Ecology

Sustainable Development and Sustainability: Landscape Approach as a Practical Interpretation of Principles and Implementation Concepts The situation for governors and managers of natural resources has increased in complexity. Previously it was enough to sustain the yields of wood, food and energy. Today, maintenance of ecosystem services, conservation of biodiversity, rural development and human wellbeing are new additional objectives. At the same time there are new risks and uncertainties linked to climate change, economic globalisation, energy security and water supply. Consequently, adaptive and holistic research, governance and management are needed. Landscape is a concept and framework that can be used as an approach to enhance implementation of policies about sustainable development as a societal process and sustainability as outcomes on the ground. For our analysis to define the landscape approach we used a hierarchical framework consisting of principles, concepts and initiat...

Wildfire ignition distribution models are powerful tools for predicting the probability of ignitions across broad areas, and identifying their drivers. Several approaches have been used for ignition-distribution modelling, yet the performance of different model types has not been compared. This is unfortunate, given that conceptually similar species-distribution models exhibit pronounced differences among model types. Therefore, our goal was to compare the predictive performance, variable importance and the spatial patterns of predicted ignition-probabilities of three ignition-distribution model types: one parametric, statistical model (Generalised Linear Models, GLM) and two machine-learning algorithms (Random Forests and Maximum Entropy, Maxent). We parameterised the models using 16 years of ignitions data and environmental data for the Huron–Manistee National Forest in Michigan, USA. Random Forests and Maxent had slightly better prediction accuracies than did GLM, but model fit w...

El día 1 de Mayo de 2019 el Papa Francisco firmaba la Carta para el encuentro "Economy of Francesco" a celebrar en Asís del 26 al 28 de Marzo de 2020. Este libro es, ni más ni menos, que la premonición de esa iniciativa. Tenemos aquí resumidas, relatadas y fundamentadas las consecuencias y los fundamentos de esa idea. En el texto colaboran profesores de 6 países coordinados por José Pérez Adán, uno de los principales divulgadores de la Socioeconomía en lengua castellana. Los autores representan una variedad de perspectivas y enfoques. Además de la Socioeconomía, la Antropología, la Teoría Económica, la Sociología y el Derecho, resultando un texto pluridisciplinar aunado en torno al concepto de Salud Social, tal y como lo presentó Pérez Adán en su obra del mismo título publicada en 1999.

The  commentary  critically  addresses  Emanuele  Leonardi's  arguments  as  exposed  in Lavoro Natura  Valore –André  Gorz  tra  marxismo  e  decrescita(Orthotes,  2017). In  particular,  it  fo-cuses  on  the  relationship  between  social  and  ecological  crisis,  as  well  as  on the  link  between traditional workers' movements and new forms of ecological activism.
KEYWORDS:
Social justice, post-capitalism, entropic labor, green jobs, general intellect
https://www.openstarts.units.it/handle/10077/24725
https://www.openstarts.units.it/bitstream/10077/24725/3/08-ALLEGRI.pdf

Effect of abiotic factors viz, as soil type, soil pH and soil moisture on attachment of endospores of Pasteuria penetrans to second stage juveniles of root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita was studied. Spore attachment and number of spores attached per juvenile to be increased when soil moisture was high (90%). Sandy loam soil showed 97.5 per cent spore attachment and was found more suitable than other soil types. Soil pH of 5.0-7.0 was suitable for spore attachment on juveniles and extreme alkaline and acidic pH were found to reduce spore attachment on juveniles.

The spatial relationship between predator and prey is often conceptualized as a behavioral response race, in which prey avoid predators while predators track prey. Limiting habitat types can create spatial anchors for prey or predators, influencing the likelihood that the predator or prey response will dominate. Joint spatial anchors emerge when predator and prey occupy similar feeding habitat domains and risk and reward become spatially conflated, confusing predictions of which player will win the space race. These spatial dynamics of risk-foraging trade-offs are often obscured by habitat heterogeneity and community complexity in large vertebrate systems, fueling ambiguity regarding the generality of predictions from predator prey theory. To test how habitat distribution influences the predator-prey space race, we examine correlation in puma and vicu~ na habitat selection and space use at two sites, one of which generates a distinct risk-foraging trade-off at a joint spatial anchor. The distribution of vegetation, which serves as both forage for vicu~ nas and stalking cover for pumas, differs between the sites; the llano contains a single central meadow that acts as a joint spatial anchor, while the canyon is characterized by more heterogeneous vegetation. Puma-vicu~ na habitat selection correlation was positive in the llano and negative in the canyon, and similarly, utilization distributions were more strongly correlated in the llano than the canyon. Vicu~ na locations occurred at higher values of puma habitat selection and utilization in the llano than in the canyon. Similarly, puma locations in the llano occurred at higher values of vicu~ na habitat selection and utilization than in the canyon. Although pumas consistently selected for and utilized vege-tative and topographic cover regardless of habitat distribution, vicu~ nas only selected against vegetation in the heterogeneous canyon site, reducing spatial correlation with pumas. Our work suggests a joint spatial anchor favors pumas in the space race due to the inability for vicu~ nas to avoid crucial foraging habitat. The outcome of the predator-prey space race appears to be strongly informed by the distribution of habitat, whereby corresponding predictability of predator and prey favors predators in the spatial game.

