History of Odessa

Odessa, berceau de la Grèce moderne : Aux origines secrètes de la Philiki Eteria

Stella GHERVAS
(CES, Harvard University)

Résumé

C’est à Odessa, ville neuve au bord de la mer Noire, que fut fondée en septembre 1814 la célèbre Société des Amis (Philiki Eteria), qui fut à l’origine du mouvement grec de libération qui mena à la Guerre d’indépendance et à la constitution de l’Etat grec moderne. Et pourtant, si l’on excepte quelques tentatives récentes de la part d’historiens grecs (notamment Papoulidis, Prousis) et russes (Arsh) de resituer le mouvement de la Philiki Eteria, sa genèse recèle encore bien des points d’ombre. Cette communication, basée sur de multiples documents inédits tirés des archives russes et ukrainiennes (notamment sur la correspondance politique de Ioannis Capodistrias et Alexandre Stourdza), jette un nouveau regard  sur les origines de la Philiki Heteria, ses conceptions initiales, ses financements, ainsi que ses relations contrastées avec les autorités russes.

Elle s’interroge en particulier sur le cadre d’Odessa comme berceau de cette société secrète. Pourquoi est-ce dans cette ville portuaire, si loin des frontières de la Grèce continentale, qu'a pu se développer cette société secrète, et pourquoi son action a-t-elle eu des retombées si importantes ? Qu’y faisaient ses membres et comment s’étaient-ils connus ? Par reflet, nous examinerons les traces que cette organisation a laissées dans la mémoire et le patrimoine culturel de la ville d’Odessa.

Plus généralement, l’action de la Philiki Eteria à Odessa s’inscrit dans la vaste question d’Orient, un enjeu de la géopolitique russe auquel le sort de la Grèce fut intimement lié. C’est l’occasion d’examiner dans quelle mesure ce mouvement fut une cause passionnelle chez les haut fonctionnaires et les diplomates russes, ou au contraire l’instrument d’un Etat décidé à imposer son hégémonie sur les Détroits et en Méditerranée orientale, au détriment de l’Empire ottoman et des autres puissances européennes.

Bibliographie sélective :

- Stella GHERVAS, Réinventer la tradition. Alexandre Stourdza et l’Europe de la Sainte-Alliance, Paris, Honoré Champion, 2008, 625 p.

- Stella GHERVAS, « Odessa et les confins de l’Europe: un éclairage historique », in Lieux d’Europe : Mythes et limites, Stella Ghervas et François Rosset (éds.), Paris, Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2008, pp. 107-124.

- Stella GHERVAS, « Philhellénisme et ambitions russes dans le contexte de la question d’Orient », in Φιλελληνισμός. Το ενδιαφέρον για την Ελλάδα και τους Έλληνες από την Επανάσταση ως σήμερα, Anna Mandilara, Georgios Nikolaou, Lambros Filitouris et Nikolais Anastassopoulos (éds.), Athènes, Hérodote, 2014, à paraître.

- Stella GHERVAS, « Le philhellénisme d’inspiration conservatrice en Europe et en Russie », in Peuples, Etats et nations dans le Sud-Est de l’Europe, Bucarest, éd. Anima, 2004, pp. 98-110.

- Stella GHERVAS, « Le philhellénisme russe : union d’amour ou d’intérêt ? », in Regards sur le philhellénisme, Cléopâtre Montandon (éd.), Geneva, Permanent Mission of Greece to the United Nations, 2008, pp. 33-41.

The scientific article is devoted to the history of magazines that existed in the occupied territory in 1941-1945. The magazines were published or planned under the control of Nazi Germany, Romania, Finland. The list of 98 journals in Russian is given.

В дипломном исследовании Д. Мацкул представлены результаты анализа корпуса курсантских надписей, зафиксированных на стенах Одесского Сергиевского артиллерийского училища (более 5000 ед.), оставленных в период с 1912 г. по начало 2000-х гг. Эпиграфика содержит информацию о личном составе учреждения, о географии происхождения курсантов, о некоторых страницах истории здания в период Гражданской войны и Октябрьской революции, а также времен румынской оккупации 1942-1944 гг. Около 4000 ед. из общего количества надписей, содержат имена учащихся, что составляет 13% от личного состава, обучавшегося в училище за все годы его существования. В этих надписях отражена военная история дореволюционной России, Советского Союза, независимой Украины до 2007 г.

