Sociology

This article examines the origins and recent crises in linkages between big science, big weapons, and the U.S. state during and after the cold war. We examine the sources of legitimacy of military dominance of U.S. research and development (RLD) in the first decades of the cold war and argue that the exigencies of a nuclear arms race between two superpowers gave the military an unprecedented peacetime claim on science and technology resources. We argue that economic crises, political challenges by peace movements, and technological exhaustion of the nuclear arms race in the 1980s weakened military claims to science and technology leadership, but that the 1991 Persian Gulf war deflected what might have been a major shift in U.S. R&D priorities. We conclude by examining U.S. post-cold war R&D policy and find that military priorities remain preeminent.

We offer a theory and measure for determining powerful nodal positions based on potential inter-actor control in "politically charged" networks, which contain both allies and adversaries. Power is derived from actors that are dependent on the focal actor and sociometrically weak, either due to a lack of alternative allies or from being threatened by others. We create a new Political Independence Index (PII), compare it to other established measures, and illustrate its use in the setting of an international network of alliances and military conflicts from 1946 to 2000. Results show that politically independent nations as measured by PII have smaller increases in military personnel than others over time.

This paper discusses the eects of restructuring on nursing as a profession through an examination of the issue of complaints in Ontario. It argues that new managerialist techniques and associated changes in the nature of work are reducing the autonomy of nurses and making it dicult for them to meet the standards of their profession. Simultaneously, the Ontario government has increased the power of the public in the disciplinary process and the College of Nurses of Ontario is encouraging patients to register their complaints. The growth of consumerism in health care, coupled with the disciplinary process, individualizes complaints and deemphasizes their relationship to restructuring. Moreover, in response to the increasing number of complaints ± complaints which more often come from the public ± nursing organizations have encouraged the legalization of the disciplinary process, thus fostering the individualization of the issues.

Tous droits réservés © Département des relations industrielles de l'Université Laval, 2001 Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d'auteur. L'utilisation des services d'Érudit (y compris la reproduction) est assujettie à sa politique d'utilisation que vous pouvez consulter en ligne. https://apropos.erudit.org/fr/usagers/politique-dutilisation/ Cet article est diffusé et préservé par Érudit. Érudit est un consortium interuniversitaire sans but lucratif composé de l'

For researchers interested in understanding men's health, there are two main literatures to harvest. The first is research on men's health arising from the study of men and masculinities. The second is the broader study of inequalities in health, including gender inequalities in health. However, these literatures have remained distinct. This paper seeks to develop a model of understanding men's health from both of these literatures. In order to achieve this integration, this paper argues that studies of men's health should be based on 'critical studies on men' which emerges from feminist theory. Critical studies on men's health is then integrated into the broader explanatory options identified in the health inequality literature in order to provide a more fulsome account of variance within men's health and between the health status of men and women. Given the amenability of men's health issues to interrogation within this resulting framework, it is argued that the inequalities literature should start to include men's health issues in its work. r

This paper looks at the journey of eleven counsellors in marital counselling centres in French-speaking Belgium, from the creation of the centres in 1953, to the 1970s, when contraception became legal, and abortion became a public issue. At the time of Humanae Vitae, groups of volunteers, working within Catholic organisations where counselling took place, began to structure their activity around Carl Rogers’s ethics of client-centred therapy, placing their religious ideology in a secondary position to focus on the problems experienced by the couples and women they were receiving in the centres. These were often challenges they were experiencing themselves in their own lives. The reiteration of the Catholic orthodox view on contraception through Humanae Vitae marked a gap between the counsellors and the Church. This contribution questions the identity-related tension of Catholics working in conjugal counselling centres and the type of commitments they made to both the conjugal centre...

In this research, the Gobi and Ghali maps, the two most significant maps concerning Cyprus put forth until now, have been addressed. Based on this, the main purpose of this research is to present the significance, technical dimension, political advantages, economic features and what the effects will be on the new system wanted to be established in Cyprus of these maps. The proposals for a solution concerning Cyprus put forth especially after 1975 have brought with it the period of maps. Actually, the actual borders established in Cyprus have brought the situation to a different point, because the existing borders have revealed how the population or properties remaining above/below the line will be affected. Therefore, each map put forth should be assessed as a step taken in determining the future. However, each step taken has led to a new discussion, because for the concerning party, each map regarding the issue is closely related with security, ownership, rehabilitation, immigrants...

