International Conventions

The Darlong in the present state of Tripura (India) precisely belonged to the Kuki-Chin group of the coming of Christianity among the tribesmen and women in the early twentieth century did mark the era of change but the core internal ruling of the society-gender bias. On the other hand, denial cannot be made on the prevalence of the faculty of acceptance (either consciously or unconsciously) among the Darlong women in conceptualising the gender role in and out of the society leaving a huge dilemma on the science of their psychology-creating an atmosphere of Coleridge"s "willing suspension of disbelief". Stepping further, the ethnic tribe had never encounter any social unrest up till today from the part of the suppressed class so as to surface a concrete truth of the their submissiveness and unwillingness to be so calling for an absolute social study. Under the circumstances, the paper attempts to delineate the probabilities and possibilities of triumph over feminist while analysing the refute rights and privileges of the Darlong women in the contemporary Darlong society.

As a rule, the epidemics that took place on the Russian territory in the first quarter of the 20th century
were a part of the world epidemics that covered significant territories. Based on the materials of local newspapers,
the reaction of the population towards current events and government actions is traced. The abundance of
information and the range of periodicals which enable to trace the dynamic development of epidemics, statistics
of diseases and public opinion about current events and activities is highlighted. The relevance of the topic is due,
among other things, to the appeal to the socio-historical perspective of the problem of the mutual influence of
power and society in extreme conditions on the example of the aggravation of epidemiological situation in the Far
East during the period under review. Based on the archives introduced into scientific circulation, the management
of sanitary affairs, historical aspects of the formation of the sanitary and epidemiological service, the implementation
of measures to prevent and combat diseases are studied. The experience of Russian physicians in the fight
against epidemics in the border territories is analyzed. From the point of view of the history of science the study of
peripheral spaces having economic, cultural, strategic, and political forms is necessary for a historically reliable
reconstruction of the policy of both the territory ready for epidemic challenges and the state. It is concluded that
the analyzed epidemics have become a catalyst for changes in the concepts and practice of medicine, have
changed the role of public health in the border areas. An important role in the fight against infectious diseases
in the border territories of the Far East was played by the agitation activities of sanitary and epidemiological services,
as well as sanitary, epidemiological and preventive measures.

Tax revenues are one of the most important elements in the country's economic system and play a significant role in economic growth and prosperity. Vice versa, tax crimes have a destructive effect on economic security, expansion of economic activities and domestic or foreign investment, and slows down the movement of the country's economic system. The tax recidivism is one of the phenomena that can not only increase its destructive economic effects but also intensify the tax pressure on taxpayers. Taxpayers must perform several legal tasks in separate time frames in each fiscal year; but they usually refrain from doing some of their legal duties during this period of time. This issue always exposes them to recidivism. Therefore, the criminal tax policy was formulated for recidivism, but they are based on diverse approaches and sometimes conflict with the idea of deterring the tax recidivism by taxpayers and non-taxpayers. In the tax laws, there are two approaches in tax recidivism by taxpayers, including specific approach in recidivism and incomplete compliance with the idea of deterrence, and three approaches in tax recidivism by non-taxpayers including criminalization of tax recidivism violations, incomplete compliance, and non-compliance with this idea. However, the limitation on implementation of recidivism conditions, the imbalance in recidivism punishment, the ambiguity in its effects and in the punishment of temporary dismissal of the sixth degree, not only the regulations of tax recidivism have faced a challenge; Rather, there is no balance between the criminal policy of tax recidivism by taxpayers and non-taxpayers.
Keywords:  Tax Recidivism by Taxpayers  Tax Recidivism by Non-Taxpayers  Compliance Approach  Non-Compliance Approach  Special Approach

Whipping punishment has been used throughout history in response to crime and has faced many objections and criticisms. Some jurists consider this punishment to be against human dignity and dignity, violating human rights, ineffective, and causing the escalation of violence and individual and social deviations. On the other hand, the supporters of whipping from a religious and legal point of view consider whipping to be in accordance with Shari'a rules, in accordance with public order, effective and expedient. Considering that whipping is one of the punishments that is implemented in Iran and this punishment has been criticized by international institutions, it is necessary to analyze and evaluate the whipping of criminals from different angles, especially from the criminological, psychological and sociological point of view. Using the descriptive-analytical method and using library resources, this article tries to answer the question that to what extent whipping is effective and consistent with the philosophy of punishment? And what are the reasons for the supporters and opponents of flogging? This research first examines the history and basics of whipping punishment, then by analyzing the effects and consequences of whipping punishment on individuals and society, it tries to arrive at the hypothesis that whipping punishment cannot be effective in reforming and rehabilitating criminals, and in general, everything derived from the new approach of punishment philosophy It is not proven in the application of whipping punishment.
Keywords: Individual  Social  Side Effects  Whip  Punishment

