand Prairie. Late-nineteenth-century reclamation efforts were not quite so transformative as previously believed. The same landed elite that dominated in the pre-drainage era quickly emerged atop a system of public drainage that held the key to the region’s economic future. In this paper, we extend Karl Wittfogel and Donald Worster’s theorizations about ‘hydraulic civilizations’ from the realm of irrigation to that of drainage. While drainage was indeed important in shaping the history of east central Illinois, we argue that a distinctive social order in east central Illinois emerged from, and was shaped by, an older agrarian structure that had developed in response to marshy, unpredictable conditions before drainage began in the late 1800s. The beneficiaries of the old order did not yield power easily, and instead skillfully capitalized on the new opportunities presented by drainage enterprises, to create a ‘hydraulic society’ on the prairie. The new order continued to rely on the exploitation of tenant farmers even as the landscape itself was transformed into the intensely managed and highly productive Corn Belt of today.

Existen las fronteras porque se debe resguardar o delimitar un territorio, una nación, del otro-otra; sin embargo, la globalización y mundialización han puesto en jaque estos supuestos al presuponer que los flujos de capitales transitan libremente, a diferencia de lo que sucede con los flujos de personas en todo en mundo. Pensar las fronteras independiente de la migración es una aberración. Intentar el purismo académico como sucede en otros espacios es negar la polifonía de la actividad interdisciplinar. Es por ello que este libro presenta un modelo epistemológico de la frontera que consiste en repensar, reconocer y reaprender las fronteras de México en niveles diferentes que permitan yuxtaponer lo teórico con lo empírico (o viceversa). La propuesta epistemológica es una apuesta deconstructiva de los sistemas democráticos liberales irreconciliables con modelos de sociedad impuestos en países como el nuestro dadas las problemáticas actuales de la migración y la afección que las comunidades receptoras de migrantes han experimentado desde mediados del siglo pasado. La originalidad del texto radica en demostrar que la frontera es el punto diegético de la narración teórica de un modelo epistemológico basado en la categorización de cuatro tipos de fronteras (la frontera histórica, la frontera de la securitización, la frontera subjetiva, la frontera glocal) asociadas a políticas públicas que involucran fenómenos fronterizos y fenómenos migratorios contemporáneos.

The role of natural resources in the socio-economic development of frontier regions of Russia and China is discussed at the article. Transparency of national borders in the process of globalization is
increasingly raised and different regions use this factor of economic development in different ways.

The construction of new transport corridors linking the Iberian Peninsula with Europe has the potential to stimulate growth in permanent population and tourism in the existing towns of Figueres and Villafant in the north of Spain. As the first (or last) station at the border of Catalunya and France these frontier towns provide access to the popular coastal playground of the Costa Brava. Over centuries these communities have developed unique identities strongly linked to their boundary role in political, social, economic and physical landscapes. In the context of global identity, infrastructure change and potential rapid urban growth how can the unique qualities of these localities be supported and enhanced over time?
This complex challenge formed the basis of an International Summer Workshop coordinated by Escola Tècnica Superior d’Arquitectura de Barcelona in 2008. Students and staff from six universities in six different countries set their collective global minds to this task, interrogating landscape and identity from collaborative, multidisciplinary viewpoints.
This paper discusses the process and outcomes of one undergraduate student team under the guidance of the authors. Numerous design techniques were employed to draw together the cross-cultural experiences of the team and to embrace the challenge of developing locally responsive proposals within the global context of the program. Observation of topography, landscape use, settlement patterns, and their interconnections were undertaken at macro and micro views. This enabled elements identified at one scale to be understood within the broader context of the region and encouraged the re-reading of elements based upon an increased comprehension of regional networks. Undertaking this process in relation to both historical and contemporary traces led not to the proposal of a physical construct, but of an instrument which supports new possibilities for growth, saving and expanding the specificity of the place in its transformation. This instrument facilitates a combining of the existing landscape with future programs to create unique, evolving, coherent landscapes over time in response to an as yet unknown future

Joseph Campbell, the mythologist who famously developed the theory of a monomyth in The Hero With a Thousand Faces in 1949, identified the first step in the rise of the hero as being the character’s crossing of what he calls the “threshold of adventure” to enter a dangerous supernatural underworld. His sojourn in this underworld results in the discovery of a boon, which he then brings back to his community upon his return. In The Emergence of the American Frontier Hero, Denise MacNeil argues that to the American archetypal hero, this threshold is the frontier.  The aspiring hero crosses the frontier to enter the “mythological underworld of the American wilderness” , where he assimilates “Native American ways” , the boon which he brings back across the frontier to foster the advance of civilization on the wild continent. The frontier, defined by F.J. Turner as “the meeting point between civilization and savagery” , is the privileged symbolic space for such adaptation of European culture to a wild American environment. In this emergence of a genuinely American identity on the frontier, the physical crossing to the wilderness brings about a spiritual and cultural regeneration in the individual hero and his community.

