Insurance History

Slide e materiali proiettati al convegno "Rischio, fortuna e probabilità: la percezione dell'incerto", tenutosi a Pisa il 5-7 giugno 2025.

In questa relazione, ho presentato alcune delle linee guida della tesi di laurea "Fides, sive securitas - Tra bisogno di sicurezza e aleatorietà del rischio", nella quale esaminerò l'origine della trasformazione dei termini "fides" e "securitas" da alcuni ambiti dell'elaborazione politico-religiosa ad altri prettamente economici e fondativi della pratica assicurativa tardo-medievale.

Queste linee guida, partendo dall'attualità del "bisogno di sicurezza", analizzano la nascita dei bisogni assicurativi all'interno dell'elaborazione del pensiero economico tardo-medievale (XIV-XV secolo), analizzando diverse fonti di lungo periodo, tra autori classici e patristici, fonti iconografiche ed elaborazioni teoriche del diritto intermedio.

Esta segunda parte del dosier tiene como objetivo el estudio de la difusión de libros, moda y alimentos entre Europa y América durante la Edad Moderna. Así, el estudio de la oferta, circulación y consumo de estos objetos culturales muestra su relación con los cambios en la historia económica, social, cultural y política en ambos lados del Atlántico.

Between the 19th and 20th centuries, Assicurazioni Generali developed an important activity first in the Ottoman Empire and then in Republican Turkey, by means of a network of agencies present throughout the territory and through the Turkish affiliate Sigorta. With a shrewd strategy of penetration into the Turkish markets, the Generali group managed to compete with the main international insurance groups and, especially after the First World War, with the French insurance companies, overcoming difficult moments such as the economic crisis at the beginning of the 1930s and the Second World War.

КРОВАВОЕ ВОСКРЕСЕНЬЕ 9/22 ЯНВАРЯ 1905 г. ГЛАЗАМИ ЕВРОПЕЙСКОЙ ПРЕССЫ Аннотация. В статье рассматриваются сообщения иностранных корреспондентов о беспорядках в Петербурге 9/22 января 1905 г. Эти события были провозглашены революцией. Руководителями движения были объявлены священники. Газетные статьи сопровождались фотографиями и иллюстрациями, призванными придать сообщениям видимость правдоподобия. Сподвижником попа Гапона был назначен геройски погибший отец Сергий. Несколько красочных историй о событиях принадлежат корреспонденту Daily Telegraph в Петербурге Эмилю Диллону. На страницах европейских газет «произошли восстания» рабочих на Адмиралтейских заводах в Колпино и на Сестро рецком оружейном заводе. Колпинские рабочие «воевали» с гарнизоном Царского Села, а рабочих Сестрорецка иностранные корреспонденты «отправили на штурм» Кронштадта. Сообщения иностранных газет тиражировались эмигрантскими русскими изданиями. Происходил обмен сюжетами между радикальной русской прессой и иностранными газетами. Популярным жанром были письма, рассказы и воспоминания анонимных очевидцев событий. Статьи из либеральных русских газет получали высокую оценку в Европе, а сообщения западных корреспондентов перепечатывались в России. Особое значение придавалось вопросу лояльности вооруженных сил государственному строю России, что видно из дипломатической переписки посольства Великобритании в Петербурге. Таким образом, европейские корреспонденты сочиняли истории о неповиновении войск приказам и о нападениях солдат на офицеров. Популярной темой были рассказы о жестокости военных по отношению к ученым, о преследовании артистов за гражданскую позицию, о числе убитых и раненых во время подавления беспорядков. Сообщения периодики влияли на общественное мнение и на восприятие январских беспорядков в Петербурге современниками.

The establishment in the Kingdom of Poland of the "National Society for Securing Movables from Fire". [in Polish: Ustanowienie w Królestwie Polskim „Towarzystwa krajowego do zabezpieczenia ruchomości od ognia” ][in:] Małe miasta. Utrapienia i niedole, por red. M. Zemło, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku, Białystok – Boguchwała – Supraśl 2023, p. 101 – 133, ISBN 978-83-7431-788-8.