The approach of the Islamic Republic of Iran's constitution and general policies to establishing a family legal system emerges from the religion of Islam, is in accordance with society's conditions, and is based on improving and strengthening the foundation of family. This descriptive-analytical research aimed to analyze the current criminal policy in family criminal affairs with an emphasis on the structure of criminal justice system, which is in conformity with these values, realities, and conditions. The results showed that there is a big meaningful gap between the current situations of the structure of our country's criminal justice institutions in the realm of family and Sharia, our country's constitution, general policies, and managerial-criminological approaches, because of, on the one hand, formulating punitive and security-centered strategies, and the other hand, determining multiple authorities to handle the family claims and disputes, and the increasing growth of these structures. In practice, not only do these separate structures not have the necessary efficiency for achieving the specific and differential goals predicted in those policies, but also those provide the requirements of the collapse of family by the inverse efficiency. Therefore, regarding the specific conditions, requirements, and goals, it is necessary to design and formulate a differential criminal policy for the realm of family. In this differential criminal policy, this research suggests deleting the current separate structures, along with prioritizing the formation, improvement, and strength of family, and the current family court in our country's judicial system, with a unique centralized position, applies this differential criminal policy in a comprehensive manner to all different family issues and dimensions.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of mediation in the realization of re-reintegration shame in union violations under the jurisdiction of the government penal organization. The method of this research is an experimental type with a control group. The sample of the study includes 52 union offenders with high-selling and fraud violations in two groups, the witness and the control group, after completing the investigation or process through a questionnaire that contains 47 items in six dependent variables, namely shame, acceptability and stigmatization, belonging and togetherness. Continuity, criminal associates, adherence to moral values, expectation of shame and pressure analysis were evaluated and measured, and then the data were analyzed using SPSS and Excell software and descriptive statistical tests and one-way multivariate covariance analysis. And then the data were analyzed using SPSS and Excell software and descriptive statistical tests and one-way multivariate covariance analysis.
The results of the one-way multivariate covariance analysis showed that there is a significant difference between the average scores of the test group and the control group at the confidence level of 0.95 (p<0.05).
Keywords: Reintegration shaming  Mediation  Occupational Malfeasance  fraud  extortion

Today, theoretical views and practical requirements have caused modern management ideas to create many changes in various aspects of human social life. It can be boldly claimed that the concept of crime is one of the concepts that is constantly changing, and this has forced the criminal justice system to provide new management solutions to control the rate of crime. Crime risk assessment and management, which came to the attention of criminal policymakers after the fall of the theory of reform and treatment of punishments, is a new approach in criminal sciences, the emergence of which has had significant effects on criminal justice systems. This approach, with the aim of removing the power of crime and increasing social security, has left many effects in the practical areas and policies of contemporary criminal justice. Today, following the practical necessities governing criminal policies, the current orientation of Iran's criminal system, in order to reduce the amount of delinquency through management methods, has led to the mentioned approach. In this regard, the classification of punishments, the application of alternative punishments of imprisonment, the semi-freedom system, etc., are among the important measures of the Criminal Code approved in 2013 in determining the punishment. Therefore, the law on reducing the punishment of imprisonment approved in 2019 as the last will of the criminal policy makers, was approved by the Islamic Council with the introduction of fundamental reforms in the Criminal Code. Therefore, the following article will follow the parameters of the risk-oriented criminal policy in the said law with descriptive-analytical method. The findings indicate that the platforms for the implementation of crime risk management in this law are facing a challenge and the lack of a specific theoretical basis in determining the punishment is the most important problem.

This research critically examines gender-based disparities inherent in Pakistan's citizenship laws, particularly focusing on Section 10 of the Pakistan Citizenship Act, 1951. Despite constitutional assurances and international commitments, the law allows foreign wives of Pakistani national men to acquire citizenship, while foreign husbands of Pakistani
national women are denied the same right. Employing a qualitative research methodology, the study delves into historical, legal, and
international perspectives to illuminate the
complexities surrounding this gender-specific disparity. Findings underscore persistent gender-based discrimination, particularly evident in Section 10, revealing a notable discrepancy that calls for careful consideration and reform. The research contributes to the
discourse on gender equality and human rights, offering nuanced insights into the challenges
posed by existing legal provisions. Recommendations include legal and policy reforms to
align citizenship laws with constitutional principles and international standards, advocating
for an inclusive legal framework that fosters a just and equal society. This study not only
adds to academic scholarship but also aims to inform policymakers, legal practitioners, and
scholars about the imperative of aligning national laws with global legal principles for the
advancement of gender equality and the protection of fundamental human rights.

Nova odluka Ustavnog suda Bosne i Hercegovine detaljno je i sa svih mogućih aspekata objasnila zašto je ustupanje Ijudskih resursa, odnosno ustupanje radne snage u Bosni i Hercegovini, pravilno i zakonito, te da
takva praksa privrednih subjekata ne može sama po sebi predstavljati prekršaj, pod uslovima da je ustupanje radnika izvršeno na osnovu valjanog pravnog posla i da ustupljeni radnici imaju važeće ugovore o radu
sa svojim poslodavcima, da su izvršene odqovarajuće prijave i da se za njih od strane njihovog poslodavca uplaćuju doprinosi

Human dignity holds a pivotal position in the international human rights system and its associated instruments. It serves as the bedrock upon which human rights, privileges, and obligations are founded, to the extent that values like justice, liberty, and equality cannot be realized without it. In criminal law, human dignity is of paramount importance. It plays a fundamental role in the formation, modification, interpretation, justification, and legitimacy of criminal laws. Human dignity sets standards for criminal laws and prevents arbitrary and discriminatory intrusions by criminal law into the personal freedoms of citizens. Accordingly, Afghan law, in alignment with international instruments and considering the historical foundations and developments of human dignity in criminal law, has established criteria and standards such as justice, freedom of expression, equality, and fairness. It has also prohibited cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment, as well as double jeopardy, torture, and other forms of abuse. Moreover, it has limited the absolute and exclusive criminal jurisdiction of states. This has contributed to greater convergence in the global process of criminal law. However, certain practices in Afghan law and international instruments, such as the death penalty, qisas (retribution), and amputation, remain at odds with the principle of human dignity. This research, employing a descriptive-analytical method, examines these discrepancies between Afghan law and international instruments in the realm of human dignity.