Social research increasingly involves multi and interdisciplinary collaboration, across a range of disciplinary and organisational boundaries. In the UK, this has been driven in part by the fact that academics are urged to document their contribution to economy, society, and culture via the Research Excellence Framework exercise (Comunian and Gilmore, 2015, p. 10; Gilmore and Comunian, 2016). This Impact agenda has actively encouraged academics to explore new and varied partnerships for their research activities (Comunian and Gilmore, 2015; Little, 2015). In this context external organisations, like informal learning institutions can be strategic partners, acting as interfaces with local communities and helping to drive social change. When academics and external partners work together to push the frontiers of knowledge, they become a powerful engine for innovation and creative growth. The established boundaries between, and relationships among, academic researchers and external organisations are being re-imagined through dynamic networks focused around engagement, discussion, shared thinking and collaboration. These partnerships are providing opportunities to co-develop the research agenda, co-create new research and build and sustain a shared culture of research practice. The result is an exciting, inspiring and challenging research landscape. But what does this mean for research practice? How important is participatory action, connectivity and collaboration in the future of research design? This chapter will begin to address these questions and will explore the nature of participatory action research and multidisciplinary collaborative projects, discuss its place in social research, and examine its challenges and the various opportunities for participatory research with external partners.

Although scholars have argued that plot is key to narrative's effects, no one has studied empirically how people interpret stories told along different plotlines. This has left unexamined an important puzzle: how do time-and place-specific beliefs intrude on the operation of plot genres in shaping narrative's meaning? On the basis of a survey and focus-group study of how women interpreted first-person stories of an acquaintance rape told along different plotlines, we argue that what stands in the way of adapting old stories to new purposes is less plot than character. The same events can be inserted into different genres of plot to yield quite different moral messages. But audiences' expectations of characters are more rigid. Time-and place-specific ideas about how people properly behaveabout how ambitious women should be, for example, or how emotional men should belimit audiences' ability to imagine them playing the roles associated with different plots. Plots are transposable; characters are less so.

Tant au niveau de la litterature que des pratiques, ce n’est que recemment que la GRH considere la composante emotionnelle au travail (Allouche, 2012). Pourtant, le courant des Relations Humaines, et diverses disciplines distinctes de la GRH, ont integre cette dimension depuis les annees 1930. A partir des travaux de Weiss et Cropanzano (1996) en comportements organisationnels, de Salovey et Mayer (1990 et 1997) et de Gross (Gross 1998 et 2014 ; Gross & John, 2003) en psychologie, d’Hochschild (1998, 2003a et 2003b) et de Goffman (1959, 1969 et 1973) en sociologie, de recherches en GRH et sociologie du travail a propos du soutien social et des regulations sociales (Reynaud, 1988, 1997 et 2003 ; Ruiller, 2010), notre these exploite et combine une diversite de cadres theoriques, afin d’explorer les fonctions et les regulations des emotions au travail dans quatre metiers sujets a incidents emotionnels : policiers, urgentistes, enseignants en REP+ et teleconseillers en centre d’appels. ...

The thesis is an outline of a theory on the 'culinarization of the self', which is linked with a theoretical framework, shaping the subject in an everyday experience by power dynamics related to discourse and ideology. Practises such as eating and cooking are flavoured by an exposed Western discourse in popular media. Where a multitude of culinary cultures are presented, by a somewhat equal group of actors, being men/women and to some extent from other cultures. The aim of the study is to critically reread food talks, culinary texts visualised in popular media. Culinary texts that contain and reproduce specific power technologies, which sustain boundaries between male and female, the West and the Rest, will be deconstructed. In order to highlight the complexity of this scheme, central concepts that are presented and applied are: Gender, 'Race', and Class-Habitus-Distinction. The empirical material is of use in highlight the diversity of that discourse. Where ideological, marginalizing, features take the form of images and meaning related to commodity fetishism. Concluding the culinary discourse is flavoured by multiple sets of subtexts that reinforces power divisions between subjects in society, and is used as a tool for that distinction. The thesis contains a development of central concepts such as 'body-space' in relation to a different spatial belonging, and double distinction as an appropriation of knowledge of the 'Other'.