The establishment in the subdued by tsarist regime Kingdom of Poalnd  of the Movable Property Fire Society in 1833-1834 was not free of political overtones, and this was mostly  due to the explicit exclusion of the effects of war or disturbances from possible  the "insurance benefits" (implicitly, of course, it meant the consequences of another anticipated uprising against Russians, following that one of 1831).

However, despite these overtly anti-national/Polish accents  accompanying its selected aspects of later activity,  can and should one point out that the structures of the "National Society for securing movables from fire" existed primarily as a part of sophisticated element of the system of control and supervision of the conquered society by the invading authorities?

In the opinion of the author, even extremely restrictive - yet completely typical for the European realities of the first half of the 19th century - detailed provisions concerning the insurance procedure as well as - what is much more important - the conditions and methods of obtaining compensation (thus factors that actually strengthen the position of the authorities towards citizens) cannot lead us to an unequivocally negative opinion about the desirability of establishing this institution in the Kingdom of Poland of the time of grave Russian oppression. Thus the balance of the conditions of its creation and further achievements, undoubtedly strengthening to some extent the sense of economic security of the inhabitants of the Kingdom, cannot look unambiguous in any case.

The first section of this history of bank architecture in the Australian city of Brisbane gives a short survey of the major banks erected in the city during the nineteenth century, before discussing, in overview, the developments in bank architecture in Brisbane during the first forty years of the twentieth century. The second section is devoted to a detailed study of ten major bank buildings erected in the city between 1911 and 1942.

The implementation of an organizational structure together with functional manuals is of great importance as it is a guide to better develop the functions of each position and appropriate a Good working environment of the company. The objective of the article is to present the proposal of an Organization Manual based on the problems that arise internally in the PHARMACEUTICAL DISTRIBUTOR MANABÍ S.A. company The research was descriptive, explanatory, with mixed methods. The techniques used were the survey, the interview and the observation. The instruments the questionnaire, the question script and the observation sheet. The population was conformed by the totality of workers of the company, being this 12 employees. The most relevant results showed 100% that the company does not have an organization or functions manual, 75% of the informants think that the administrative functions are not fulfilled, 13 respondents indicated that the existence of a manual is very important organization within the company, positively indicating 75%. Concluding that there is a need to design an Organization Manual which defines functions, lines of authority, responsibility and redesign the Organization Chart with profiles according to each area of the company.

I. Nutrition, pratiques alimentaires et identités Ceux qui ont étudié l'alimentation des gens de mer se sont intéressés aux aliments plus qu'aux comportements, à la nutrition plus qu'à la signification des mets, aux contraintes matérielles plus qu'aux choix culturels. Depuis l'ouvrage collectif Pour une histoire de l'alimentation dirigé par Jean-Jacques Hémardinquer1-dont plusieurs articles sont consacrés aux gens de mer-jusqu'à la toute récente étude des galériens d'André Zysberg1 2, la principale préoccupation a été de calculer les rations alimentaires et d'évaluer la condition de vie des marins. Même si des écarts importants apparaissent dans les résultats obtenus3, à peu près tous les auteurs s'accordent pour dire que les marins sont «mal nourris », en raison soit d'un manque de calories, soit d'une carence de nutriments, soit encore de la mauvaise qualité et/ou de la préparation des aliments eux-mêmes. Pour expliquer cette situation peu enviable, ils invoquent des contraintes tantôt environ nementales, tantôt économiques, tantôt sociales.

W artykule dokonano analizy pozycji Polski w miĊdzynarodowym systemie finansowym przez wskazanie cech charakterystycznych tego systemu oraz stopnia zintegrowania Polski z jego poszczególnymi elementami, zwáaszcza z miĊdzynarodowym rynkiem finansowym oraz miĊdzynarodowymi instytucjami finansowymi. Przeprowadzona analiza pozwoliáa na stwierdzenie, Īe Polska jest integralną czĊĞcią miĊdzynarodowego systemu finansowego, jednak w znacznym stopniu uczestniczy w nim "biernie", dostosowując siĊ do zachodzących zmian w tym systemie. Ponadto zaangaĪowanie Polski w miĊdzynarodowy áad finansowy związane jest z czáonkostwem w Unii Europejskiej.

