Cartography

This handbook aims to offer a technical and pedagogical support to students, teaching and technical staff who share our interest for using methods of spatial analysis and would like to use R in their work. It includes the dataset required for the exercices and can be used as a pedagogical support.

Un manuel pour s'initier et se perfectionner dans l'utilisation de R pour le traitement de l'information géographique.

Despite the English policy of secrecy, the news on Francis Drake’s circumnavigation travel was disseminated and fostered by foreign nations. In this article, we analyse the images of the corsair and his voyage across the Pacific in the Golden Age of Spanish Literature, as well as their representations in cartography, both for propaganda purposes and as an instrument of geographical knowledge production.

Pese a quedar en secreto por la diplomacia inglesa, las noticias del viaje de circunnavegación de Francis Drake fueron difundidas y alimentadas por las naciones extranjeras. En este artículo analizamos las imágenes del corsario y de su paso por el océano Pacífico en la literatura española del Siglo de Oro, así como sus representaciones en la cartografía, como elemento de propaganda y de elaboración del conocimiento geográfico.

Durante el interregno neogranadino, Francisco José de Caldas jugaría un importante papel para lograr la legitimación del nuevo orden político en la Provincia de Antioquia a través del uso y la enseñanza formal de la cartografía aplicada a la estrategia militar. En la Gazeta Ministerial de la República de Antioquia se publicó la propuesta que tenían los ilustrados para la profesionalización de su ejército, representada en la creación de la Academia de Ingenieros Militares. La fortificación de la frontera sur, los logros de la Maestranza de Artillería y las actividades de la Academia, procesos dirigidos por Caldas, tuvieron una notable influencia en la prensa, planteando serios cuestionamientos al Gobierno General de las Provincias Unidas, a la vez que promovían la salida militar, en lugar de la jurídica, como alternativa para defender la causa de la independencia.

In this piece, I amplify Kenneth Burke’s description of Paterson as a Baedeker guide with an understanding of Deleuze’s and Guattari’s “rhizomic” map. The rhizome describes an anti-hierarchical organization of knowledge that maps productive intersections between seemingly disparate ideas and things. I argue that we can understand William Carlos Williams’ book-length poem, Paterson as an act of rhizomic mapping, made from the materials of Paterson’s history, the voices of its residents, as well as the poet’s imaginations of the place. To read Paterson through this lens allows us to understand Williams’ call for a “new line” in a new way—not only in terms of his call for an American poetic vernacular, but in terms of his philosophical commitments to create poetry that challenges the “order, perfect and controlled / on which empires, alas, are built” (Paterson 178).

The text makes a seriation of Jesuit maps containing visual and written information about the priests of the Society of Jesus who were killed in America between 1612 and the expulsion of the Order in the second half of the 18th Century. For the Jesuits, such deaths have occurred in the name of the Christian faith and the deceased were considered as martyrs. Since its early centuries, Christendom triggered continually the idea that the blood of martyrs had the power to consecrate the territory, converting unholy lterritory into sacred lands where Christianity could florish. The text shows how this idea has been used by the Jesuits as part of their strategies for the occupation of the American territory, and that part of this discourse circulated in cartographic format. It identifies types and forms of representations of martyrs in the maps: images that refer to the apostolic vocation of the Company and its priests, to the delimitation of borders with other religious orders, to the demarcation of boundaries with areas dominated by Indians, to the definition of boundaries between different colonial powers. It also reveals that such traces of blood in the territory were used even after the expulsion of the Society from America , both as priests in exile by Spanish settlers in the demarcation of borders with Brazil .

Collection of articles, edited by Bernd Renner and Phillip John Usher, by top specialists in the field including François Rigolot, Frank Lestringant, David Laguardia, Elisabeth Hodges, Daniel Ménager, Jean Céard, and many others. Book realized in honor of the amazing work and dedication of the wonderful Tom Conley.

