Penal System

Sobre a prevenção ao coronavírus, as vozes são uníssonas: fiquem em casa. Mas e quando se está preso? Neste texto publicado no ESTADÃO, Raquel Rosa e Thais Pinhata falam sobre a situação das pessoas encarceradas no Brasil diante da pandemia do novo coronavírus.

Penal systems of Scandinavian countries, including Sweden, have developed a specific approach to punishment and punishing and a unique attitude of the society towards the perpetrators of criminal offences. As a rich welfare state with a high level of social cohesion, Sweden has a remarkably humane, but, still exceptionally efficient prison system and a well-organized network of aftercare treatments. Knowing that Sweden has a relatively low crime and recidivism rate, the authors of this paper analyse legislative framework for imposing and execution of imprisonment, organisation and functioning of penitentiary institutions in that country, in-prison and aftercare treatments of adult and juvenile offenders and the impact of these factors on the decrease of crime rate and suppression of recidivism. Since the Republic of Serbia is about to establish new legislative and institutional framework for the application of probation, alternative sentences and post-penal treatments, Swedish solution is discussed in the paper as a potential role model, particularly when it comes to its contribution to successful re-socialization and reintegration of offenders within the community as a key factor to the prevention and suppression of recidivism.
Key words. Sweden, punishment, prison, in prison treatment, aftercare, recidivism, re-socialization, reintegration.

Interroger la peine par son emprise sur le corps sur un temps long, telle est l’ambition de cet ouvrage qui montre que quels que soient les temps et les lieux, le
corps est l’objet d’une attention constante de la peine car il permet d’objectiver le monopole répressif de la  justice.
Studying punishment according to its hold on the body over the long term: this is the goal of this work, which shows that whatever the time and place, the body is the object of punishment’s constant attention because it makes it possible to objectify the repressive monopoly of justice.

A partir del análisis de la Encuesta de Presos Condenados de ochos países de América Latina, el documento contribuye a expandir el conocimiento sobre las mujeres privadas de libertad. En primer lugar, los resultados del estudio descriptivo señalan diferencias de género relevantes en lo que respecta a la conducta delictiva y al nivel de exclusión social previo al encarcelamiento. Las mujeres están involucradas en delitos menos violentos que los varones, tienen una trayectoria delictiva menor y actúan mayormente acompañadas, destacándose la importancia de sus lazos de dependencia a la figura masculina. Asimismo, la situación de las mujeres antes del ingreso a prisión es más vulnerable que la del varón en tanto presentan una mayor proporción de desempleo y sobre ellas generalmente recae la responsabilidad de los hijos. En segundo lugar, a partir de modelos de regresión multivariada, se identifican los factores de riesgo asociados con la trayectoria delictiva de las mujeres reclusas, que aportan indicios acerca de dónde resulta necesario intervenir para prevenir la delincuencia femenina. Se destaca que el entorno de socialización de la niña (principalmente el grupo de pares) influye en su posterior conducta delictiva, al igual que determinadas características sociodemográficas, como la tenencia de hijos. El documento sugiere que las intervenciones efectivas de prevención deben tener en cuenta estos factores y, a la vez, es necesario considerar las particularidades de las mujeres reclusas a la hora de diseñar las políticas carcelarias y de reinserción.

Over the last 25 years, community sentences have evolved significantly. However, throughout this period there has been a consistent theme of rehabilitation underpinning them. Section 44 of the Crime and Courts Act 2013 has set out, the author argues, to alter this by requiring that a punitive element is attached to a Community Order given under s177 Criminal Justice Act 2003 unless to do so would be 'unjust in all the circumstances'. Considering the types of offenders for whom community penalties have been shown to be particularly useful in reducing recidivism, and the potentially high threshold of 'unjust in all the circumstances', it is argued that this requirement will compromise the strengths previously exhibited by Community Orders and considers why such a requirement may have been added.

This thesis is primarily an examination into Eberhard Jüngel’s concept of theological anthropology. Secondarily, this thesis examines how Jüngel’s theological anthropology can support the correction that Howard Zehr for in his book Changing Lenses. Zehr proposes that a better approach to our penal system would be to transition it from a retributive justice orientation to a restorative justice orientation. While Zehr makes a very good point, his biblical theological approach to supporting why such a change can be supported from a Christian perspective neglects the doctrine of justification, relegating it to a side note at the end of the discussion. It is the opinion of this author that Jüngel’s theological anthropology with its emphasis on the doctrine of the justification of sinners is the groundwork for Christian support for a program like Victim Offender Reconciliation program.

Abstrak Dewasa ini, kasus perkosaan terhadap anak di Kota Medan masih sering terjadi dengan meskipun hukuman yang diberikan kepada pelakunya terbilang berat. Perkosaan terhadap anak merupakan suatu kasus hukum dimana para pelakunya harus ditangani secara khusus. Tetapi ketika menjalani hukuman, narapidana pelaku perkosaan anak justru ditempatkan bersama dengan narapidana tindak kejahatan lain. Ini yang menjadikan permasalahan ini menarik untuk diteliti. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus tipe deskriptif. Dalam penelitian, unit analisis ditentukan berdasarkan pelanggaran terhadap UU No. 23 Tahun 2002 Tentang Perlindungan Anak. Data primer diperoleh dengan pengamatan dan wawancara mendalam. Peneliti mengamati langsung ke lapangan untuk mengetahui aktivitas, perilaku, ekspresi, dan bahasa nonverbal informan. Wawancara mendalam dilakukan menggunakan pedoman wawancara dan perekam digital sebagai alat bantu. Resosialisasi dalam Lapas pada dasarnya menekankan agar narapidana menjadi seorang conformist atau orang yang taat terhadap aturan. Hasil yang didapat dari analisis adalah bahwa pola resosialisasi narapidana pelaku perkosaan anak relatif sama dengan narapidana kasus lain, hanya saja narapidana pelaku perkosaan anak lebih banyak mengalami kekerasan dibandingkan dengan narapidana kasus lainnya pada saat mereka pertamakali memasuki Lapas. Narapidana dalam lapas mempunyai norma-norma dan aturan sosial. Aturan ini sifatnya mengikat dan berlaku untuk semua narapidana. Kemudian, telah terjadi pergeseran dalam pendekatan keamanan (security approach), dimana narapidana bukan lagi sebagai objek pembinaan tetapi sebagai subjek, dimana narapidana dapat memilih sendiri pembinaan apa yang ingin mereka peroleh. Perkosaan anak merupakan suatu tindakan yang muncul akibat dari adanya ketidaksesuaian antara tujuan kultural dengan sarana-sarana kelembagaan yang tersedia, khususnya dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan seks. Perkosaan terhadap anak melanggar UU No. 23 Tahun 2002 Tentang Perlindungan Anak. Menurut UU tersebut pelaku dapat