El desarrollo del sector asegurador en Espana ha sido muy lento. Al fi lo de la Guerra Civil (1936), el coefi ciente de primas a renta nacional rondaba el 1 por 100. Las companias extranjeras representaban un tercio del mercado de seguro directo. Sin embargo, la compania lider, La Union y El Fenix Espanol, era de propiedad espanola y funcionaba como una autentica multinacional con una fuerte presencia en Francia. Durante el Franquismo (1939-1975), las primas crecieron muy lentamente. El papel de las companias extranjeras se redujo drasticamente y las companias nacionales fueron incapaces de introducirse en los mercados foraneos. La entrada de Espana en la hoy Union Europea en 1986 desencadeno un proceso de crisis y reorganizacion. La mayor parte de las companias aseguradoras terminaron controladas por bancos o por multinacionales de otros paises. Pero, de nuevo, el lider, Mapfre, fue una compania espanola capaz de crear una importante red de filiales en el exterior. En este articulo...

Numerous local monetary bureaus owned by shareholders were established in the Kingdom of Serbia in the late nineteenth century. Many of these institutions, such as the Niš Cooperative, not only engaged in banking services but also owned industrial and trade companies. Economic circumstances changed so significantly after World War I that bank managements often were unable to cope with them. The Niš Cooperative was an example of a stable yet not particularly powerful monetary bureau whose reputation depended on the leading members of its Board of Directors. Unlike most other monetary bureaus, the Niš Cooperative continued operating after World War II up until privately-owned monetary bureaus were closed by the socialist Yugoslav government.

Numerous local monetary bureaus owned by shareholders were established in the Kingdom of Serbia in the late nineteenth century. Many of these institutions, such as the Niš Cooperative, not only engaged in banking services but also owned industrial and trade companies. Economic circumstances changed so significantly after World War I that bank managements often were unable to cope with them. The Niš Cooperative was an example of a stable yet not particularly powerful monetary bureau whose reputation depended on the leading members of its Board of Directors. Unlike most other monetary bureaus, the Niš Cooperative continued operating after World War II up until privately-owned monetary bureaus were closed by the socialist Yugoslav government.

A primeira metade do século XIX foi um período marcado por grandes transformações na economia brasileira, particularmente  para a cidade do Rio de Janeiro, capital política do recémfundado Império nacional e principal porto da economia nacional. O presente estudo investiga, entre os anos de 1821 e 1850, o funcionamento de um mercado de crédito a partir das Ações de Execução (sob a guarda do Arquivo Nacional) feitas na Corte e que envolveram principalmente os setores mercantis dessa sociedade.

La dependencia es un fenómeno cada día más común debido al aumento de laexpectativa de vida y, por lo tanto, del grupo poblacional etario que comprende a las perso-nas mayores. El riesgo de su ocurrencia es soportado por las comunidades en que se insertanlas personas en situación de dependencia, lo que le otorga un carácter social. El seguro dedependencia, en este sentido, surge como una alternativa para garantizar la calidad de vidade las personas dependientes, entre las que se encuentran las personas en situación de reque-rir cuidados paliativos. El estudio realiza un análisis cualitativo de pólizas que comprendenaspectos del seguro de dependencia y uno cuantitativo de la Encuesta de Protección Social(EPS) de 2019-2020 realizada por el Ministerio Trabajo y Previsión Social, para revisar lapertinencia de un seguro de dependencia en vista a las prestaciones garantizadas en la Ley deCuidados Paliativos.      

Resumen: Este artículo se interesa en presentar los avances de la investigación en curso El legado medieval en el Perú de los Austrias, especialmente de temas como el tráfico mercantil y las ceremonias políticas que necesitan ser analizados en contextos cronológicos de mayor extensión y, especialmente, tengan en cuenta las nuevas propuestas para estudiar la génesis del Estado Moderno.

De todos los libros de cuentas de John Isham tan sólo se conservan dos Libros Mayores. Representan el esfuerzo continuado, durante un intervalo de doce años, para confeccionar un balance de situación. Es indudable que John Isham se había familiarizado con los rudimentos del arte de la teneduría de libros durante su periodo de aprendiz, bajo la supervisión de su patrón, probablemente en Amberes. El uso que hace de la partida doble, aunque sólo ocupa una pequeña parte del primer Libro Mayor y ninguna del segundo, indica que apostaba por el progreso.El valor de estos dos Libros Mayores del siglo XVI es grande, pues nos dice mucho de la estructura de la exportación de paños, usos que un mercader mediano hace de su capital y otros aspectos dfíciles de averiguar por otras vías. En ambos volúmenes las partidas recogen multitud de detalles que nos hablan del entramado del comercio internacional inglés en el floreciente reinado de Isabel I. Al lado de la parida dole aparecen las compañías gr...

