Customs

The paper deals with the relationships between judicial practices and the feud, which acquires interesting relevance both in customary systems and in systems governed by the legal process. First is described the crucial transition from customary practices mainly handled by the community (prevailing in the early medieval age) to practices managed by professionals (lawyers) and the procedures successively worked out by them. Feuding is examined along with the researches conducted on single European areas and for different historical periods, especially for the early Middle Ages, the Middle Ages, the Modern Age, considering the various disciplines used. In reality, while focusing on the relationship between the spread of violence and the need for peace, the discussion on the subject of feud in Europe paid little attention to the role played by the spread of Roman canonical procedures and the mediation carried out by lawyers, both in their tracts and their judiciary practice, in order to introduce a new social order. In the early modern period,  the intense dynamics of social violence and the decisive interventions of state powers increased along with the use of new trial procedures. These transformations were relevant and even decisive, especially after the introduction of strict inquisitorial rites, which subtracted from the privileged classes the independent resolution of conflicts and the traditional management of procedural practices.

Time is an important element of social organization. The temporal models such as the calendar provide social rhythm by regulating various activities. The changing ways of managing time are indicative of social change. This paper presents the changing use of different calendars in Jhokwala Village, Lodhran District, Pakistan. Three calendars are used in most parts of the Punjab to varying degrees for various purposes. These are Bikrami, Islamic Hijri and Gregorian calendars. Each of these calendars has a specific history of use. This paper highlights that people choose between various alternatives in the course of history and the changing use of calendars tells the story of change and continuity in culture and people's attitude towards modern technology and social change.

"New developments in information technologies and globalization of markets influenced developments of customs procedures. Implementation of paperless customs procedures is of great importance for growth of e-commerce in every country. Currently more and more custom procedures are becoming paperless and part of e-Custom systems. e-Custom consists from different tools and activities such as New Computerized Transit System (NCTS), Government to Business (G2B), Excise movement and control system (EMCS), Import Control System (ICS), Export Control System (ECS) that are used with modern information and communication technology.
Excise movement control system is implemented in every European Union member state based on EU legislation and it is replacing paper procedures for controlling movement of excise goods. Croatia has also, by becoming member of EU in July 2013, implemented EMCS and replaced previous excise control system.
The EMCS enables an efficient check before the movement starts. Current electronic excise movement system as part of e-Customs means both simplification and increased legal certainty for traders and administrations. By its implementation EMCS enables better and faster control for customs representatives and safer movement of excise materials and less paper for entrepreneurs. "

In 1772 the Venetian Senate intervened by passing a law to limit the exorbitant number of religious feasts that were happening in many places throughout the dominio da terra (the mainland) and Istria. Information collected in the 1770s is above all interesting as it formed a true and detailed ethnographic research of religious feasts, rich in descriptions pertinent to the cult of saints and the spreading of religious feasts in the mainland and  Istria. Entrusted to a preliminary enquiry by parish priests, these descriptions, far from being uniform and provided with precision  offer a colourful frame of popular religiosity and of the difficulties, if not impossibility, of tracing a homogeneous framework of the world of customs which, with its cultural traits, still intensely pervaded religious life of subject populations. The  title Ambiguous Descriptions  reflects therefore  the  fact  that the information collected by parish priests could hardly provide an adequate answer to the questions formulated by an act which was built on a prospective that was decisively foreign to the world of customs and its numerous aspects.

In addition to inquiring about the knowledge of Nuquí producers, the goal of this research was to prove that the fields of healthy rice plants were set in a specific landscape, which is different to the landscape where rice plants managed with fungicides are located; the composition and structure of the landscapes were determined through participant observation, bibliographic resources and photographic records. The study variables were defined in order to perform correspondence and conglomerate/cluster analysis, both univariate and bivariate. There are two clusters, Nuquí and Lerida, and the index number of different species for Nuquí-Chocó was higher compared with that of Lerida-Tolima, which indicates that Nuquí producers usually establish their rice fields among vegetable species such as weeds, shrubbery, and trees and preserved a very particular structure of landscape, allowing them to maintain their crops free of diseases.