Claire (2010) Corporate strategy, corporate capture : Food and alcohol industry lobbying and public health. Critical Social Policy, 30 (4). pp. 564-589. ISSN 0261-0183 Strathprints is designed to allow users to access the research output of the University of Strathclyde.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the current academic research foci in peer-reviewed studies on gambling. The researchers used co-citation analysis as a bibliometrics method. All the gambling-related publications indexed in Scopus and Web of Science were identified, and their citation patterns were analyzed. Our dataset includes a total of 2418 peer-reviewed gambling studies published over the five-year period from 2014–2018. The VOSviewer tool was used to visualize bibliometric networks and reveal key clusters among the studies. The findings indicate that gambling researchers mostly cited authors from the disciplines of neuroscience, psychology, health science, and psychiatry. Only 2% of the cited authors were from other disciplines, such as those in the social sciences and humanities. The most frequently cited sources also reveal the same pattern: that gambling researchers mostly cited articles published in neuroscience, psychology, and health science journals. The pub...

A lot of later life care is centred on the family. A member of a family, usually an adult daughter or son, informally care for an older parent. Families often include people who are biological kin but who hold a similar status – ‘fictive kin’. For example, a long-term neighbour or friend from school might be known as an Aunty or Uncle. Often the biological child or ‘fictive kin’ is the ‘go-between’ between older parent(s) and formal care services. They perform an essential role in maintaining the dignity and independence of the older person(s) and facilitate access into and out of care services. However, over the last few decades there has been a change in the shape of families. This change is linked to long-term decline in fertility rate, the rise in the age of mortality, economics, increase in divorce rate and stepfamilies. Not only are families smaller than they once were but there is an increase in number of people ageing without children.

Roskilde Universitet " Nowadays we are all on the move " (Bauman 1998: 77) " It sometimes seems as if all the world is on the move " (Urry 2007: 1) Introduktion Dette kapitel saetter fokus på mobiliteten og bevaegelsens sociologi. Det diskuteres hvordan mobilitet er et menneskeligt og samfundsmaessigt grundvilkår. Mobilitet er således ikke noget nyt men med det moderne samfunds udvikling blev mobiliteten i stigende grad understøttet af teknologier og derfor mere intensiv og omfattende. Med udgangspunkt i nutidens samfund diskuterer jeg hvordan bevaegelser mellem lande og kulturer har stor betydning for, hvordan det naere hverdagsliv og verden opleves samt hvorfor mennesker rejser. I den vestlige verden tages det for givet, at man kan konsumere alverdens forbrugs-og medieprodukter, kommunikere med fjerne mennesker og rejse til eksotiske steder. Men samtidig er rekord mange mennesker på flugt fra fattigdom, krig og ødelaeggelse. Kapitlet introducerer således til centrale sociologiske teorier og diskussioner om nutidens mobilitet og turisme, og det viser, at netop mobilitet og turisme er afgørende for menneskers erfaringer med og oplevelser af vores globale samtid. Samtidig viser jeg, at nutidens omfattende mobilitet udretter irreversible skader på miljøet. Sociologerne Zygmunt Bauman og isaer John Urry har beskaeftiget sig indgående med mobilitet, og kapitlet vil derfor have saerligt fokus på dem, men klassikerne Karl Marx og George Simmel inddrages ligeledes. Overordnet diskuterer kapitlet det mobile samfunds forskellige sol-og skyggesider, og den gennemgående pointe er, at mobilitet er blevet et nøglebegreb og-faenomen for nutidens sociologi og samfundsvidenskab mere bredt. Kapitlet indledes med et oprids af mobilitetens omfang og betydning for moderne samfund, der praeges af intensive strømme af objekter, teknologier, informationer og

This pioneering book, in considering intellectually disabled peoples lives sets out a care ethics model of disability that outlines the emotional caring sphere, where love and care are psycho-socially questioned, the practical caring sphere, where day-to-day care is carried out and the socio-political caring sphere, where social intolerance and aversion to difficult differences are played out. It does so by discussing issue based everyday life, such as family, relationships, media representations and education in an evocative and creative manner. This book draws from an understanding of how intellectual disability is represented in all forms of media, a feminist ethics of care, and capabilities, as well as other theories, to provide a critique and alternative to the social model of disability as well as illuminate care-less spaces that inhabit all the caring spheres. The first two chapters of the book provides an overview of intellectual disability, the debates and outlining of the model. Having begun to develop an innovative theoretical framework for understanding intellectual disability and being human, the book moves onto empirical and narrative driven issue based chapters. The following chapters builds on the emergent framework and discusses the application of particular theories in three different substantive areas: education, mothering and sexual politics. A concluding remarks draws together the common themes across the applied chapters and links them to the overarching theoretical framework.

