Philip II of Spain

... La Sicilia nell'età di Filippo II: considerazioni sui rapporti fra centro e periferia nella monarchia cattolica. Autores: Francesco Benigno; Localización: Felipe II y el Mediterráneo / coord. por Ernest Belenguer Cebrià, Vol. 4, 1999 ...

... La Sicilia nell'età di Filippo II: considerazioni sui rapporti fra centro e periferia nella monarchia cattolica. Autores: Francesco Benigno; Localización: Felipe II y el Mediterráneo / coord. por Ernest Belenguer Cebrià, Vol. 4, 1999 ...

Introduction. The visit of the Russian envoy Osip Nepeya to London in 1556-1557 is usually considered as the beginning of the official relations between Russia and England. In the light of modern views about the sixteenth-century diplomacy, this event requires a more thorough research. Methods. The Nepeya's trip was traditionally viewed as an insignificant episode in the context of general reviews of bilateral relations concentrated mainly on trade. The reasons and possibilities of the military and political rapprochement between England, Spain and Russia in the 1550s, which was the most likely goal of the Nepeya's journey to England, have never been investigated. Therefore, this article is based on an analysis of numerous multilingual sources. Analysis. The author clarifies the Nepeya's diplomatic rank and certain previously unknown details of the Muscovites' stay in London. He analyzes Nepeya's mission to England in the context of foreign affairs of Ivan IV, Mary Tudor and Philip II Habsburg. Results. It is concluded that the rulers of Spain and England could provide military support to Ivan IV, but they were not interested in military and political alliance with the Muscovy and the war against Turkey. However, establishing official equal relations between England and Russia at the highest level, as well as obtaining trade privileges for Russian merchants was the main result of Nepeya's trip. This allows us to conclude that the first Russian diplomatic mission in London was successful.

This research problematizes how the military, political and ideological conflict which took place between Ottoman and Spanish Empires in 16th century, as well as how self-images of the two international actors were socially constructed and what the sociohistorical background behind this phenomenon was at that time. Historical span of this analysis covers the period between Ottoman conquest of Rhodes (1522) where the first yet latent seed of the conflict was sown and Battle of Alcazarquivir (1578) where the final yet indirect impact of the Ottomans over Spain came to an absolute end. Alexander Wendt's constructivist IR theory, Fernand Braudel's classification of history, Herfried Münkler's model of empire, Edmund Husserl's “lebenswelt” and George Herbert Mead's infamous distinction between “I and me” constituted the main conceptional corpus of this study. This study also aims to combine the intellectual mindsets of history and IR disciplines. Thereby, Introduction chapter criticized the current praxis of history writing (especially in Turkey) and evaluated the current literature. Conceptual Framework chapter described the theoretical elements of this analysis. Chapter of Historical and Social Definitions defined what each historical “social kind” meant in their respective era. Analytical Framework chapter showed the interplay between theoretical framework and historical substance, then Conclusion chapter discussed what the conflict meant as “histoire conjoncturelle” in respect to the larger “histoire structurelle” of civilizational clash in the Mediterranean Basin as well as it summarized the outcomes that were reached by this thesis.

Mary I, England’s first crowned queen regnant, is more often remembered by her wrongful moniker ‘Bloody Mary’. But was she truly as bloody as she is portrayed? The Cathedral community know Mary well from her (in)famous wedding at Winchester Cathedral, but despite the happy occasion Mary’s wedding ceremony was actually a cause for great ongoing tension about Mary’s role as a queen regnant with a king consort. Martyrologist John Foxe, writer Edmund Spenser, and popular literature of the Elizabethan era build on these tensions, arguing that Mary was indeed the ‘bloody’ monarch of legend. Modern historical research, though, challenges these early modern perceptions. This, then, begs the question: why did Mary become ‘bloody’? Elizabeth I is remembered in a much more positive way than her sister and predecessor and Elizabeth herself greatly shapes the narrative told about Mary. For religious, national, and gendered reasons, it was in Elizabeth’s interests to vilify Mary and – as a result of the length of Elizabeth I’s reign – it’s this perception that has lasted in the popular imagination. This talk draws on research undertaken as part of Johanna’s PhD thesis at the University of Winchester.