Решение проблемы локализации Хаджибейского замка на территории современной Одессы стало возможным благодаря впервые проведенной георадарной разведке в районе его наиболее вероятного существования. Работами выявлена на глубине более 2 м аномалия, совпадающая в размерах и контурах с планами каменного замка в Хаджибее, известного по картографическим материалам 1780-х гг. Замок располагался напротив современных домов №4—5 по Приморскому бульвару. Глубина залегания соответствует горизонту дневной поверхности хаджибейского периода, выявленного экспедицией А. О. Добролюбского в ходе раскопок возле Воронцовского дворца в 1997 г. Замок существовал на этом месте (почти в неизменном виде) в период с 1420-х по 1790-е гг. Был выстроен в связи
с оборонительными инициативами Витовта либо Т. Бучацкого. В 1593 г. турками была предпринята попытка реконструкции замка. В 1765 г. сооружение незначительно модернизировано — с северо-восточной, приморской, стороны пристроена береговая артиллерийская батарея. В 1789 г. выведен из строя путем подрыва двух мин. После 1794 г. разобран на стройматериалы.

The region named as Desht-i Kipchak, which literally means “The Kipchak Steppes” is a huge geography, which stands between Moldova-Ukraine border and Mongolia-Altai line with today’s borders. Still Kipchak Turkic speaking people such as Kazakhs, Kazan Tatars, Bashkirs, Nogais, Karachay-Malkars and Crimean Tatars inhabit this area in a large extent. However western frontline of this region which is today in borders of Russia-Moldova-Ukraine and which has been named with different names/ethno-toponyms as Budjak, Özi, Yedisan and Yetishkul faced a large-scale demographic change and ethnic cleansing after 18th century. This article aims to shed a light on lost history of this region, by tracking history of Nogai and Crimean Tatar masses who migrated to Turkey and Romania.


Tarih boyunca Kıpçak Bozkırları yani Deşt-i Kıpçak olarak bilinen bölge, bugünkü sınırlar ile ifade edildiğinde Altay-Moğolistan hattından, Moldova-Ukrayna sınır bölgesine kadar uzanan devasa bir coğrafyadır. Bu coğrafyada bugün hâlen Kıpçak Türk lehçesini konuşan halklar meskundur, buna örnek olarak Kazaklar, Kazan Tatarları, Başkurtlar, Nogaylar, Karaçay-Malkarlar, Kırım Tatarları verilebilir. Ancak bu bozkırın Batı ucu yani tarihte Bucak, Özi, Cetsan(Yedisan) ve Yetişkul gibi isim ve etnik toponimlerle anılan, bugün Ukrayna, Rusya ve Moldova sınırlarında bulunan bölge, 18. yüzyıl sonrasında büyük bir demografik dönüşüme ve etnik temizliğe sahne olmuş, Kıpçak hüviyetini yitirmiştir. Bu makalenin amacı, özellikle Türkiye’ye ve Romanya’ya bu bölgeden göç eden Nogay ve Kırım Tatar kitlelerinin izini sürmek, bu coğrafyanın kayıp tarihine ışık tutabilmektir.

The Governorate of Transnistria included the territories between the rivers Dniester and Southern Bug and was governed by a civil Romanian administration. Between 1941-1944, its official language was Romanian, while Russian was predominat in the periodical press and in some other public spheres. However, Ukrainian was also used in the press, in education and especially in the theatres. In its usage, there were some signs of a strive to abandon the Russified standard imposed by the Soviets in 1933.

I media beskrivs de rivaliserande grupperna i Ukraina som antingen pro-ukrainska eller pro-ryska aktivister, men även som fascister och antifascister. Bilden är dock mer komplicerad än så

The media described the rival groups in Ukraine as either pro-Ukrainian or pro-Russian activists, but also as fascists and anti-fascists. The picture is however more complex than that

Ein vergessener Held der frühen "hebräischen Renaissance" in Odessa Im Poem Zemirot (Lieder) erinnerte sich Saul Tschernichowski 1943 an die Lieder, die er als Kind von seiner Mutter gehört hatte. Darunter waren die bulgarische Hymne Šumi, Marica und Ivan Kozlovs russische Übersetzung von Thomas Moores The Evening Bells (1818). Von Thomas Moore geht Tschernichowski zu einem jüdischen Dichter über: Damals sangen es Scharen von Mädchen in all seiner Süße! Aber sein Erbteil fiel an das Lied des vergessenen "Kibrik": In "An die Nachtigall" gießt eine Jüdin ihr Sinnen in Versemit ihrer Sehnsucht nach ihrem Land… Doch der Name des "Kibrik", des Sozialisten, ist heute vergessen. Nur manchen der Alten, die noch am Leben sind, ist der Hebräischlehrer Ben-David, Gründer von "Unsere Sprache mit uns" in Odessa, geläufig. 1 Aus dem genannten russischen Lied kennen wir nur jene Zeilen, die Tschernichowski in der handschriftlichen Version seiner Autobiographie zitiert: 2 Čto ty, glupyj solovejka, Nad moim poeš' oknom? Il' ne znaeš', čto evrejka Obitaet ėtot dom? Čto evrejka-doč' prezren'ja, Čado nuždy i zabot, V tjažkom gore i zabven'i Žizni gorestnoj, pečal'noj, Polnoj vzdochov, gor'kich slez, V sej nore syroj, podvalnoj, Gde gribami pol obros.