An important read for all those studying and researching intellectual or learning disability, this book will be an essential resource in sociology, philosophy, criminology (law), social work, education and nursing in particular.

n his 1976 dedication of the Connecticut College library, Kurt Vonnegut compared a library to a noodle factory, noting that in a society where many people do not really enjoy reading,"Noodles are okay. Libraries are okay. They are rather neutral good news." It was an indifference, however, that could be tolerated three decades ago when libraries still maintained primacy as central repositories of information. In contrast, in this era of existential crisis and as libraries scramble for "relevance," in face of a crisis of definition and mission, the urgent question then arises: What new paradigms must be formulated to define the mission of the 21st-century library and delineate how that mission can better support both education and culture?

The Niger Delta region of Nigeria has become synonymous with armed banditry and existence of various restive groups clamouring for increased visible participation in the political, social and economic activities of the region. The activities of these criminalised non-state armed groups have scarred the region for more than a decade causing devastation in the major fabric of the society. This paper examines this phenomenon and discovers that, efforts towards disarming these groups have faced serious challenges ranging from the proliferation of arms, lack of an all encompassing social dialogue system, corruption on the side of government official and general underdevelopment of the area. The paper also discovers that, the degree of organised criminality in Nigeria's Delta region is mostly perpetrated by the youth in conspiracy with major political stake holders. This paper therefore recommends that, disarming these criminal gangs/groups must be situated within the human security need of the government fulfilling its social contract with the people through good governance that will guarantee the people's quality of life. This recommendation is based on the fact that Strategising on ways of disarming non-state armed groups without emphasis on human security and employment generation would create room for justification of criminality, inspire proliferation of more groups, and increase security risks in the region.

Islam experienced blossoming as well as waning. The Book of Allah transformed a tribal culture into an empire. The ascent of the umma was enabled by turning to revelation. The fall was triggered by the re-orientation from revelation to tradition. The ways of the forefathers, recorded in the books of traditions, supplanted the Book of Allah. The turn was triggered by the request of rulers to record the prophetic traditions. As a result, tradition surpassed revelation. The turn represented a shift from an Allah-centric to a prophet-centric paradigm. The turn was assisted by the rejection of reason. The turn produced adverse effects. The rejection of reason made revelation hard to understand and follow. The repression of reason entailed the subjugation of reason to tradition in the exegesis of revelation. The reluctance to engage reason corrupted the knowledge of revelation. The corruption of knowledge extended to the corruption of the sharia. The repression of reason eroded the people’s power to reflect rationally. The repression of reason resulted in a closing of the Muslim mind. The umma’s power to think waned. The result was the corruption of exegesis, jurisprudence and the sharia. The corruption of knowledge is reflected in the proliferation of capital punishments, for example for apostasy and adultery. The proclivity to extremism is reflected in the treatment of acts of terror as “martyrdom operations” by wayward ulama. Exegesis and jurisprudence turned from reason. The rejection of reason, in particular the teaching of causation, plunged umma into stagnation. The rejection of reason was justified by portraying the use of reason to understand revelation as kufr. But Allah exhorts us to use reason to understand revelation. The rejection of reason defies the teaching of revelation. In politics, the bias against reason intensified the repression of the rationalists by Musa al-Hadi in 786. The slaughter of five-thousand philosophers was an event not unlike the Reign of Terror of the Jacobins, under Maximilien Robespierre during the French Revolution. Sixteen thousand followers of “tradition” were killed at the guillotine with the emergence of the Age of Reason, touted by the European Enlightenment, a millennium afterwards. As a result of the rejection of reason, it was harder to understand and follow revelation. The perception that “all knowledge is in the Quran” did not improve matters. This was problematic. For it automatically withheld the designation of “knowledge” from all knowledge not in the Book of Allah. This perception reflected a corruption of knowledge. It was a reflection of hubris. In response to the bewilderment triggered the prohibition of the use of reason, exegetes alleged that revelation features “ambiguous” passages. The rejection of reason severed the umma from its moorings. Furthermore, it made it hard to understand key terms as “mutashabihat,” “hikma,” and “hawa.” As a result, Muslims turned to tradition, which replaced reason for the purpose of explaining revelation. To justify the treatment of tradition as fit to “explain” revelation, tradition was treated as “revelation.” Tradition was conflated with revelation. Furthermore, treating tradition as a “judge” of revelation reversed the relation of revelation and tradition. The word of God was subordinated to the words of persons. The designation of tradition as “revelation” transformed Islam into “traditional Islam.” The abrogation of the verses of reconciliation by the ayah as-sayf transformed Islam into Islamism. It is necessary to restore revelation to its pre-eminence in relation to tradition, to rehabilitate reason, and to ensure that all legislation is in accord with revelation. The disintegration of the empire was triggered by the re-orientation from revelation to tradition. The turn was expedited by the repression of reason.