La dependencia es un fenómeno cada día más común debido al aumento de laexpectativa de vida y, por lo tanto, del grupo poblacional etario que comprende a las perso-nas mayores. El riesgo de su ocurrencia es soportado por las comunidades en que se insertanlas personas en situación de dependencia, lo que le otorga un carácter social. El seguro dedependencia, en este sentido, surge como una alternativa para garantizar la calidad de vidade las personas dependientes, entre las que se encuentran las personas en situación de reque-rir cuidados paliativos. El estudio realiza un análisis cualitativo de pólizas que comprendenaspectos del seguro de dependencia y uno cuantitativo de la Encuesta de Protección Social(EPS) de 2019-2020 realizada por el Ministerio Trabajo y Previsión Social, para revisar lapertinencia de un seguro de dependencia en vista a las prestaciones garantizadas en la Ley deCuidados Paliativos.      

Este trabajo se inscribe en el marco de las tareas del proyecto de investigación "Ciudades y villas portuarias en la articulación del litoral atlántico en la Edad Media", financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (HAR 2009-08474). 2. Países Bajos: Los antiguos Países Bajos, las XVII Provincias cuya extension se corresponde, más o menos, con el conjunto de los países del Benelux. El adjetivo 'neerlandés' significa los antiguos Países Bajos. Holanda: la extensión del condado de Holanda se corresponde, grosso modo, con las actuales provincias de Holanda meridional y septentrional. La investigación de este artículo se ha realizado con una estancia de estudios en el Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Sciences (abreviado NIAS) en Wassenaar. Agradezco los comentarios de Hilario Casado Alonso, Emmanuel Cordier, Raymond FAGEL, Anton van der Lem, Mario Puluche Cargua y a los participantes del seminario Réglementations publiques et risques maritimes, que tuvo lugar en la Universidad de Nantes el 15 de octubre de 2010. Agradezco, igualmente, la traducción del francés al español a Fernando Uriel Benito y Jesús Solórzano Telechea (Universidad de Cantabria). obviamente, la responsabilidad del artículo solo incumbe al autor. Este artículo es una versión extendida de SICKING, L. "Les marchands espagnols et portugais aux Pays-Bas et la navigation à l'époque de Charles Quint : gestion des risques et legislation", Publication du centre européen d'études bourguignonnes (XIVe-XVIe s.

Le sujet de cette communication traite des guerres et des conflits entre les Français et les Portugais en mer Atlantique aux XVe et XVIe siècles. Depuis les luttes pour les Canaries et les Açores, et la concurrence entre les pêcheurs dans les grands bancs de Terre-Neuve et du Labrador, jusqu'aux grandes expéditions coloniales et sanglantes dans la baie de Guanabara, la France et le Portugal se sont disputés de vastes champs d'empire océanique pour les perdre tous les deux, grâce d'une part aux guerres de religion (la France) et d'autre part à la grande mésaventure marocaine (le Portugal) tandis que l'Espagne et l'Angleterre profitent de leurs déboires. Quelles sont les conséquences à long termeéconomique, géopolitique, symboliquede cette double défaite dans un dédale d'"invasions et évasions "?

W niniejszym artykule badam problem moralnych implikacji interwencjonizmu państwowego (jako pewnej wersji kapitalizmu), w aspekcie diagnozy przyczyn współczesnego kryzysu gospodarczego i recepty na jego przezwyciężenie. Początkiem rozważań jest kwestia interwencjonistycznej diagnozy przyczyn kryzysu oraz proponowanych sposobów jego przezwyciężenia. Następnie analizuję moralne konsekwencje zastosowania interwencjonistycznych sposobów przezwyciężenia kryzysu gospodarczego. Biorę pod uwagę zarówno domniemanie pozytywny moralnie aspekt interwencjonizmu państwowego, jak i problemy moralne, które wiążą się ze strukturalnymi rozwiązaniami typowymi dla tego typu modelu gospodarczego. Ostatni etap rozważań to próba oceny moralnej interwencjonizmu państwowego jako odpowiedzi na współczesny kryzys gospodarczy.