RESUMEN. Los ortópteros comúnmente conocidos como chapulines, saltamontes y langostas se agrupan en la superfamilia Acridoidea. Son de gran importancia agrícola pues suelen hospedar y alimentarse de arvenses, arbustos y cultivos. Los estados con mayor daño por plaga son aquellos cuya altitud es mayor a 2000 m, como es el caso de Michoacán; causando pérdidas en cultivos básicos como maíz, frijol y calabaza. La distribución de los chapulines depende de la disposición y preferencia de alimento. Existen pocos estudios en México sobre la diversidad de poblaciones de acridoideos. Se determinó la distribución y diversidad de las poblaciones de chapulín presentes en cultivos de maíz, con sistema monocultivo y milpa. Se muestrearon dos parcelas con cada tipo de manejo en tres sitios diferentes, realizando capturas dentro y fuera del cultivo. Las colectas se realizaron de julio a noviembre. Se colectaron 2806 ejemplares de chapulín con 18 morfoespecies, las cuales se identificaron utilizando claves taxonómicas. La abundancia, riqueza y diversidad de chapulines fueron mayores en las áreas marginales de los cultivos; la abundancia fue superior en la milpa, la riqueza y la diversidad de especies fue mayor en el monocultivo. La especie que predominó en los agroecosistemas fue Sphenarium purpurascens Charpentier (1845). Palabras clave: Ortópteros, diversidad de poblaciones, maíz. Distribution and diversity of grasshoppers in maize agroecosystems of the Pátzcuaro Lake basin ABSTRACT. The orthoptera commonly known as grasshoppers and locusts are grouped in the superfamily Acridoidea. They are of great agricultural importance because they usually host and feed on weeds, shrubs and crops. The states with greater damages by plague are those whose altitude is higher than 2000 m, as is the case of Michoacán; causing losses in basic crops such as corn, beans and squash. Grasshoppers distribution depends on the disposition and preference of food. There exist a few studies in Mexico about the Acridoidea populations diversity. The distribution and diversity of grasshopper populations present in corn crops, with monoculture system and milpa, was determined. Two plots were sampled with each type of management in three different sites, making captures inside and outside the crop. The collections were made from July to November. 2806 specimens of grasshoppers were collected with 18 different morphospecies, which were identified using taxonomic keys. The abundance, richness and diversity of grasshoppers were greater in the marginal areas of crops; abundance was higher in the milpa, species richness and diversity were higher in the monoculture. The predominant species in the agroecosystems was Sphenarium purpurascens Charpentier (1845).

Abstract. During the present research, the predatory efficiency of nymphs of six coexisting odonate species i.e., I. elegans, T. aurora, P. flavescens, L. fulva, S. decoloratum and C. servilia was studied by using the 3rd instar larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus as prey. Among the odonate species, there was observed variation in the daily feeding rate. The highest number of mosquito larvae was ingested by the P. flavescens nymph (47.0 ± 5.1 mosquito larvae/day). The predation performance of the odonate nymph was also compared between the day and night times. The feeding rate of nymphs of most odonate species was significantly higher during the daytime as compared to night-time (P ≤ 0.05). During the present research, feeing rates of odonate nymphs on Cx. quinquefasciatus 3rd instar larvae were also studied under varied condition of prey and predator density and water volume. Feeding rate of nymphs of each odonate species was positively correlated with increase in predator and prey density but was negatively correlated with increase in water volume. During the present research, odonate nymphs i.e., I. elegans, T. aurora and P. flavescens were exposed to various concentration of NH4+ and NO3– in the laboratory for seven days. Nymph of P. flavescens species was found least sensitive to both, NH4+ and NO3–. From the findings of the present research it was concluded that P. flavescens species is more efficient predator of Cx. quinquefasciatus 3rd instar larvae and is highly resistant to increasing water level of NH4+ and NO3. Keywords: damselfly, dragonfly, predation, feeding rate, ammonium, nitrate

