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According to the accepted reading, Gramsci’s notion of ideology arises more from Lenin than from Marx, since it is neutral and descriptive rather than critical. In this paper, however, we show this argument to be incorrect. To reach to... more
According to the accepted reading, Gramsci’s notion of ideology arises
more from Lenin than from Marx, since it is neutral and descriptive rather than critical. In this paper, however, we show this argument to be incorrect. To reach to this conclusion we shall argue that: A) the notion of ideology as β€œfalse consciousness” results from a simplification made by Engels, whereas the concept of ideology, as it is elaborated by Marx and Engels in the 1840s, is much more multifaceted; B) the concept of ideology includes in fact the ability to substitute the real social praxis with an imaginary one. As such, the notion of ideology implies also that its critique cannot be reduced to a mere theoretical β€œunveiling”, but rather it must consist in the political, practical production of a real substitute for the imaginary one; and C) the conclusion is that only Gramsci, among Marxists, grasped the complexity of the notion of ideology and developed it in a consistent manner as a synonym for a process of truth/reality constitution.
Norman Geras made a number of contributions to Marxist thought. Among them are two articles he wrote as a contribution to the β€œMarx and Morality”-debates: β€œThe Controversy About Marx and Justice” in 1985; and β€œBringing Marx to Justice: A... more
Norman Geras made a number of contributions to Marxist thought. Among them are two articles he wrote as a contribution to the β€œMarx and Morality”-debates: β€œThe Controversy About Marx and Justice” in 1985; and β€œBringing Marx to Justice: A Rejoinder and Addendum” in 1992. They both set out to argue, with admirable clarity, depth and rigour, that Karl Marx had, or must have had, a theory of justice, either explicitly or implicitly, on which at least some part of his critique of capitalism rested, over and above well-known commitments to human flourishing and freedom. The contribution these have made to Marxist thought is beyond dispute: jointly they are both the definitive summary of the arguments on either side of the debate and the best summary presentation of the arguments for the position he defends. This paper examines and challenges these arguments, arguing that they do not in fact succeed in providing a good case for reading Marx as having, or needing, a theory of justice.

Although textually well-founded, many of the arguments Geras presents are far from definitive; the argument they provide is circumstantial and limited at best. Ultimately, his strongest non-circumstantial case is the evidence provided by Marx’s repeated descriptions of capitalist accumulation in terms of β€˜theft’, β€˜robbery’, and so forth. The question then becomes to what extent such descriptions ought to be read as committing Marx to an ethically laden theory of justice. I argue that in these instances Marx may be read in at least two ways such that these passages make sense and do significant work without necessarily committing Marx to a theory of justice – something Marx himself repeatedly and vociferously repudiates.

Whether one (or both) of these alternative readings is to be accepted, or whether Geras’s is to be preferred, comes down to Marx’s practice concerning, and perhaps also his conception of, language, or at least language-use. Geras’s reading presupposes that only with a principle of justice specified antecedently such that it has clear, coherent and determinate content could Marx have been able to characterize capitalist appropriation in terms of 'theft' and its cognates. There are four reasons to doubt that this is accurate as a reading of Marx’s conception and usage of language: (1) there is little or no direct evidence that Marx held, or took himself to hold, such a view of language and/or language-use; (2) his use of evaluative concepts in e.g. his earlier critiques of capitalism is hard to square with this conception; (3) this view of language and language-use does not cohere as well with Marx's theory of praxis or his general conception of the connections between concepts, modes of thought and their natural, social and cultural contexts; and (4) the more fluid and indeterminate conception of language and language-use my alternative readings imply, its connections to human practical activity and the needs and interests inherent therein, and the resulting thesis about the revisability of language, all seem to cohere better with Marx's consistent emphasis on developing the concepts one employs to understand an aspect of reality such that they are best able to match the β€˜real movements’ of the object of study, rather than setting up an antecedently defined framework which the objects of study are then subsequently analysed and/or evaluated in terms of.
Research Interests:
Alcune note sul confronto tra me e Ernesto Screpanti su individualismo istituzionale e teoria del "Capitale". Apparso originariamente su www.dantes17.wordpress.com nel dicembre 2013.