This paper investigates the main features of the Genoese insurance market between 1564 and 1572, thanks to the analysis of an unpublished tax register that preserves all insurance policies drafted in Genoa in that period. Marine insurance, intended as an archetypical risk-shifting technique, is probably the oldest financial instrument intended solely to protect against the economic consequences of commercial losses. Conventional premium insurance was developed as a tool to transfer risk during the commercial revolution of the late middle ages. This development was first led by Italian cities, among whom Genoa played a key role. However, Genoese operators involved in the insurance sectors, which belonged almost exclusively to the patrician families ruling the republic, acted as a mutual “risk-community” in a semi-closed market: a sort of “syndicate”. They shared among them the risks of maritime routes calling at the port of Genoa. Insurance was a zero-sum game, with low losses and ga...

Numerous local monetary bureaus owned by shareholders were established in the Kingdom of Serbia in the late nineteenth century. Many of these institutions, such as the Niš Cooperative, not only engaged in banking services but also owned industrial and trade companies. Economic circumstances changed so significantly after World War I that bank managements often were unable to cope with them. The Niš Cooperative was an example of a stable yet not particularly powerful monetary bureau whose reputation depended on the leading members of its Board of Directors. Unlike most other monetary bureaus, the Niš Cooperative continued operating after World War II up until privately-owned monetary bureaus were closed by the socialist Yugoslav government.

This paper investigates the main features of the Genoese insurance market between 1564 and 1572, thanks to the analysis of an unpublished tax register that preserves all insurance policies drafted in Genoa in that period. Marine insurance, intended as an archetypical risk-shifting technique, is probably the oldest financial instrument intended solely to protect against the economic consequences of commercial losses. Conventional premium insurance was developed as a tool to transfer risk during the commercial revolution of the late middle ages. This development was first led by Italian cities, among whom Genoa played a key role. However, Genoese operators involved in the insurance sectors, which belonged almost exclusively to the patrician families ruling the republic, acted as a mutual "riskcommunity" in a semi-closed market: a sort of "syndicate". They shared among them the risks of maritime routes calling at the port of Genoa. Insurance was a zero-sum game, with low losses and gains that did not allow a true single-sector specialisation.

The article studies the slave trade in the second half of the 16th century from a little-used documentary source: the maritime insurance policies. On the one hand, those contracted by the largest insurer in Antwerp, Juan Henríquez, in the years 1562-1563 and, above all, the 73 policies kept in the archives of the Consulate of Burgos in the years 1565-1573. This analysis demonstrates the great activity that took place in the slave trade from Africa to Spanish and Portuguese America is demonstrated.

* Este trabajo se ha realizado dentro del proyecto de investigación «Poder, sociedad y fiscalidad en la Meseta Norte castellana en el tránsito del medievo a la modernidad» (Ref. HAR2011-27016-C02-02) del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad.

The article studies the slave trade in the second half of the 16th century from a little-used documentary source: the maritime insurance policies. On the one hand, those contracted by the largest insurer in Antwerp, Juan Henríquez, in the years 1562-1563 and, above all, the 73 policies kept in the archives of the Consulate of Burgos in the years 1565-1573. This analysis demonstrates the great activity that took place in the slave trade
from Africa to Spanish and Portuguese America is demonstrated.

And some certain significance lurks in all things, else all things are little worth, and the round world itself but an empty cipher, except to sell by the cartload, as they do hills about Boston, to fill up some morass in the Milky Way. (Herman Melville, Moby Dick)Some 30 years after Melville's meditation on meaning and Boston landfills, the matter of moving dirt around Boston is taken up by William Dean Howells. The building of a mansion in the newly reclaimed land of the Back Bay is, as generations of critics have noted, a central metaphor in Howells's 1885 novel The Rise of Silas Lapham. The house itself is a material thing around which Silas's fortunes pivot and reverse themselves. Howells's close focus on ordinary material things in this novel can be seen as moving beyond an effort to faithfully represent the everyday life of his characters. Although that effort is clearly central to Howells's understanding of realism, by marking reversals in the text-indeed...