Regarding the religious endowment, a discussion is raised among the jurists and researchers about the position of the intention of closeness to Allah in religious endowment and therefore the result of its essence. The Civil Code, which examines the rulings on religious endowment, has not stated the necessity of stipulating the intention of proximity in religious endowment. There are three views among jurists in jurisprudence; some consider the intention of proximity in religious endowment as a condition of correctness, and some deny the condition of the intention of proximity. The third group also elaborate between general and specific religious endowment. They consider intention as a condition for general endowment but not specific endowment. The present study, using the analytical-descriptive method and relying on the library method as well as the originality of the absolute, the validity of the infidel's religious endowment, the lack of reason for the necessity of the intention of proximity, it has been concluded that the intention of proximity is not a condition for religious endowment. The silence of Civil Law can also be attributed to the acceptance of this theory.

The liability of joint stock company managers according to the principle of limited liability is an important issue that is the subject of debate and disagreement. Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to evaluate the liability of joint stock company managers according to the principle of limited liability, relying on law and jurisprudence . Materials and Methods: This article is descriptive and analytical. The materials and data are also qualitative, and questionnaires were used to collect the materials and data . Ethical Considerations: In this article, the originality of the texts, honesty, and trustworthiness have been observed . Findings: The findings showed that the Iranian legal system has recognized a personality independent of the personality of the managers for commercial companies, including joint stock companies.. According to the mentioned rule, a company (legal entity) can have rights and obligations and implement them, but this does not mean that the directors of joint-stock companies are not liable. The conclusion is that if directors of jointstock companies cause losses to third parties under certain circumstances, they are liable in this regard, despite the principle of limited liability. the most important rules that are exceptions to the liability of directors in light of the principle of limited liability. Accordingly, if the directors of a joint-stock company have abused their exclusive position and the abuse of the company has caused losses to third parties, they are liable, and this is in accordance with the principle of harmlessness in jurisprudence.

Climate change is a highly complex policy challenge. Its causes cut across all economic sectors. Solutions require many different kind of policy in energy, infrastructure, finance and innovation, to name just a few. At the international level, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is widely seen as the central pillar of a broader &#39;regime complex&#39; , encompassing a number of formal and informal international policy processes. Negotiations on a new climate agreement should be concluded under the UNFCCC by the end of 2015. Many countries expect these negotiations to produce a durable and dynamic legal agreement, which can structure climate cooperation in the long-term. This raises the question: what can the new agreement do in order to better promote effective synergies within the different elements of the climate regime, and to manage potential frictions? This is the subject of this policy brief. The issue of regime fragmentation has gained more wei...

The article considers the mechanisms for fighting transnational crime and international cooperation in accordance with the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and identifies the main factors that complicate international cooperation processes to combat transnational crime. The authors emphasize that international cooperation in the fight against crime is key to the success and guarantee of international security. The main objectives of the article are to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the concept of "organized crime" in accordance with the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, to determine the corpus delicti, as well as to improve International Law to combat transnational crime. In the article the following methods are used: induction, deduction, analogy, as well as historical, dialectical, formal-legal methods. The article provides us with the complex results related to the key mechanisms of international cooperation according to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.

The article considers the mechanisms for fighting transnational crime and international cooperation in accordance with the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and identifies the main factors that complicate international cooperation processes to combat transnational crime. The authors emphasize that international cooperation in the fight against crime is key to the success and guarantee of international security. The main objectives of the article are to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the concept of &quot;organized crime&quot; in accordance with the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, to determine the corpus delicti, as well as to improve International Law to combat transnational crime. In the article the following methods are used: induction, deduction, analogy, as well as historical, dialectical, formal-legal methods. The article provides us with the complex results related to the key mechanisms of international coope...

Today, the boundaries of international crime involving states and transnational organized crime are slowly blurring, and as a result, the number of international crimes is steadily growing. The article analyzes two key groups of crimes: crimes indicated in the Rome Statute and transnational crimes under international conventions. This article is based on the analysis of the main groups of crimes: the first group of international crimes committed with state actors, which includes crimes against humanity, war crimes, crimes of aggression, crimes of genocide; and the second group, crimes committed by criminal groups organized in more than one country with the &quot;international&quot; or &quot;transnational&quot; character of such acts. The authors emphasize the norms of international law, according to which the International Criminal Court, together with international criminal tribunals, have jurisdiction over a small range of key international crimes, including genocide, war crimes a...

Two decades have passed since the terrorist events of September 11, 2001, yet terrorist crimes still lack a universally agreed-upon definition. The necessity of reaching a consensus to provide a comprehensive definition and address the complexities of this phenomenon within the international community remains mandatory and undeniable. Thus, the most significant deficiency and gap in the international criminal law system is the absence of a comprehensive convention on terrorism that categorizes terrorist crimes as criminal acts in general. Nevertheless, the prevalence of this grave phenomenon has led to extensive legal developments, resulting in the approval of regulatory measures at both national and international levels. Governments, confronted with such threats, have sought to establish national regulations and, through comprehensive cooperation, have initiated the compilation and establishment of various documents in this field.
The lack of legal and international recognition of these crimes, due to the absence of consensus among governments and international organizations—despite the existence of international conventions against terrorist crimes in global, regional, and even extra-regional territories—facilitates their increasing occurrence, thereby jeopardizing international peace and security. This situation not only aids in preventing threats to international peace and security but also underscores the justification for criminalization.
Therefore, there is an imperative need to formulate a coherent, technical, legal, and comprehensive definition that remains free from the politicization of international organizations and governments. The adoption of principled mechanisms and the utilization of maximum cooperation among governments and organizations at regional and international levels in combating terrorist acts is indispensable.