Pubblicato su "Il Rasoio di Occam", MicroMega Online, il 20/11/2014. Ernesto Screpanti sostiene che una teoria marxista della societΓ , per dirsi scientifica, debba assumere l’individualismo istituzionale quale criterio metodologico. In... more
Pubblicato su "Il Rasoio di Occam", MicroMega Online, il 20/11/2014.
Ernesto Screpanti sostiene che una teoria marxista della societΓ , per dirsi scientifica, debba assumere l’individualismo istituzionale quale criterio metodologico. In questo modo si corre tuttavia il rischio di non riuscire a spiegare fenomeni complessi in societΓ , come quelle capitalistiche, in cui la riproduzione della struttura sociale avviene attraverso meccanismi di dominio impersonale.
Bloomsbury 2013; P/b 2015
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O trabalho tem o objetivo apresentar e discutir as principais interpretaΓ§Γ΅es marxistas sobre a crise econΓ΄mica atual. Iniciada em 2007, a crise provocou uma retomada do debate marxista sobre o fenΓ΄meno, com diversos estudos que destacam... more
O trabalho tem o objetivo apresentar e discutir as principais interpretaΓ§Γ΅es marxistas sobre a crise econΓ΄mica atual. Iniciada em 2007, a crise provocou uma retomada do debate marxista sobre o fenΓ΄meno, com diversos estudos que destacam alguns elementos fundamentais do processo de acumulaΓ§Γ£o de capital, exposto por Marx em O Capital. O artigo concentra-se em trΓͺs interpretaΓ§Γ΅es: a teoria do subconsumo, a teoria associada Γ  queda da taxa de lucro e a teoria da β€œfinanceirizaΓ§Γ£o” da economia mundial. A nova versΓ£o do subconsumismo pode ser encontrada nos trabalhos de John Bellamy Foster e Fred Magdoff, editores da revista Monthly Review. A visΓ£o que associa a crise atual Γ  queda da taxa de lucro encontra novos argumentos no trabalho de Andrew Kliman. O papel das β€œfinanΓ§as” no capitalismo contemporΓ’neo e a crise atual sΓ£o destacados por autores como FranΓ§ois Chesnais e Costas Lapavitsas. Ao final, o trabalho apresenta os limites teΓ³ricos das anΓ‘lises marxistas para a compreensΓ£o do fenΓ΄meno da crise atual, apoiando-se em Marx e no estudo do conteΓΊdo e da causa da crise no modo de produΓ§Γ£o capitalista.
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In Hegel’s β€œtheory of spirit” – differentiated and institutionalized in our contemporary disciplinary fields as psychology, sociology and political science – the initial conceptual moment in the development of individuality, before the... more
In Hegel’s β€œtheory of spirit” – differentiated and institutionalized in our contemporary disciplinary fields as psychology, sociology and political science – the initial conceptual moment in the development of individuality, before the subject can determine or give itself specific cognitive and social content, the individual takes an initial simple but also abstract appearance of β€œbeing-for-self”. This essay explores the "emergence" of the modern individual in Hegel's work.
A problemΓ‘tica da classe social vem sendo descurada desde hΓ‘ algum tempo a esta parte. No entanto, a sua existΓͺncia enquanto condiΓ§Γ£o objectiva e os diversos habitus daΓ­ resultantes providenciam material suficiente para uma abordagem... more
A problemΓ‘tica da classe social vem sendo descurada desde hΓ‘ algum tempo a esta parte. No entanto, a sua existΓͺncia enquanto condiΓ§Γ£o objectiva e os diversos habitus daΓ­ resultantes providenciam material
suficiente para uma abordagem antropolΓ³gica da classe social nas condiΓ§Γ΅es especΓ­ficas engendradas pela pΓ³s-modernidade. Procura-se efectuar, neste artigo, uma revisΓ£o da literatura concernente ao tema estudado, propondo-se uma complementaridade analΓ­tica entre a perspectiva marxista e a weberiana na interpretaΓ§Γ£o dos fenΓ³menos sociais de classe atravΓ©s do conceito de habitus, fornecido por Pierre Bourdieu. Pretende-se, alΓ©m disso, defender o estudo desta problemΓ‘tica atravΓ©s do conceito de comunidade de trabalho, dado que este Γ© essencial para a articulaΓ§Γ£o dos estudos de classe com a antropologia. Conclui-se que entre a comunidade de trabalho, enquanto universo simbΓ³lico e material especΓ­fico, no qual se movimentam os actores sociais, e a identidade de classe, existe uma relaΓ§Γ£o de intensa proximidade e que o enfraquecimento da identidade de classe na pΓ³s-modernidade Γ© resultado directo da representaΓ§Γ£o a-ideolΓ³gica da sua ideologia, da reorganizaΓ§Γ£o pΓ³s-moderna do capital e das novas formas de exploraΓ§Γ£o do trabalho que conduzem, por sua vez, a um enfraquecimento da comunidade de trabalho.