Istantanee dalla Storia economica.
Temi di storia e storiografia
a cura di Luigi De Matteo
Premessa di Luigi De Matteo » 7
Maria Paola Zanoboni, Cuffie, veli e gorgiere in un inventario milanese d’inizio Cinquecento » 13
Angela Orlandi, La gestione di un portafoglio titoli nella contabilità cinquecentesca » 45
Aldo Montaudo, Vendita su documenti e costi di transazione nel commercio internazionale dell’olio del Mezzogiorno (1651-1681) » 73
Giovanni Ceccarelli, Oltre la storia delle assicurazioni: rischio e incertezza in età preindustriale » 107
Gerardo Cringoli, Questione agraria e controrivoluzione in Francia. Il caso della Vandea » 125
Stefania Ecchia, Magdalena Modrzejewska, Josiah Warren’s anarchist path between individualism and equitable commerce » 147
Roberto Rossi, Tra rendita e profitto: produzione e commercio dello zolfo in Sicilia nell’Ottocento » 177
Giampiero Nigro, Le premesse della formazione di un distretto industriale. Prato nell’Ottocento » 203
Andrea Giuntini, Le Esposizioni Universali e l’economia nell’epoca
della prima globalizzazione. Un panorama della storiografia
italiana » 219
Maria Carmela Schisani, Banche dati e nuove metodologie nella Storia economica. Il database IFESMez e l’analisi delle reti sociali per lo studio del sistema socio-economico del Mezzogiorno (1800-1913) » 239
Giulio Fenicia, Consumo di alcolici ed etilismo nell’Italia monarchica » 263
Manuel Vaquero Piñeiro, Processi di globalizzazione e tendenze protezionistiche. L’industria dell’olio di semi in Italia dall’Unità alla seconda guerra mondiale » 309
Marco Doria, Intrecci tra storia globale e storia marittima. Il porto di Genova in età contemporanea » 339
Andrea Leonardi, La politica turistica italiana nel secondo dopoguerra: il riavvio dei flussi internazionali e il ruolo dell’ERP » 367
Giuseppe Moricola, Vulnerabile e resiliente: il piccolo commercio in Italia (1920-1980) » 391
Stefano Palermo, Il Mezzogiorno nella stagnazione italiana dell’ultimo ventennio. Appunti per una lettura diacronica e di lungo periodo » 413
Simone Selva, Cinquant’anni dopo: il sistema monetario di Bretton Woods in prospettiva storica » 441
Luciano Maffi, La breve, ma promettente storia dell’agroecologia » 463
Giuseppe Conti, Il mito delle origini di una moneta senza credito e senza istituzioni. Note per una genealogia alternativa » 485

Durante el siglo XV y XVI, el comercio español en Flandes se articulaba en gran medida alrededor de unos núcleos institucionales en Brujas, como la bien conocida Nación de Castilla, o la Nación de Aragón. Mucho más oscura, y todavía muy desconocida, es la existencia en Flandes de una Nación de Andalucía, ya demostrable desde 1500, y que permaneció en funcionamiento hasta 1564. La historia de esta última institución nos permite adentrarnos en dos campos de competencia comercial: en primer lugar el de las diferentes ciudades de Flandes; hablamos de Brugge (Brujas), Bergen-op-Zoom (Vergas), Middelburg (Medialbuque), y Antwerpen (Amberes), que luchaban por la presencia de estos mercaderes extranjeros, y en segundo lugar, el de las diferentes instituciones españolas en Flandes y los diferentes grupos de mercaderes

Este artí­culo estudia la posición de Chile dentro de las redes mundiales de cobre entre 1700 y la década de 1840. Durante este periodo, los niveles de producción eran bajos, si se los compara con los de 1850-1870 y el siglo XX, debido tanto a las pobres técnicas de extracción y refinado como a los altos costos de transporte. Sin embargo, el cobre chileno fue consumido dentro de Chile, en mercados cercanos como Perú, Bolivia y Argentina, y también se exportó a España, a otros paí­ses de Europa, así­ como a Asia. En esta época, el cobre chileno se habí­a internacionalizado, pero no globalizado. Fue después de la independencia que el cobre chileno comenzó a fluir más libremente a Asia, mientras que los Estados Unidos y Europa continental se convirtieron, también, en mercados claves. Durante este periodo, no solo se exportaba cobre fundido, sino que también regulus y mineral de cobre. Fue solo el arribo de mercantes banqueros británicos a Chile, como Huth & Co., lo que permitió una ver...