There is a high need of accurate and applicable ways for assessment of ecosystems‟ condition and the possible results of their interactions with social systems. Still, the generation and interpretation of quantitative data for ecosystem service analysis is not well established. Ecosystem service analyses demand an interdisciplinary approach that integrates knowledge with high variety and manifold verifications of models and data. Maps seem to be the most preferable tool for the visualization of results being a comprehensive and intuitive tool for communication with decision makers and open public. The following chapter presents an application and verification of an approach for quantification of flood regulating ecosystem services by using results from the watershed hydrological model KINEROS and the AGWA tool (Nedkov and Burkhard 2012). It is applied in six watersheds - three in Bulgaria and three in Arizona, USA, in order to check its re-liability in different case studies with differing geographic characteristics. The model results are used to define the capacities of the land cover classes in the different watersheds and to prepare flood regulating supply capacity maps. Capacities for flood regulation differ within the case studies and their land cover classes. Still, forests show generally high capacities in both Bulgaria and Arizona, while grasslands and pastures in Bulgaria show higher capacities for flood regulation than in Arizona. The maps can provide valuable information for sustainable environmental management.

The present paper will examine many of the problems and characteristics that a cartographer should consider when starting the preparation of a 3D map of any kind and particularly one used in architectural applications. Moreover, it will present problems of perception as an important factor in selecting appropriate techniques and methods for conveying cartographic information in a more contemporary form, like 3D mapping. The wide range of applications of 3D maps will be reviewed in order to justify their potential for a mass entry into the modern world. In addition, the fundamental principles of 3D modelling and its application for mapping purposes will be presented. The principles and methods for creating a 3D vector map with application in 3D GIS and their characteristics, as well as precision and application for architecture will be examined. The paper will also consider the advantages and disadvantages of photorealistic representation.

The main aim of this paper is to perform a review of the methodological procedures for the modeling of socio-environmental vulnerability using geotechnologies and present case studies in selected areas in Brazil and Portugal. The study of vulnerability is based on GIS and Statistics, using factor analysis and principal component analysis for aggregation of statistical socioeconomic and environmental variables derived from census. The main factors with high vulnerability in counties of State of Sao Paulo – Brazil were related to the population concentration in urban areas such as high birth, crime and poverty and also rural exodus and some precarious condition of accommodation in the cities. In Central Region of Portugal vulnerability factors associated with economic contraction appeared, con- firming that the country is facing the consequences of low birth rate and aging population. The model showed results consistent with the reality of most counties studied and will be improved in the way of a standardization of the analysis between the two countries, hoping to contribute with plan- ners and public administrators in the studied regions and in other similar situations regarding the vulnerability and risks.
Keywords: Geothecnologies, Risks Cartography, Socio-Environmental Vulnerability

The representation area in thematic cartography has as one of its methods the graphic sociology, which rests on the system of signs and meanings guided by the reading of the space at different levels of analysis, as the level of the question and the reading level. These levels can be ap- plied to different methods of spatial representations. The reading space in the question level allows the reader of the representation establish the read- ing of the geographic space presented in two forms: the level of detail ques- tion and the level of global question. The first allows answers to questions such as "what place?  what's there?", while the second allows answer for the question “in what place is this data value?”. The reading space on the upper level requires the reader a spatial analysis, in what should be done a corre- lation between different thematic values presented by representation in different localities. With the purpose of observing these different levels of spatial reading using different representations, this work presents the results of a practice held in a public school located in the county of Santa Gertrudes (State of São Pau- lo), with sixty-one students of the 3rd year of high school, aged 17 years. The practice held sought to establish how students interact with the reading of a geographic space represented by multiple representations graphics and cartographics – column charts, anamorphosis maps, coropleth maps – and also establish what levels of question reading and of upper reading were performed by these students in their interaction with the representations used. The content used in practice has consisted of developing multiple spa- tial representations (column charts, anamorphosis maps, coropleth maps) of the same geographic theme proposed by the teacher: the indigenous population of Latin America.The results of this practice showed that 65% of students used only one rep- resentation to answer the exercises, while the remaining 35% used multiple representations. Among the students who used the multiple representa- tions, the practice has disclosed that 65% of them answered correctly the exercise that required the level of global question, while 82% of students answered correctly the exercises that required a reading level of detail ques- tion and an upper reading of the presented informations. These results show that most students who participated in the practice performed did not use multiple representations, and among students who used multiple repre- sentations, the reading level of the global question was the one in which students had more reading difficulty. We can conclude that it is extremely important the encouragement of the use of multiple representations since the Elementary School, in order that students can to develop better this level of reading, what may provide a bet- ter reading of geographical space. Considering that each type of representation values a certain level of read- ing space disadvantaging another one, the teacher should indicate to stu- dents what types of representations are more suitable in every context.
Keywords: Multiple representations, Reading Space, Basic education