A sociedade ocidental, que conseguiu expandir o seu modelo e lΓ³gica societal para todo o mundo, assenta na centralidade do trabalho, enquanto actividade que estrutura e subordina todas as outras. Desta forma, o tempo de trabalho... more
A sociedade ocidental, que conseguiu expandir o seu modelo e lΓ³gica societal para todo o mundo, assenta na centralidade do trabalho, enquanto actividade que estrutura e subordina todas as outras. Desta forma, o tempo de trabalho constitui-se tambΓ©m como tempo central e subordinador na lΓ³gica social capitalista, tempo do qual todos os outros dependem. Neste artigo procuro, em primeiro lugar, desmistificar as noΓ§Γ΅es jΓ‘ naturalizadas da centralidade do trabalho e do tempo de trabalho, com exemplos histΓ³ricos e etnogrΓ‘ficos de diferentes formas de apreender o tempo, que demonstram a submissΓ£o do trabalho e do seu tempo Γ  lΓ³gica social e cultural das populaΓ§Γ΅es. Seguidamente procuro analisar a separaΓ§Γ£o entre tempo de trabalho e tempo de nΓ£o trabalho que, no interior de uma economia de livre mercado, corresponde Γ  separaΓ§Γ£o entre trabalho e vida. Por fim vou procurar compreender a forma como as pessoas subvertem a ordem do tempo que lhes Γ© imposta pelo capital, procurando alternativas Γ s injunΓ§Γ΅es ideolΓ³gicas da ocupaΓ§Γ£o do tempo livre que focam no consumo ou no repouso. A conclusΓ£o a que chego Γ© a de que as pessoas procedem a um reordenamento do tempo atravΓ©s, paradoxalmente, da actividade fΓ­sica e intelectual.
sebuah buku politik pemikiran Tan Malaka menuju idea Republik Indonesia
The End of the Corporations (EoC) presents an analysis of the state of the global economy from an unconventional, anti capitalistic point of view. EoC traces the global crisis since 2007, as well as the political and... more
        The End of the Corporations (EoC) presents an analysis of the state of the global economy from an unconventional, anti capitalistic point of view.
          EoC traces the global crisis since 2007, as well as the political and social changes in the U.S. and the rest of the world. Additionally, it examines the facts and laws that give light to how the crisis came about and where it is headed. It is a true response to the trains of thought of acclaimed economists, such as P. Krugman, J. Stiglitz, and N. Roubini.
Research Interests:
Finance, Economic History, Economic Sociology, Economics, Development Economics, and 101 moreedit
An essay exploring how the confluence of corporate interest with technological advancement/media saturation has produced a new version of alienation. It is suggested that the alienated subject might find opportunities for solidarity and... more
An essay exploring how the confluence of corporate interest with technological advancement/media saturation has produced a new version of alienation.  It is suggested that the alienated subject might find opportunities for solidarity and resistance through empathy, and that empathy, in the cyber-age, might be enabled by the "corporate organism" that profits off of the production of alienation.
long joint work with Nancy Lindisfarne, 2014
2004 - a history of neoliberalism
(1988) The Russians leave
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(1981) At the beginning of the Russian invasion
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