Following global trends, Chile is plunged into a new migration situation because of the increased arrival of foreigners. Furthermore, since 2005 it has been established in the Metropolitan area a criminal justice reform that is design to protect the accused rights.
For that reason it is important to know the relationship between migration and the criminal justice system through the nationwide to the Metropolitan Area during the period between 2005 to 2008 that is when the criminal procedure reform was introduce
There is currently scattered and fragmented data statistics in this field, there is not research in criminology about this phenomenon in the area indi- cated. Therefore, this study seeks to gather consistent and comprehensive information regarding the entry of foreigners to the current Criminal Justice System. At the same time this study pretends to analyze what is happening to immigrants into the criminal justice system and also get a glimpse of the immigrant’s realities, and know their nationalities and they impact on the criminal justice system. In order to discover the role that the state should play on the immigration issue itself, and the treatment of immigrant into the criminal justice system.

Siguiendo las corrientes mundiales, Chile se ve inmerso en una nueva realidad migratoria consistente en una mayor llegada de personas extranjeras a su territorio. Al mismo tiempo, desde el año 2005 se ha instaurado en la Región Metropolitana la reforma procesal penal, la que ha establecido un nuevo marco de garantías para los imputados.
En ese contexto es donde resulta de interés conocer la relación entre la migración y las personas extranjeras que ingresan al sistema de justicia penal en el ámbito nacional y especialmente en la Región Metropolitana desde la instauración de la reforma procesal penal en esta, esto es, desde el año 2005 hasta el año 2008.
Actualmente se dispone de estadísticas dispersas y datos fragmentados en la materia, no existiendo investigaciones en el campo penal criminológico que den cuenta de cómo funciona este fenómeno en el ámbito indicado. Por ello, este estudio busca reunir información coherente y global sobre el ingreso de extranjeros al actual sistema de justicia penal, analizar qué está sucediendo con ellos, determinar quiénes son, de qué nacionalidades y qué incidencia han tenido en el sistema procesal penal, a fin de vislumbrar ante qué realidad se está y qué rol le cabe al Estado tanto en el tema migratorio, en sí, como en su relación con la justicia penal.

The United States has less than 5 percent of the world’s population, and yet leads in the number of individuals who are imprisoned. Over a quarter of those in prison in the world reside within the United States prison system (Gottschalk, 2006).  Over the past 50 years, the penal system in America has grown from a just, balanced system into an unchecked, wildly biased monster. This push towards mass incarceration has yielded among inmates increased chances of reoffending, homelessness, reliance on welfare, drug and alcohol abuse, and generational poverty. In order to cut the incredibly taxing cost of our current prison system and enable our citizens to lead better lives, alternative methods must be utilized for misdemeanors and nonviolent crimes. 

Keywords: incarceration, imprisonment, penal system, alternatives to incarceration, crime, reoffenders, poverty

У статті аналізуються такі форми обмежень прав засуджених, як обов’язок та специфічне
суб’єктивне право. Íаведено приклади, як ці форми обмежень можуть відображатись у законо-
давстві. Показано, що обов’язок завжди є обмеженням прав засуджених. Розглянуто випадки, в яких специфічне суб’єктивне право може бути формою обмеження права засудженого.

В статье анализируются такие формы ограничений прав осужденных, как обязанность
и специфическое субъективное право. Приведены примеры, как эти формы ограничений могут
проявляться в законодательстве. Показано, что обязанность всегда является ограничением прав
осужденных. Рассмотренû случаи, в которых специфическое субъективное право может быть
формой ограничения права осужденного.

This article examines such forms of restrictions on rights of prisoners as an obligation and
a specific subjective right. Examples of how these forms of restrictions may appear in legislation are
disclosed. It is shown that obligations of prisoners should be always considered as restriction of prisoners’ rights. The cases in which a specific right can be recognized as a form of restriction on rights of prisoners are described.

The current Medical Ethics in Western societies (and its followers in other societies) has been compiled upon the secularist presupposition. This presupposition has different principles in comparison with the Islamic attitude which can lead one to take a different approach toward ethical problems. This paper is an attempt to propose a model for the principles of Islamic Medical Ethics upon which we can prepare answers for the problems of medical ethics having evident characteristics of Islamic approach are distinguished from secularist answers. After a prefatory study on the background of Islamic attitude of Ethics, these characteristics will be propounded under four categories: fundamental and contentive components, spiritual components, legal components and penal components. Under these categories such themes as having attentiveness to agent goodness, basic difference in one's goal of living ethical life, the relation of reason and revelation and the basis for the legitimacy of penal justice system will be discussed. Needless to say, this paper is not to prepare arguments for this model and such arguments can be discussed in other philosophical investigations.