Review of Brian Davis "The Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774: Catherine II and the Ottoman Empire", Patrica Herlihy "Odessa recollected: The Port and the People", Ulrich Hofmeister and Kerstin Jobst, eds. "Krimtataren" Special Issue of Österreichische Zeiotschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften 28,1, (2017)

Il volume chiude con le note biografiche sugli autori (423-431), , la lista di fonti delle Illustrazioni fotografiche (437) e Recensioni mordial qualities. When cultures engage, there is not a process of dialogue, of adaptation and accommodation, rather one culture conquers, colonizes, and ultimately civilizes or destroys another. Russia is barbaric and backward, in Makolkin's estimation, and Italians bring it culture and civilization, just as they had previously done throughout Europe. Their civilizing influence makes Odessa (which the author genders as a woman) a beacon of light and hope in the benighted and backward steppes of Asia. Despite the destructive and nationalistic forces let loose under Russia and the Soviet Union, Odessa was able to survive unaltered and preserve "her" separateness and unique identity.

Tab. = Schriften des Simon-Dubnow-Instituts, 8. ISBN: 978-3-525-36986-9. Alexis Hofmeisters Buch gilt dem jüdischen Vereinswesen in Odessa an der Wende vom 19. zum 20. Jahrhundert, doch ist es keine klassische Vereinsgeschichte. Vielmehr orientiert sich der Autor am von Maurice Agulhon geprägten theoretischen Konzept Soziabilität/sociabilité und ordnet das lokale Vereinswesen Odessas in das weite soziale Feld zwischen Familie und Staat ein, setzt verschiedene Organisationsformen und Strukturen sowie historische Dynamik voraus. Zahlreich sind Bezüge auf die jüngere Bielefelder Bürgertumsforschung.

Бойко-Гагарин А., Корпусова И. Монетно-вагові зливки гривні та їх тогочасні підробки з колекції Одеського археологічного музею //
Записки отдела нумизматики и торевтики Одесского археологического музея. – № ІІІ. – Одесса: «Ибрис», 2017. – С. 120-132.

This paper examines the organization of the Regional Entomological Congresses that took place in the 1880s in Odessa and Kharkov following outbreaks of the “kuzka grain beetle” (Anisoplia austriaca). These Congresses represented the first steps towards the professionalization of agricultural entomology within Russia. The “beetle question” emerged as a one of the most serious agronomical problem in the second half of the nineteenth century. All of the southern provinces suffered losses in agricultural trade due to pest insect outbreaks, but it was Odessa – the largest trade, cultural and scientific center in southern Russia at this time – that emerged to play a central role in the professionalization of applied entomology. The paper examines the initial efforts of regional authorities to address the growing problem of pest infestation through a hesitant but developing dialogue with scientists, landowners and various layers of centralized state administration. The resultant Entomological Congresses were an exceptional phenomenon, both for science as well as for the public life of the region, and represented one of the very few cases of inter-provincial zemstvo cooperation. While they were unable to provide a swift resolution to the pest issue, they were effective in raising awareness of the problem within the various layers of Russian society.

Unlike British or American vegetarian movements which arose during the 19th century, organized vegetarianism did not emerge in the Russian empire until the turn of the century. By the 1910s, a network of vegetarian circles flourished across the empire. Odessa presents a fascinating case study for examining dietary reform and vegetarianism. Using diverse sources, the article explores the evolution and implementation of grassroot vegetarian activism in the city of Odessa by focusing on its institutionalization and infrastructure, as well as on ideas, practices and activists. It scrutinizes the motives that guided actions, unfolds alliances and challenges that arose, and how these played out in practice, and identifies popularization strategies for vegetarian ideas, and forms of vegetarian consumption. The study sheds light on an unknown page of the history of Odessa and the Black Sea Region, as well as enriching existing knowledge of the histories of imperial and European borderlands.

The First World War, named the total War, revolutionary changed the conditions of children's life in belligerent countries. We can observe mass patriotic enthusiasm among them. It was caused by propaganda. the main instruments of it were the church , the press, the school, the entertainments etc. therefore, charity activity of the juvenile (gathering of food, money, clothes, gifts for wounded soldiers in Odessa and combatants in the front line) and battle experience of the children (ways to the front, honours, public opinion, wounded children, etc.) are analysed in the article.

The impact of the First World War on social-economical conditions of children’s life is researched. Increase of juvenile delinquency and orphans, terms of labour and relief for the war victims are analyzed.
Key words: The First World War, Odessa, children, refugees.

В статті досліджується вплив Першої світової війни (липень 1914 —
лютий 1917 рр.) на соціально-економічні умови життя дітей Одеси. Аналізуються зростання дитячої злочинності серед них, збільшення чисельності сиріт, умови праці неповнолітніх й організація допомоги їм у той період.
Ключові слова: Перша світова війна, Одеса, діти, біженці