Realist fiction is so familiar that it has been naturalized for many readers. We enter into it easily and willingly. Indeed, one of the signs that a work of fiction is realist is that we can ignore its technical crafting and become absorbed in the story. In the service of this absorption, the narrator of a realist work is generally either a plausible character or an unobtrusive stage manager; its symbolism is artfully worked into the fabric of its plot; and its characters give the impression of having minds of their own. A realist novel presents a social world that we can recognize (even if it isn't precisely our own), peopled by characters with whom we can identify (even though they give the impression of being unique), and, perhaps most importantly, the characters' thoughts and actions seem worthy of our attention. We do not mistake a realist novel for a work of history or journalism or sociology, but the very name ''realism'' makes a claim about the potential for fiction to capture something real about social life and perhaps even about the structure of our inner lives. The more we take seriously the cultural value and social influence of realism's understanding of what is ''real,'' the more we may be inclined to believe that realism (as a platform for literature and a set of novels) marked and perhaps helped bring about important historical transformations in how certain readers understood themselves and their worlds. Whereas American realism has often been treated as exclusively a development within American literary history (thereby reinforcing the tendency for American studies to consider the United States ''exceptional'' in relation to the rest of the world), this account will position American literary realism as an important episode within a larger history of the Anglophone novel. The development of the novel, in turn, was intertwined historically with a transnational set of historical changes known as modernity: changes by which people reorganized their lives around capitalism, democracy, and secular individualism rather than monarchy and feudalism. In their new roles as modern individuals, people have faced many challenging and contradictory experiences, including new forms of isolation and crowding, scarcity and consumeristic longing, responsibility and powerlessness.

Alors qu’on associe les Basques du XVIe-XVIIIe siècle surtout à la pêche à la morue et la chasse aux baleines, les archives en langue espagnole révèlent aussi l’existence de la chasse au phoque au Labrador durant la période de 1603 à 1661. Menée par les marins des ports de Mutriku et Deba, la chasse au phoque est connue particulièrement à travers la carrière d’Antonio de Iturribalzaga. Ce capitaine organisait les voyages de chasse au phoque au Labrador, et vendait des peaux de phoque à des tanneurs et cordonniers du Pays basque. Le commerce du phoque permet de voir des liens avec d’autres industries, comme celle des tanneries et de l’exportation des peaux traitées jusqu’au Portugal. Il forme aussi un contexte historique pour la tradition orale qui existe au Pays basque sur les relations entre les Basques et les Inuit, et il constitue un précurseur de la chasse au phoque sédentaire en Nouvelle-France aux XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of zemstvo's activity in the field of fire insurance. The frequent fires in the country contributed to the popularity of this type of insurance. The bourgeois reforms of the 1860s, which contributed to the increase in the number of insurers, had a great influence on the formation of zemsky insurance in the insurance market. The procedure for obtaining the certificate of insurance included several stages. Detailed paperwork at the conclusion of the insurance policy, a clear procedure for the occurrence of an insured event, strict conditions for obtaining remuneration should exclude all possible risks that the insurance policy cover and the possibility of illegal profit by the insured. Despite all these measures, the insurance society could refuse insurance without giving a reason.

Neste texto, analisaremos alguns aspectos que dizem respeito a uma relação complexa e, sob certo ponto de vista, caracterizada pela tentativa de adaptação das atividadesque envolviam as ocupações dos mercadores e dos homens de negócios – e daqueles que, por alguma razão, não podiam desempenhar esta ocupação mas ainda assim o faziam –, assim como da economia em geral às normas impostas por uma Igreja Católica rígida e que necessita combater determinadas práticas para manter a sua coerência perante os seus fiéis. Estas relações serão de extrema importância para a economia européia e, no caso deste texto, para a economia portuguesa no transcorrer do processo de transição da Idade Média para a Idade Moderna.

