USSR

"After the millions of wartime displaced citizens had been forcibly returned to the Soviet Union after the Second World War, the Soviet Union inaugurated a new type of campaign in
the mid-1950s to get all the remaining Soviet citizens and former émigrés from Sovietoccupied areas to migrate back. In this campaign, the Soviets used all the means of mass
communication they were able to produce, especially radio combined with the press and direct contact with people. The campaign was not very successful, at least not among the
people it was supposed to lure back: people residing in Europe. However, many people, especially from Latin America, migrated back to the Soviet Union, only to be disappointed, just as the people who had migrated to the Soviet Union in the early 1930s."

"The purpose of this work is to demonstrate how civil society can contribute to increasing the democratic quality of contemporary political systems. Specifically, this article focuses on the positive relation between new social movements – first appearing in democratic societies during the Sixties – and the public space of liberal democracy. The former are regarded as the source of ideal validity (Habermas 1992, p. 37) of the latter. The first section builds a specific concept of civil society by drawing on selected academic literature: Cohen and Arato (Civil society and political theory, 1992), Habermas (Between facts and norms, 1992), Fraser (Rethinking the public sphere, 1997) and Young (Inclusion and democracy, 2000) are the key authors of this particular reconstruction. They describe civil society as a pluralistic and conflictual domain in which different collective political identities collide. This open, democratic confrontation is the most important characteristic of modern civil society. Secondly, the essay deals closely with some aspects of political theory: it seeks to define the democratic space of this struggle. How can these new subjectivities, resulting from the public arenas of civil society, democratically battle and compete with each other? The work of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe (Hegemony and socialist strategy, 1985) attempts to suggest a possible response by envisioning a new political space wherein such a public battlefield can legitimately exist.
This research points out two fundamental functions of modern civil society: first, civil society defines a field of creation and expansion of a new conception of “the political;” second, it develops public attitudes of ordinary citizens by promoting the principle of political participation in contemporary democracies. In order to highlight the centrality of civil society in democratic theory, this work attempts to answer two basic questions. To begin with, it examines how to uphold “the return of the political” (Mouffe 1993) in current democracy: what conceptions of civil society and democratic space are viable in order to support the return of the political? Consequently, the second issue concerns the idea of democratic legitimacy: is it possible to create a new concept of legitimacy able to measure the political potential of existing democracy? Discussing civil society and radical democracy necessitates confronting these crucial questions."

"Анализ вопроса о том, как британская армия выполняла функцию "имперской полиции" в 1920-е гг., и как это отразилось на ее подготовке ко Второй мировой войне.
The analysis of question, how the British army performed the "imperial police" function in the 1920s, and how it influenced its preparations for the Second World War."

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http://www.amazon.com/dp/1468005685

Prof Zeki Velidi Togan, 
Memoirs: National Existence and Cultural Struggles of Turkistan and Other Muslim Eastern Turks [Paperback]  (2011)
Full Text translation form the 1969 original.
Available from http://Amazon.com books
This work needs to be read as a manual of governance in practice. It does not
venture heavily into theory, as it concentrates on how large-scale applications of
governance are conducted. In addition, the author was one of those practitioners who interacted and bargained with Lenin, Stalin, Trotsky and the rest of the Soviet and Bolshevik luminaries of his own time for Baskurdistan and Turkistan. It can be read profitably in the context of anti-colonialism, Sub-altern studies, Russian and Soviet studies. He presents the issues on world-wide bases.
Ahmet Zeki Velidi Togan (1890-1970) provides the details of his pursuits and environment in his own words. As he points out, in his own preface, he was not content to solely depend on his memory or even notes; he made use of secondary sources and collective recollections of his colleagues, especially to verify the political events.



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"On the establishment of the Democratic Party of Aturpatakan (1945-1946)

In the end of World War II Democratic Party of Azerbaijan was created under the immediate interference of USSR. Due to it USSR tried to give birth to separation movement in Iranian Azerbaijan. Research paper touches upon the problems of the existence and functioning of the party as well as the sides standing behind it."