Such is the traditional regenerative effect of frontier crossings in classical Western narratives and films, which Richard Slotkin analyzed in his frontier trilogy as the ideology of regeneration through violence. The crossing of the frontier is complete only once the hero has performed the climactic act of killing his savage foe, thus erasing the native threat to civilization while being identified more closely with his opponent through the use of such violence. This regeneration through violence sustained the ideology of the Western until the 1950s, but doubts grown into outright disbelief at the time of the Vietnam War discredited what we shall call the regenerative crossings of the frontier. What were the esthetic means and ideological implications of frontier crossings in the classical Western? And what became of those crossings after the Vietnam conflict brought them to a crisis?

"El deslinde formal de la frontera hispanofrancesa se llevó a cabo a mediados del siglo XIX, entre 1853 y 1868, y quedó plasmada en la serie de acuerdos internacionales conocida como Tratados de Límites de Bayona. El trabajo fue llevado a cabo por la  Comisión Mixta de Límites que, desde el Cantábrico al Mediterráneo, definió 685 km de línea límite internacional
y construyó 663 señales fronterizas. La línea resultante quiso atenerse al espíritu del Tratado de los Pirineos (1659) pero, sobretodo, solventar las diferentes problemáticas surgidas entre fronterizos, la mayoría relacionadas con aprovechamientos económicos del entorno. El tramo correspondiente a Pirineos Centrales, que corresponde a las provincias de Huesca y Lleida, fue objeto del Tratado de Límites de 1862 y el correspondiente Anexo con las actas de amojonamiento de 1863. En este artículo presentamos los trabajos de la Comisión Mixta de Límites, las negociaciones que tuvieron que llevar a cabo y la forma en como se resolvieron."

SUMMARY
With its 2 212 entries, the Who is Who in the Russian Tea Industry reference
edition transports its readers into the world of Russian tea and tea merchants,
the world unfamiliar to most of our contemporaries, even to those who have many
years of experience in the tea industry. The book includes biographies of the people
who worked in the tea trade during the Russian Empire and then the Soviet Union,
covering the period from 1700 to 1923. The entries contain information not only on
tea merchants themselves, but also on their family members and some ancestors
and descendants.
The biographical information comes primarily from archives and academic
publications, allowing readers to trace the evolution of tea merchant dynasties and
their fortunes, following longer dynasties through several generations as they shifted
from the merchant class during the tsarist Russia to members of the professional
intelligentsia during the early Soviet period. The coverage is not limited to those who
worked exclusively with tea, as some tea merchants also sold other commodities,
such as sugar or coffee.
Many distinguished Russians have tea merchants among their relatives. The
list includes the Schukin family (famous collectors), A. A. Fet (poet), F. M.
Dostoyevsky (writer), F. I. Shalyapin (opera singer) and scores of others.
The information in the book sheds light on commercial ties between various
merchants, as well as between tea merchants and other large commercial entities,
such as the Russian-American Company. The reader can also follow the profits
from the tea business, as they were invested in other areas of industry (chemicals,
metallurgy, agriculture, textiles) as well as real estate and fine art.
This reference edition will be a useful tool for tea industry professionals,
businesspeople, historians, advertising specialists, genealogists, economists,
sociologists and many others.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
2.212 Artikel des Nachschlagewerks „Menschen, die mit Tee handeln“ führen
den Leser in die Welt des Tees und der Teehändler Russlands, dabei ist diese
Welt unseren Zeitgenossen kaum bekannt, sogar denen, die schon mehrere Jahre
ihre Geschäfte mit Tee betreiben.
Das Buch beinhaltet Biographien von Menschen, die mit Tee in Russland
handelten, und zwar im Zeitraum von 1700 im Russischen Kaiserreich bis hin zum
Jahr 1923 im sowjetischen Staat. Neben den Informationen über die Teehändler
selbst gibt es Angaben über ihre Familienangehörigen, Vorfahren und
Nachkommen.
Die Abhandlung vereinigt biographische Informationen aus Archiven mit
solchen aus wissenschaftlichen Quellen. Die zusammengetragenen Dokumente
lassen den Leser die Evolution von Kapitalen der Kaufleute und Teehändler-
Dynastien verfolgen. Das Buch enthält auch einige Informationen über solche
Zucker- und Kaffeehändler, die gleichzeitig mit dem Tee gehandelt haben.
Diese wissenschaftliche Abhandlung bietet eine Gelegenheit, die
Verwandlung der Nachkommen von Kaufleuten zur wissenschaftlich-technischen
und schaffenden Intelligenz zu verfolgen (für dritte bzw. vierte
Nachfolgegenerationen der Teekaufleute).
Die Teehändler wurden durch familiäre Verhältnisse mit vielen russischen
Forschern, Künstlern und Schriftstellern verbunden. Zu den Familienangehörigen
der Teehändler gehörten zum Beispiel Kunstsammler Schtschukins, Dichter A.A.
Fet, Schriftsteller F.M. Dostojewski, Sänger F.I. Schaljapin und viele andere.
Die gesammelten Informationen helfen, die kommerziellen Verbindungen
zwischen den Teehändler zu verfolgen. Eine große Aufmerksamkeit wurde den
Verbindungen der Teehändler mit großen Gesellschaften geschenkt, z.B. mit der
Russisch-Amerikanischen Handelskompagnie.
Das Buch erlaubt es, Geldanlagen-Vorgänge zu verstehen und zu verfolgen:
wie die im Teehandel angesammelten Mittel in andere Wirtschaftszweige investiert
wurden. Die mit dem Teehandel gewonnenen Gelder wurden in Chemie- und
Hüttenindustrie, in die Landwirtschaft und Textilindustrie angelegt. Die Kapitale
wurden in Immobilien und Kunstobjekte investiert.
Dieses Buch soll für die zeitgenössischen Geschäftsleute und Historiker, für
Fachleute auf dem Gebiet der Werbung und Ahnenforschung, für Kapitalismus-
Forscher, Soziologen und viele andere interessant sein.