William Dean Howells was committed to determining what would inspire people from different economic, political, and religious backgrounds to imagine each other as respected members of a human community. Scholars have debated whether his realist aesthetic was suited to do that. Some have argued that realism works to contain the lower classes, and others have argued that it portrays a heterogeneous society in which social problems can be solved through human negotiation between the middle classes and others. Scholars have not, however, addressed how Howells performs the necessary shift in his fiction from a space in which characters focus on their own interests to a space in which they seek to enact justice through negotiating with disparate people. This article identifies and names what enacts that necessary shift: the literary device of accident. In Howells's fiction chance meetings, feelings of accidental connection, and injuries during travel force his middle-class characters ...

Among the various voices in the ferment of architectural discourse in late nineteenth-century Australia that of James Green is perhaps one of the least understood. This, despite the fact he was a prolific writer, edited one of Australia's most widely circulated building journals and was a prominent commentator on modern American architecture. This paper sheds light on the contribution Green made to architectural discourse in Australia by focussing on two of his most significant interests, that of the architecture of Sydney and the so-called "American Romanesque". The paper argues that Green's critical evaluation of these subjects holds the key to understanding his theoretical and intellectual position on modern city architecture. Specifically, it was Green's nine-part series entitled "Sydney Architecture Aesthetically Considered" published in the Australasian Builder and Contractors' News in 1890 in which he articulated the principles he thought should guide the elevational composition and treatment of city buildings. As the paper shows, this series served as a platform enabling Green to exercise a critical voice on other architectural matters, including the topic of American Romanesque architecture and its influence in Australia. James Green died suddenly at his Gordon home in Sydney's north on Wednesday 31 July 1901. A small funeral was held two days later and this was followed by a string of obituaries that highlighted his career as a journalist and critic. The N.S.W. Contract Reporter spoke about Green as "the ideal of an industrious, honest and conscientious man," "indefatigable and thorough," who had devoted his life to an unwavering pursuit of cultural betterment through the practice of well-informed, intelligent and honest criticism:. .. and though he sometimes criticised men and matters with a caustic pen, every word was a truthful mirror of his inmost convictions, and that his writings were sometimes so trenchant as to cause pain was to him a grief palliated only by the idea

Los seguros marítimos de Burgos. Observatorio del comercio internacional portugués en el siglo XVI El artículo aborda el estudio de 1 67 O pólizas de seguros marítimos registradas, entre los años 7565 y 7597, en el Consulado de Burgos y referentes al comercio portugués. Sin duda, son una base documental muy importante para estudiar las relaciones comerciales, la historia marítima y financiera de Portugal en la segunda mitad del siglo XVI, ya que en ellas aparecen multitud de agentes económicos, barcos, rutas marítimas y puertos. A través de su estudio, se constata cómo el comercio internacional portugués en dicho periodo era muy complejo y variado, nada periférico o dependiente. Igualmente, se puede apreciar que, junto al centro económico de Lisboa,

This article investigates the influence of the massive arrival of silver from America upon the European trade in the 1560s-70s. This afflux of money generated the set up of new commercial organizations based upon cash payment which competed with firms that used the traditional credit system related with the European fairs. Measuring the effects of this competitive process through an analysis of the changes in the commercial circuits between Brittany and Spain, and through the micro-social analysis of the Ruiz-family's firm network, allows detecting the functioning logics that end at a new social structuring of the market in the 1570s. * Agradezco a María Hermoso la revisión del texto en castellano y a Frédéric Dooremont su asistencia cartográfica.

Fecha de recepción: 03/04/2020 Fecha de aceptación: 08/05/2020 RESUMEN: Las relaciones comerciales entre Andalucía y Normandía se basaban en el intercambio de materias primas y productos agrícolas españoles contra productos industriales normandos, sobre todo telas, destinados al comercio con América. Estos intercambios se intensificaron a lo largo del siglo XVI, a pesar de las guerras. En los años 1570, el comercio de la sal conoce una fase de crecimiento para abastecer la fachada atlántica francesa y los barcos pesqueros que se dirigían hacia Terranova. Los mercaderes españoles afincados en Ruán jugaron un papel importante en estas relaciones, aunque no primordial, ya que los normandos estaban también muy interesados en este comercio.