Acid attack is among the crimes for which Qisas is the primary punishment, whether it pertains to the soul, body, or benefit. The necessity of observing the principle of similarity in the implementation of Qisas, juxtaposed with the infeasibility of retribution in instances where there is a risk of excessive harm, has led to significant doubts regarding the applicability of retribution for this crime. Addressing this behavior, which inflicts irreparable physical and psychological harm on the victim, requires the adoption of a prudent and comprehensive criminal policy that emphasizes the severity of punishment and the protection of the victim. In this context, uncertainties surrounding the feasibility of retribution undermine the deterrent objective of this crime.
This research analyzes both the material and mental elements of this crime and examines Iran's criminal policy in light of "the Law on Increasing the Punishment of Acid Attacks and Protecting the Victims Thereof" from the perspective of criminal law principles and jurisprudential standards, including the condition of similarity in retribution. Despite the new law's innovations compared to the previous legislation, which align it more closely with Islamic jurisprudence, ambiguities persist regarding the physical behaviors encompassed by this law. There is uncertainty in determining the punishment for the crime of acid attack and the nature of forgiveness by the next of kin or the victim concerning the Ta'zir punishment for this crime. Furthermore, there is uncertainty regarding the enforceability of retribution for limbs or benefits based on the condition of similarity. It is imperative for the legislature to address these deficiencies.

In most cases, criminalization is pursued with the interests of the victims; however, some of their interests may be overlooked during the sentence execution phase. No person understands their own interests better than the victim, and it appears that this is the reason why they should be entrusted with certain authority in the execution of the sentence, enabling them to make decisions considering their own interests. The active role of the victim not only facilitates the reformation of the offender, but also ensures that the victim attains their legal rights.
This article, for the first time in Iran's legal literature, identifies the rights of victims in the execution phase of criminal sentences and examines the position of these rights within the laws related to the execution of sentences.
This study employs a descriptive-analytical method, utilizing library sources and examining relevant laws, to address the problem of the victim's position in the sentence execution process. It recognizes rights such as compensation for damages, compensation for the costs of execution procedures, the right to have a lawyer during the execution phase, the right to security, and the right to active participation.
The research concludes that by integrating current laws and regulations, it is possible to acknowledge various rights for the victim and establish an arrangement that, under the principles of restorative justice, allows the victim to play a dynamic role.

The precautionary principle has been widely discussed in academic, legal and political areas. Debates stem due to various definitions and wordings of the principle and the fact that it has been reflected in both binding and nonbinding international instruments in various fields. The role of the European Union and its members is undisputed in the evolution of the principle. It can be found in different contexts; from its statements in international disputes to Jurisprudence of its judicial organs. This paper, with an analytical-descriptive approach, examines the situation of the precautionary principle in Domestic legal systems of European countries, primary and secondary rules of the EU and the jurisprudence of general courts, ECJ and ECHR to prove or deny the customary nature of the principle in this region. Keywords The precautionary principle, environment and public health, secondary rules, European Court of Justice, a regional Customary Principle. Abstract Based on a hermeneutic...

A criminology literature in recent decades shows that some accepted concepts in criminology have faced extensive theoretical and conceptual changes. Deterrence is one of the most important concepts that has been placed in the evolution of criminology concepts and various theories in criminology have been formed around it. In this research, using the library-analytical method, deterrence in the theory of situational action and defiance has been discussed and compared with the theory of deterrence. The findings of the research showed that although in the theory of deterrence, all people are always choosing between criminal and non-criminal options and are therefore subject to the effect of deterrence, but in the theory of situational action, only people who have an average moral level use cost-benefit analysis and therefore they are subject to deterrence. In the theory of defiance, unlike the theories of deterrence and situational action, the mechanism of deterrence affects people through shame. Therefore, punishment can only have a deterrent effect if the person is embarrassed as a result of the criminal reaction. Of course, in the theory of defiance, in addition to shame, the existence of strong social ties and the legitimacy of the factor imposing a criminal reaction are also effective on deterrence. In the end, it can be said that the theories of situational action and defiance have rejected the generality of the deterrent effect on all people. Also, in the theory of defiance, shame has been introduced as the basis of deterrence instead of cost-benefit analysis.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the essence of the welfare state as a constitutional principle and manifestations of its social function through the prism of legal positions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine. The article highlights the development of the positions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on the tasks and functioning of the welfare state, which has passed through several stages of its development. Special attention is paid to decisions made under martial law. The author draws conclusions about the practice of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on the implementation of social rights, which reveals a significant specificity of the approach to their presentation, which consists, in particular, in: a) the expanded scope of the enshrined social human rights in comparison with other European states; b) the extension to this block of general norms prohibiting "restriction" or "abolition" (Article 22 of the Constitution of Ukraine); c) the necessity of the principle of proportionality between social protection of citizens and the financial capabilities of the state is forced for obvious reasons. It is emphasized that in recent years, the social function of the state has been significantly modified. Due to the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation into the territory of Ukraine, the emphasis has shifted, and this, first of all, quite naturally concerns the need to strengthen the social protection of military personnel and their families. Keywords: welfare state, rule of law, social rights, Constitutional Court of Ukraine, legal positions, social protection, martial law.