ABSTRACT Fishery science and management are concerned with both positive, what happens in a fishery system, and normative, what management should do, questions. Rarely are normative criteria discussed as openly and transparently as the positive techniques and assumptions. Instead, normative criteria are often held implicitly, and often goals, and objectives are defined without careful thought about the normative criteria from which such goals, and objectives derive. Management involves three components: system attributes and dynamics, management options and goals and objectives that stem from normative criteria by which outcomes are judged. There is a need to consider normative frameworks and criteria carefully because normative criteria are intrinsic to any management process. This paper motivates the need to consider normative frameworks and criteria carefully, explores issues associated with developing normative frameworks and criteria that articulate positive science, discusses specific issues to consider when developing normative frameworks for recreational fisheries and provides the bioeconomic framework as an example of a normative framework useful for recreational fisheries.

A afirmação da grandeza de tudo o que constitui a natureza, e a necessidade de nos concebermos numa relação de igualdade e respeito em relação a ela, é o tema dos Contos da Mata dos Medos. Nesta série de quatro narrativas, publicada entre 2003 e 2010, Álvaro Magalhães concilia o seu modo de ver a infância com ética animal, ecologia e consciência ambiental. O autor, partindo de personagens-animais que ilustram a biodiversidade de uma área do litoral do concelho de Almada (distrito de Lisboa), celebra a natureza e convida-nos a assumir perspectivas e comportamentos ecocêntricos. O Coelho, o Ouriço, o Chapim, a Toupeira, a Coruja ou o Caracol não têm como única função explicar o Homem. Estes animais aparecem-nos como seres que têm a sua dignidade própria e direito à vida como qualquer ser humano. Dotados de características próprias, eles procuram sobreviver num ambiente natural que lhes satisfaz todas as necessidades biológicas e oferece todos os bens materiais e espirituais, mas que, por ação do Homem, pode ser profundamente hostil.

Докладът анализира резултатите от проведен практически експеримент - мебел от пластмасови опаковки. Отчитайки насоките на кръговата икономика са разгледани възможностите за вменяването на определена вторична функция, отнесена към РЕтектурата, още при първоначалното проектиране на пластмасовите опаковки
The report analyzes the results of a practical experiment - furniture made of plastic packaging. Taking into account the directions of the circular economy, the possibilities for assigning a certain secondary function, related to the REtecure, have been considered in the initial design of the plastic packaging

Articles Les Inuit face aux changements climatiques et environnementaux La résurgence de chocs cosmopolitiques ? FRÉDÉRIC LAUGRAND Résumés Français English Español L'auteur propose une lecture anthropologique et critique de quelques débats actuels sur l'écologie et les enjeux environnementaux dans l'Arctique canadien. Il montre qu'à partir du moment où la société moderne ne reconnaît plus que sa légitimité découle de sources transcendantes, elle tend à y substituer ses propres valeurs, ce qu'elle effectue par l'intermédiaire de dispositifs éthique et juridique qu'elle souhaite aujourd'hui imposer aux populations locales. Dans le contexte des débats sur le réchauffement climatique, la transcendance de la science écologique et du droit paraît de plus en plus évidente, mais les politiques qui en résultent suscitent des résistances locales, donnant lieu à des chocs cosmopolitiques. ``

The author presents a critical anthropological reading of some current debates regarding ecological and environmental issues in the Canadian Arctic. When modern society ceases to acknowledge the transcendental source of its legitimacy, it tends to substitute its own values and to impose them upon local populations by way of ethical and legal frameworks. Within the context of ongoing debates on climate warming, it is becoming more and more evident that Ecology and Law are acquiring a transcendental nature and that the policies they foster are giving rise to local resistance, thus creating the issue of a "cosmopolitical shock."

El autor propone una lectura antropológica y crítica de algunos debates actuales sobre la ecología y los desafíos medioambientales en el Ártico Canadiense. Él demuestra que a partir del momento en que la sociedad moderna ya no reconoce que su legitimidad deriva de fuentes trascendentes, esta tiende a sustituir sus propios valores, lo que realiza a través de medios ético y jurídico que desea imponer actualmente a las poblaciones locales. En el contexto de los debates sobre el calentamiento, la trascendencia de la ciencia ecológica y del derecho parece cada vez más evidente aunque estas políticas provocan resistencias locales, dando lugar a choques cosmopolíticos.