The article focuses on the role of Austrian noble Adam von Dietrichstein on the court of Maximilian II, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (1564-1576). Dietrichstein stayed for all his life in the service of the house of Habsburg. As a prototype of a career-oriented aristocrat of Early Modern age, he served to the governing dynasty in diplomatic and court offices. Since the beginning of his career, he showed his inclination to the Spanish branch of the Habsburg family. It culminated during his diplomatic mission in Madrid (1563-1573), when he created close bonds to the Spanish monarchy. After his return to Central Europe, Dietrichstein belonged to the highest ranks of the hierarchy of the imperial court. As a client of Spanish king Philip II, he was pretending to influence the emperor in intentions of the politics of his Spanish relatives. This tentatives of Dietrichstein were then reflecte

Sofonisba Anguissola grew up in the context of Spanish Italy: from 1535, in fact, the Duchy of Milan was under the control of the Habsburgs’ rulers and although the pre-existing political order was preserved, their influence was preeminent.
Raised in this environment, the aims of her father Amilcare, as a decurione and massaro in the political context of Cremona, will be concentrated on the promotion of his daughter's qualities by sending her to the Spanish court as one of the Queen's ladies-in waiting. In addition, the dense network of relationships between Italy and Spain, demonstrated through the ties between the Anguissola family and the Habsburgs, will open a door for Sofonisba’s role in the Spanish court.

This paper aims to analyze Sofonisba as a 16th century lady-in-waiting, noblewoman and artist in the context of northern Italy and in the court of Philip II. Moreover, the recent exhibition in Madrid dedicated to Sofonisba Anguissola and Lavinia Fontana focused on new lines of research and perspectives. Following the path of recent publications, I will introduce some key episodes that underline her personality and the importance of her figure, also in order to understand the mechanism of the courtly society at that time.

Over the last decennia, art historians have paid more attention to the high prevalence and diversity of marginal imagery in the early modern visual arts. One direction of these studies is the connection between images in the margins and interpretative strategies of the viewer. This connection has been mainly studied in relation to early modern theories derived from theology, rhetoric and the art of memory. To date, this fruitful line of research has not yet been incorporated into studies on early modern weavings, although borders with framing images are characteristic of this medium and structurally bound to it due to technique.  (...)

https://boydellandbrewer.com/9781855663350/Epica-y-conflicto-religioso-en-el-siglo-xvi/

Representations of religious conflict in sixteenth-century Spanish epic poetry

Este libro analiza un corpus de textos épicos y propagandísticos que se escriben en las fronteras del imperio español en el siglo XVI. Examina la representación del conflicto religioso en Inglaterra, Alemania y Holanda durante losreinados de Carlos V y Felipe II, y se centra en tres episodios, difundidos capilarmente en la cultura visual y emocional europea y en torno a los cuales cristaliza la narración heroica: los martirios de cartujos y jesuitas en Inglaterra; la guerra de Esmalcalda; y el asedio de Amberes. El volumen considera las estrechas relaciones entre épica e historia; entre épica y cultura visual; y entre la poesía épica hispánica y la historia y la cartografíaiosa de Europa en unos años críticos en los que se construye la Iglesia Anglicana y se afianza el luteranismo en Alemania.


This book analyses a corpus of epic and propagandistic texts written at the margins of the Spanish empire in the sixteenth century. It examines the representation of religious conflict in England, Germany and Holland during the reigns of Charles V and Philip II, centring on three episodes widely disseminated in European visual and emotional culture and around which certain foundational Spanish heroic narratives emerged: the martyrdom of the Carthusians and Jesuits in England; the Schmalkaldic War; and the siege of Antwerp. The volume considers the close relationships between epic and history; between epic and visual culture; and between Hispanic epic poetry and the history and religious cartography of Europe during the critical years in which the Anglican Church was evolvingand Lutheranism gaining strength in Germany.

The body of the early-modern ruler would never truly be his own. Instead, it served as the physical embodiment of the broader nation state. For the Hapsburgs in the sixteenth century, armor was one key method for uniting the physical body of the king with the military prowess of the nation. This process began at a young age: in the case of Philip III, at the age of seven, when he received a suit of armor produced by Milanese armorer Lucio Piccinino. This paper unites a visual study of gauntlets made for Philip III with studies of the contemporary portraits of Philip III by artists at the Hapsburg courts and historical analysis of Phillip’s education. By analyzing each of these sources, it becomes clear that Phillip’s prince hood was caught in a crossroads between the ancient and the modern. He at once embodied the classical heritage of Greece and Rome, indicated by the decorative program of the armor, and the future of the country, suggested by the armor’s contemporary form and function.

About eighty manuscript atlases made by the prolific sixteenth-century Italian cartographer Battista Agnese survive. However, none of these manuscripts carries such an extensive decorative program as the John Carter Brown Library’s example.

Probably destined as a gift to Philip II of Spain, the Atlas’ borders weave a subtle discourse. Enveloping the known and discovered new worlds in ornate frames, the Atlas encourages a global, geopolitical, and aesthetic perspective on Charles V’s son and heir.

This talk will explore the maps’ unique and intriguing decorative discourse as well as its commission context.