Background and Aim: The prison system in Iran is considered to be a part of sanctions that restrict or restrict freedom. Judiciary authorities use it repeatedly and irregularly due to the numerous prison-oriented laws, until now, all kinds of methods of reducing imprisonment have not been able to remove this punishment of deprivation of liberty from the circle of judges. The prison system aims to help reduce the return of prisoners and create security in society through the correct implementation of prison sentences in such a way that dangerous criminals and those who must be removed from it to protect society are reformed and those for whom prison is not their place and is due to coercion. The law is designed to prevent serious harm from being together with other criminals or staying away from family and society. Research Methodology: This qualitative research has been done in a descriptive-analytical method, relying on international instruments and studying national laws and regulations in the form of documents and libraries. Findings and Conclusion: Therefore, in this system, special regulations regarding prisoner services, legal friendships, prisoner employment, clarifying the duration of the prisoner's presence and programs during imprisonment, and the ways to get out of it have been discussed.

La présente étude se propose d’analyser en détail les dispositions de la CNUDM dédiées
à la lutte contre les activités illicites en mer, et d’en interroger la pertinence, quarante années après
son adoption, tout en tenant compte des différents traités internationaux conclus depuis.

A l'analyse, il apparaît que la CNUDM n’est ni obsolète, ni pleinement adaptée pour lutter contre les
activités criminelles et délictueuses dont la mer est le théâtre. Elle n’en demeure pas moins une pierre
d’angle au sein du dispositif international de lutte contre les activités illicites, tant par les principes
forts qu’elle promeut que par les compétences qu’elle reconnaît aux États

L’analyse des relations entre l’œuvre de Hergé et le droit a déjà, par le passé, donné lieu à plusieurs publications passionnantes. Toutefois, les développements consacrés par la doctrine juridique aux questions en lien avec la mer, omniprésente dans l’univers de Tintin, sont trop peu nombreux. C’est pourquoi il est intéressant de se servir de l’Étoile mystérieuse comme objet d’étude, et d’analyser l’expédition de l’Aurore vers l’Arctique à la lumière du droit actuellement en vigueur. L’analyse porte sur l’attaque perpétrée à bord de l’Aurore avant de prendre la mer, sur la tentative d’éperonnage par un navire concurrent et enfin sur l’envoi d’un faux signal de détresse.

La UE dispone de una legislación específica que regula tanto la exportación e importación, como la restitución de bienes culturales dentro del mercado interior, que incorpora los principios de los principales convenios internacionales destinados a la protección y a la restitución del patrimonio cultural. La aprobación y entrada en vigor de la Directiva 2014/60/UE sobre restitución de bienes culturales objeto de tráfico ilícito debería haber comportado también la adopción de mecanismos de cooperación destinados a desarrollar un sistema unificado de restitución de bienes culturales entre los EEMM, con la ayuda de las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC) y, en especial el Sistema de Información del Mercado Interior (IMI). El régimen jurídico-administrativo diseñado para facilitar y unificar la devolución de los bienes culturales exportados o importados ilícitamente dentro del mercado interior constituye un paso inicial, a pesar de la falta de armonización de conceptos clave como el de bienes culturales, objetos arqueológicos, país de origen de los objetos y país de salida, que dificultan esta cooperación, tal y como ha puesto en evidencia el Primer Informe de la Comisión para mejorar la trazabilidad y restitución de bienes culturales exportados ilícitamente del mercado interior europeo.

Criminals often engage in a calculated assessment of the potential gains and risks before committing a crime.Criminal strictness in drug crimes and the relative retreat of the Iranian legislature in the face of heavy punishments such as death in 2016 require that the issue of the effectiveness of criminal enforcement be examined from the perspective of those convicted of crimes in this area. Therefore, the present research seeks to analyze the economic analysis of criminal enforcement in drug crimes. This research is descriptive-exploratory in terms of its applied nature and methodolog.  To assess the economic analysis of punishment by criminals, individuals convicted of drug-related crimes were systematically identified. The statistical population of this study comprises all individuals with a definitive history of drug-related convictions in the city of Mashhad. Given the lack of precise information on the number of convicts, a sample size of 160 individuals was selected from the accessible population. The data collection tool in this study was a researcher-designed questionnaire, which underwent content and face validity confirmation through expert opinions. Its reliability was calculated using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, resulting in 0.89. For data analysis, various statistical methods such as t-tests, ANOVA, and basic statistics like mean and standard deviation were employed. Based on findings from convicts’ opinions on drug-related matters, criminals involved in drug crimes perceive the costs of long-term imprisonment and asset forfeiture to be greater than execution. Surprisingly, this contradicts the conventional assumption that the cost of execution outweighs any other crime. Therefore, when assessing the benefits and desirability, it is essential to consider the context and specific circumstances rather than treating criminals as abstract and fixed entities. In practice, the utility versus cost trade-off is evaluated by criminals on a case-by-case basis, accounting for situational factors. Also, statistical analysis showed that with increasing age, level of education and history of committing, attention to economic analysis of punishments is done more accurately.

The optimization of resources allocated to the criminal justice system of the Islamic Republic of Iran depends on modifying the structure of resource distribution among different parts of this system and determining the optimal share of each section. Relying on economic approach to law and analysis of available data and statistics,the present study tries to provide a suitable solution for the optimal distribution of limited resources among the unlimited needs of the criminal justice system. The findings of this study show that paying attention to the court's budget and providing sufficient resources is a primary need. Also, it is necessary to pay more attention to the execution of the punishment.To reduce the costs of the criminal justice system, the certainty of punishment should not be impaired.By revising programs and policies of the criminal justice system based on cost and efficiency and reducing the use of high-cost, low-return policies, the costs of the system can be controlled. In addition, crime prevention should not be neglected. It is necessary to propose a set of performance indicators for courts and prison management. According to the performance of each section, which is evaluated based on the performance indicators, the optimal budget should be allocated. Consequently, in addition to greater attention to performance, the distribution of resources among different parts of the criminal justice system becomes efficient. Allocating resources to crime prevention should be based on the number of scientific preventive programs.