總結
手册 2 212 章节的《茶人》使读者沉浸于俄罗斯茶和茶商的世界 ，
这是我们当代人，甚至一些并非第一年在俄罗斯从事茶叶贸易的商人都鲜
为人知的。书中列举了从18世纪起到1923年间在俄罗斯，以及在沙俄和
苏维埃国家从事茶叶贸易的人物生平经历。除了茶商本人的经历，书中还
讲述了他们的家庭成员，祖先和后辈的故事。
研究结合了从档案和科学文献中提取出来的生平资料。所收集的资料使我
们追溯到商人资本以及茶商世家的演化。书中还包括了一些从事糖贸易和
咖啡贸易，同时也从事茶叶贸易的商人资料。
这种科学研究使我们观察到茶商后代们从商人到科技和创新知识分子的过
渡（第三和第四代及其后代茶商的代表）。
茶商们同俄罗斯很多杰出的研究者，画家和作家都有亲属关系。在他们的
亲属中有收藏家休金，诗人A.A.费特，作家F.M.陀思妥耶夫斯基，歌唱
家F.I.夏里亚宾等。
所收集的资料有助于研究茶商之间的商业关系，其中很大比重是同大公司
的联系，例如俄罗斯-美国公司。
这本书可以让你了解到在茶叶贸易中积累的资金向其他贸易领域投资的过
程。茶贸易中挣到的钱投入到了化工、冶金、农业和纺织等行业中。所积
累的资本还投入到不动产和艺术品中。本书将引起现代商业代表，历史学
家，广告领域和家谱学领域的专家，资本主义关系研究者，经济学家，社
会学家及其他领域专家的关注。

The working paper discusses the relevance of the
frontier concept to the establishment of gold mi-
ning camps in West Africa since the mid-1990s.
Exploring the example of the artisanal and small-
scale (gold) mining (ASM),
I will examine econo-
mic, social and cultural aspects of mobile mining
communities, their internal social relationships and
conflicts with local communities and the state. Lo-
cal miners establish mobile camps on a very par-
ticular internal African frontier (Werthmann 2009,
Grätz 2010, Panella 2010, Werthmann and Grätz
2013). I will compare three mining sites and discuss
their situation against the background of classical
and recent anthropological studies on migration,
social innovation and local resource management. .