Distribuzione dei centri minori della Toscana senese e grossetana. In  R. Farinelli - M. Ginatempo, 2013, «I centri minori della Toscana senese e grossetana», in «I centri minori della toscana nel Medioevo : Atti del Convegno internazionale di studi (Figline Valdarno, 23-24 ottobre 2009)», pp. 137-192. (p. 156)

Questa carta è stata realizzata grazie la lavoro di georeferenziazione dei dati pubblicati nel volume Klapisch-Zuber C., 1983, Una carta del popolamento toscano negli anni 1427 - 1430, Franco Angeli, Milano. I confini dello Stato Fiorentino sono stati ricostruiti sulla base di Connell W.J., Zorzi A., 2000, Florentine Tuscany: Structures and Practices of Power, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; S.K. Cohn, 1999, Creating the Florentine State: peasants and rebellion, 1348-1434, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; Klapisch-Zuber C., 1983, [carta allegata].

The article describes possibilities of the eye-tracking technology utilisation to evaluate user perception and cognition of maps and other cartographic methods of geographic data visualization.
The introduction briefly depictures the usability study, domains where it can be used and what methods of usability studies exist. Furthermore, the contribution examines in detail the most objective of these techniques – the eye-tracking, a technology for precise determination of the monitored users gaze, duration of their fixations and transitions between them, etc. This knowledge helps to optimize and adjust the examined product so that their using or reading is as easy as possible.
The paper describes the history of eye-tracking technology, three methods of gaze tracking, principles upon which they operate and options of eye-tracking data visualization. It provides a comprehensive introduction of the eye-tracking issue and prospects of its further development in cartography and geography. Eye-tracking data analyses can help to evaluate the quality of the map composition, map keys and map design, and thus define the methodology for creating maps that will correspond to the user’s requirements.

Using ethnographic data collected in Hong Kong, this paper will discuss the experience of verticality in relation to digital and paper map-use and navigation. It will examine the ways in which map-users and readers filter the information depicted in digital maps through their own sensory knowledge – melding the two into a hybrid of cartographic and experiential knowledge.

Hong Kong is often dubbed the most vertical city in the world, with over 1200 skyscrapers surrounded by steep mountains. It is also a highly pedestrianized city, traversed over multiple levels and connected by lifts, escalators, stairs, bridges and tunnels.

However, while the landscape of Hong Kong is vertical, the imaginary of Hong Kong maps remain flat. Despite recent attempts to represent Hong Kong as a three-dimensional, vertical city by using multi-level diagrams, 3D buildings and topographical layers, vertical navigation in the city is poorly-served by current mapping technology. Layers disappear at certain scales, GPS signals fail in high density, routes ignore inclines and stairs and the flow between public and private space, while crucial to maintaining urban movement, is left largely unconsidered.

This paper argues that, in Hong Kong, the reading of the map and the reading of the landscape is performed through a unique practice of filtering. This practice simultaneously takes into account the flatness of the map, as well as the visual and experiential data of nearby escalators, shopping centres, variegated terracing, overhead walkways and underground passages. Furthermore, this kind of reading particularly brings forth a distinctly vertical navigational imaginary that not only focuses on backwards, forwards, left or right, but also up and down.