پیامدهای منفی زندان، افزایش جمعیّت روز افزون زندان‌ها و افزایش هزینه‌های عمومی با توجه به نرخ بالای تورم، استفاده از نظارت الکترونیکی را در دستور کار سیاستگذاران جنایی قرار داده است. نظارت‌های الکترونیکی موجب تحقق بهتر اصل فردی‌کردن مجازات، متناسب با شخصیت بزهکار می‌شود. از دیدگاه سیاستگذاری پیش‌گیرانه نیز استفاده از ابزارهای نظارت الکترونیکی توجیه می‌شود و موجب کاهش جرم به ویژه در مورد بزهکاران حرفه‌ای می‌شود. زندان و سایر کیفرهای تنبیهی یا قرار تأمین منجر به بازداشت، موجب دریافت برچسب بدبودن و در نتیجه شکل‌گیری انحراف ثانویه در افراد می‌شود. نظارت الکترونیکی به عنوان شکل نوینی از اجرای کیفر یا جایگزین قرارهای تأمین، مانع از شکل‌گیری انحراف ثانویه در افراد می‌شود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
پیش‌گیری  زندان  سیاستگذاری جنایی  قرار تأمین  مجازات  نظارت الکترونیکی  هزینه‌های عمومی

Un travail de recherche mené en 2015 avec l’accompagnement de l’International Water Management Institute par Sébastien Guipo, étudiant au département d’histoire et d’archéologie à l’Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo à Ouagadougou, s’est intéressé à la gestion de l’approvisionnement en eau potable de 1960 à 2015 dans la commune de Diebougou, au Burkina Faso. L’objectif était d’apprécier les changements induits par les réformes de la gestion locale de l’eau. L’étude a montré que le Burkina Faso a fait évoluer son appareil législatif à mesure qu’il a ratifié de nombreuses conventions internationales. Leur application a contribué à l’implantation de points d’eau modernes et, par là, à l’amélioration de l’approvisionnement en eau potable dans la commune. L’application des textes se heurte cependant aux réalités sociales et culturelle

Hrvatski sabor je 3. listopada 2003. godine Odlukom o proširenju jurisdikcije Republike Hrvatske na Jadranskom moru proglasio sadržaje isključivoga gospodarskog pojasa koji se odnose na suverena prava istraživanja i iskorištavanja, očuvanja i gospodarenja živim prirodnim bogatstvima voda izvan vanjske granice teritorijalnog mora, te jurisdikciju glede znanstvenog istraživanja mora i zaštite i očuvanja morskog okoliša, čime je uspostavljen zaštićeni ekološko-ribolovni pojas Republike Hrvatske. Nakon proglašenja zaštićenog ekološko-ribolovnog pojasa, izmjenama i dopunama Pomorskog zakonika propisani su prekršaji koje je moguće počiniti u tom pojasu. Međutim, temeljni postupovni propis kojim se reguliraju prekršaji – Prekršajni zakon, određuje kako se prekršajno pravo Republike Hrvatske primjenjuje na svakoga tko počini prekršaj na njezinu području te na domaćem brodu ili zrakoplovu. Prekršaj je počinjen na području Republike Hrvatske kad je počinitelj na tom području radio ili bio duž...

in respect of claims for loss of life or personal injury, (i) 2 million Units of Account for a ship with a tonnage not exceeding 2,000 tons, (ii) for a ship with a tonnage in excess thereof, the following amount in addition to that mentioned in (i): for each ton from 2,00I to 30,000 tons, 800 Units of Account, for each ton from 30,001 to 70,000 tons, 600 Units of Account, and for each ton in excess of 70,000 tons, 400 Units of Account, (b) in respect of any other claims, (i) 1 million Units of Account for a ship with a tonnage not exceeding 2,000 tons, (ii) for a ship with a tonnage in excess thereof, the following amount in addition to that mentioned in (i): for each ton from 2,00L to 30,000 tons, 400 Units of Account for each ton from 30,001 to 70,000 tons, 900 Units of Account; and for each ton in excess of 70,000 tons, 200 Units of Account. Article 4 Article 7, paragraph 1 of the Convention is replaced by the follow- ing text: 1. In respect of claims arising on any distinct occasion for loss of

Rad obrađuje pitanja globalnog zatopljenja, podizanja razine mora, ekstremnih poplava, ekstremne dezertifikacije, ekstremnog oneciscenja i suse koji posebno ugrožavaju Sredozemlje i Jadran te navodi ulogu pravosuđa u međugeneracijskoj solidarnosti. Sudska vlast može djelovati dugorocnije od izabranih predstavnika izvrsne vlasti i ima dostatno vrijeme za promisljanje sire od izbornog ciklusa u demokratskim drustvima. Istice se potreba da se europske države pozivaju na sudsku klimatsku praksu i standard savjesnog postupanja, uz oživotvorenje nacela predostrožnosti i univerzalnih nacela ljudskih prava. Autori iznose misljenje da proaktivna uloga pravosuđa može u bitnom doprinijeti zastiti okolisa, moguce i znacajnije od pojedinacne nacionalne, regionalne ili međunarodne predstavnicke i izvrsne vlasti.

SUMÁRIO: 1 Introdução. 2 os direitos e garantias constitucionais fundamentais no contexto do Estado Democrático de Direito. 3 O registro civil das pessoas naturais como um direito coletivo. 4 O registro civil das pessoas naturais e o seu papel na efetividade dos direitos fundamentais. 4.1 Registro de Nascimento. 4.1.1 Convênio entre o serviço de Registro Civil de Pessoas Naturais e a maternidade e o Provimento 13 do CNJ. 4.2 Registro de Casamento. 4.3 Registro de Óbito. 4.4 A imunidade dos emolumentos do registro de nascimento e óbito e a primeira via da certidão respectiva. 5 Considerações

One of the indisputable principles in Islamic international relations is Nafy-e-Sabil Rule (no domination over Muslims by Non-Muslims) according to which the basic rule is that any agreement in which Muslims or the Islamic State is somehow dominated by non-Muslims is not valid and its performance is not required. One of the issues in which non-Muslim domination over Muslims is controversial is non-Muslim arbitration in Muslim-non-Muslim or even Muslim-Muslim claims in Islamic states which is usually stipulated as a subordinate obligation in the contract that is called “arbitration clause”. According to the primary rule, the denial or Nafy-e-Sabil Rule rejects such obligations that require a Sabil, however, necessity, hardship (haraj), and expediency are among the topics that, if fulfilled, can be considered for a departure from the elementary rule. The present study is an attempt to explain the nature and validity of the arbitration clause in the contracts of Islamic states in the international arena which has been conducted by descriptive and analytical method. It has finally led to this conclusion that the arbitration clause and referral of the arbitrator to the infidel, although at the first is overcome by the rule of Nafy-e-Sabil and, as a consequence, is ineffective, but the secondary rule in the field of haraj and expediency governs it. This analysis justifies the accession of Islamic states to international conventions. Furthermore, some jurisprudential-legal solutions have been provided to get out of the rule of Nafy-e-Sabil Rule.

Ovaj rad prvo analizira međunarodne propise i propise EU o sprjecavanju oneciscenja mora fekalnim otpadnim vodama s plovila. Zatim se u radu istice obim problema u primjeni ovih propisa na obalna mora. Međunarodni propisi se ne mogu primjeniti na svako pojedino more kao sto se primjenjuju na globalnom nivou. Svaka država je specificna i svako obalno more je drukcije osjetljivo na oneciscenje s plovila. Kao posljedica imamo da neki aspekti oneciscenja nisu dovoljno obuhvaceni kroz međunarodne propise ili postojeci propisi nisu dovoljno ucinkoviti. Zbog toga bi bilo bolje da se prevencija oneciscenja obalnih mora regulira propisima na nacionalnim razinama.

The health of prisoners is the concern of the legal systems of different countries around the world, and in this regard, most of the countries have dedicated articles to the health of prisoners in their domestic laws. The issue of health becomes doubly important when it comes to prisoners. The reason for this importance goes back to the elements of the right to health in addition to the discussed location. In most countries, existing standards regarding the status of prisoners' rights; are low and in some cases terrifying. In the international dimension of prisoners' health, it has been emphasized both in general international documents and in specific international documents. The purpose of the current research is a comparative study of "enhancement of prisoners' right to health in Iran's internal laws and international documents"; the data collection was done by the method of note-taking and reference to library resources. The main question of the research is, what challenges are there in the laws in the way of improving the health of prisoners? And what are the differences and similarities between Iran's domestic laws and international documents? Keywords: prison, right to health, prisoners, executive regulations of the prisons organization and security and educational measures of the country, minimum standard rules for treating prisoners

Sredozemne drave uloile su i ulau znaèajne napore da se zatiti i oèuva Sredozemno more, prvenstveno preuzimanjem obveza iz brojnih meðunarodnih ugovora, opaeih i regionalnih (preko 100). Zbog èinjenice da se uèinkovitost sustava zatite moe postiaei samo efikasnom ravnoteom meðunarodne i nacionalne brige, autori su u ovome radu istraili zatitu i oèuvanje Sredozemnog mora u suvremenim meðunarodnim ugovorima, a posebice u nacionalnim propisima onih obalnih drava na Sredozemnom moru koje su èlanice Europske unije, Francuske, panjolske, Italije, Cipra, Malte i Slovenije. 1 Analiza nacionalnih propisa ovih drava (kojima se preuzete meðunarodne obveze razraðuju i unapreðuju) posebice je vana iz dva razloga: prvo, jedan od temeljnih ciljeva europske politike je zatita i poboljanje kakvoaee okolia, i drugo, problem je i u ovom podruèju u implementaciji meðunarodnih pravila. Kljuène rijeèi: zatita Sredozemnog mora, obalne drave EU, Republika Hrvatska Unija radi na odrivom razvoju Europe (...) èiji je cilj (...) visoka razina zatite i poboljanja kakvoaee okolia. Politika Unije na podruèju okolia pridonosi ostvarenju oèuvanja, zatite i poboljanja kakvoaee okolia, zatiti zdravlja ljudi, razboritom i racionalnom koritenju prirodnih dobara i promicanju mjera na meðunarodnoj razini za rjeavanje regionalnih ili svjetskih problema okolia ... Ugovor o ustavu za Europu, èlanak I.-3. Ciljevi Unije, toè.3.; Odjeljak 5. Okoli, èlanak III.-233. toè.1. I. Najznaèajniji meðunarodni ugovor koji se i naziva Poveljom o zatiti i oèuvanju morskog okolia je Konvencija UN o pravu mora iz 1982. (u daljnjem tekstu: Konvencija). 2 U razvoju meðunarodnog prava o zatiti i oèuvanju 53

O artigo trata da depressão como doença ocupacional. Apontada por estudos da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e da Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT) como uma das doenças que, em escala mundial, mais afastam trabalhadores do exercício de seu trabalho, é, do ponto de vista jurídico, pouco estudada. O presente estudo contextualiza o fenômeno da ocorrência epidêmica da depressão no cenário mundial e na transformação das relações de trabalho. Indaga, por fim, a partir de um ponto de vista psicanalítico, a posição do direito de apenas "remediar" as consequências das transformações do meio ambiente do trabalho propícias a causar a doença, sem, no entanto, apontar para meios jurídicos de sua prevenção. Palavras-chave: Direito global; Direito Do meio ambiente Do trabalho; Depressão; Doença ocupacional.

از دهۀ1970میلادی تا آغاز هزارۀ سوم مخالفان جرم‌شناسی اصلاح‌مدار به طرق مختلفی سعی نموده‌اند با طرح ادعای ناکارآمدی رهیافت‌های این الگوی جرم‌شناسانۀ انسان‌مدار بستری برای بازرخداد و بسط اندیشۀ سزاگرایی و عدالت استحقاقی مهیا سازند. بازگشت به سزاگرایی و تأکید بر شکست اصلاح و درمان قرائت اصلی در رویکرد اصول‌گرایان کیفری معاصر است که عملا برای عبور از جرم‌شناسی و جایگزین‌سازی آن تلاش می‌کنند. اکنون پرسش اصلی فراروی نوشتار حاضر این است که محتوا و مستند اصلی نظریه‌ی شکست اصلاح و درمان و حدود اعتبار آن چگونه است؟ فرضیه‌ی فرارو نیز این است که این نظریه برای توجیه نگاه شکست‌باورانۀ خود نسبت به جرم‌شناسی اصلاح‌مدار دارای یک نظم فکری متشنج و برخوردار از ادلۀ‌ای سطحی و سیاست‌زده است و رویکرد آن بیش از رئالیسم‌جنایی، در ظرف تخیل غیرمنطقی و مغالطه‌های سفسطی‌منشانه‌ی کلاسیک سیر می‌کند. یافته‌های این تحقیق که به روش توصیفی-تحلیلی انجام شده نشان می‌دهد که آرمان و ابزارهای عملیاتی جرم‌شناسی اصلاح‌باور به لحاظ منطقی و عملی فرصت‌های مناسبی جهت تعدیل و مدیریت آسیب‌ها و مشکلات نظام عدالت کیفری خصوصا در بع...

Rad obrađuje složenu pravnu problematiku identifikacijskih isprava pomoraca i aktivnosti na tom području Međunarodne organizacije rada. Analiziraju se postignuća Konvencije o idetifikacijskoj ispravi pomoraca iz 2003., uz posebnu pozornost na postupak izdavanja, oblik i sadržaj, nacionalne elektroničke baze podataka, ocjenu i kontrolu rada, kao i prava pomoraca. Raspravlja se o rješenjima Pravilnika o pomorskim knjižicama, odobrenjima za ukrcaj i nadležnosti lučkih kapetanija za izdavanje. Autori smatraju potrebitim da Republika Hrvatska ratificira Konvenciju o identifikacijskoj ispravi pomoraca iz 2003. i da se izvrši potrebno usklađivanje domaćih propisa s međunarodnim izvorima, sukladno razvoju tehnologije i pojačanom potrebom za sigurnošću.

Ovaj rad prvo analizira međunarodne propise i propise EU o sprjecavanju oneciscenja mora fekalnim otpadnim vodama s plovila. Zatim se u radu istice obim problema u primjeni ovih propisa na obalna mora. Međunarodni propisi se ne mogu primjeniti na svako pojedino more kao sto se primjenjuju na globalnom nivou. Svaka država je specificna i svako obalno more je drukcije osjetljivo na oneciscenje s plovila. Kao posljedica imamo da neki aspekti oneciscenja nisu dovoljno obuhvaceni kroz međunarodne propise ili postojeci propisi nisu dovoljno ucinkoviti. Zbog toga bi bilo bolje da se prevencija oneciscenja obalnih mora regulira propisima na nacionalnim razinama.

The objective of this article is to analyze the problems of the interaction between International Law and the Law of the European Union. In particular, attention is paid to the study of &quot;traditionalist&quot; and &quot;autonomist&quot; approaches to the relationship between International Law and EU Law, the place of EU Law in the international legal order and the international legal aspects of the interaction of EU law and the law of the EU Member States. In the investigation, dialectical, legal-comparative, historical and logical-formal methods were used. As a result of the analysis, it was concluded that the relationship between EU Law and International Law is difficult to fit into any of the traditional models. On the one hand, EU Law was formed as a component of International Law. On the other hand, although the EU legal order was created on the basis of international treaties, in the process of its development it acquired certain characteristics that are, to a certain exten...

Pravnog fakulteta u Zagrebu UDK 341.225 504.42 Pregledni znanstveni rad Primljeno: rujna 1995. U radu se iznose osnoune znaiajhe regionalruih medunarodnih ugouora za zaititu i oiuuanje rnorshog oholiia Sredozemlja i prikazuju osnoune izmjene tih ugouora u skladu s naielima i preporukama Konferencije UN o okoliiu i razuoju, odrZane 1992. u Rio de Janeiru, te Konuencijom UN prauu nl.ora iz 1982.