Using self-projected measures of criminal behavior obtained from a telephone survey, we investigate the predictive ability of four variables central to individual-level application of Braithwaite's shaming theory: participation in gossip, having been reintegratively shamed, having been the object of gossip, and having been stigmatically shamed. The results are partially supportive of the theory. Contrary to expectations, the theoretical inhibitory shaming variables (participation in gossip and being reintegratively shamed) do not reduce projected misbehavior. Consistent with predictions, however, theorized crime-generative shaming variables (having been the object of gossip and having been stigmatically shamed) do appear to increase the chances of several forms of misbehavior. In addition, individuals' interdependency does not enhance the effects of the inhibitory shaming variables and has only limited and contradictory effects in enhancing the effects of crime-generative shaming variables. Results suggest that the theory needs clarification and that it may need further refinement to specify more carefully the conditions under which shaming processes inhibit or enhance criminal probabilities.

Abstract: Patients and their families are often concerned to find a material cause for suffering rather than to accept the mystery of its ontological necessity. In modern healthcare settings, in which medicine is rightly based upon the reductionist empirical scientific method, ...

When seeking drug reform we should avoid the deeply entrenched anti-drug narratives that have dominated drug policy debate. These narratives are often rooted in fallacy, distortion and sweeping generalisations, whereas, reform must maintain integrity and stay firmly rooted in reason, rationale, science and evidence. We need to be clear, we don't have a global drug problem - we have a global drug policy problem, and the cause of the problem isn't gangsters - it's governments.

The central focus of this paper is the notion that the home can provide a locale in which people can work at attaining a sense of ontological security in a world that at times is experienced as threatening and uncontrollable. The paper builds on and develops the ideas of Giddens and Saunders on ontological security and seeks to break down and operationalise the concept and explore it through a set of empirical data drawn from interviews with a group of older New Zealand home owners. The extent to which home and home life meets the conditions for the maintenance of ontological security is assessed through an exploration of home as the site of constancy in the social and material environment; home as a spatial context in which the day to day routines of human existence are performed; home as a site free from the surveillance that is part of the contemporary world which allows for a sense of control that is missing in other locales; and home as a secure base around which identities are...

This article suggests that memory studies should consider a transnational approach within the field of media industry studies to understand why memories change when they travel across borders. Comparing television programs from the 1960s and the early 2000s, the article first argues that documentaries about the past have become more transnational and attributes this narrative aspect to efforts to enhance sales in foreign markets. Secondly, the article analyzes different language versions of the documentary series Hitler's Holocaust/ Holokaust to show that programs become re-nationalized through their adaption to a particular language market (re-versioning).

This paper reviews the origins and definitions of social capital in the writings of Bourdieu, Loury, and Coleman, among other authors. It distinguishes four sources of social capital and examines their dynamics. Applications of the concept in the sociological literature emphasize its role in social control, in family support, and in benefits mediated by extrafamilial networks. I provide examples of each of these positive functions. Negative consequences of the same processes also deserve attention for a balanced picture of the forces at play. I review four such consequences and illustrate them with relevant examples. Recent writings on social capital have extended the concept from an individual asset to a feature of communities and even nations. The final sections describe this conceptual stretch and examine its limitations. I argue that, as shorthand for the positive consequences of sociability, social capital has a definite place in sociological theory. However, excessive extensions of the concept may jeopardize its heuristic value.

The bereaved by suicide are rapidly catapulted into not only making sense of the death of their loved one but also dealing with the multiple social prescriptions about what can and cannot be discussed. This presents those bereaved by suicide with special problems unique to the method of death. This paper discusses a narrative practice approach to therapy that has been specifically developed to counter the effects of marginalisation and stigma attached to certain forms of life experience. The founders of narrative therapy were both social workers, committed to challenging operations of power and privilege in mental health services and psychiatry. Four modes of narrative practice are reviewed - re-membering practices, multi-storied tellings, collective narrative practices and reclaiming histories - and how they assist people who are bereaved by suicide is described.

RESUMO: O artigo apresenta resultados de pesquisas relacionadas especificamente às atividades corais a capella desenvolvidas e/ou patrocinadas pela Sociedade de Cultura Artística Brasílio Itiberê (SCABI), desde a sua criação, em Curitiba, Paraná, em 1944 até meados década de 1960, período em que a entidade realizou cerca de 30 apresentações com grupos vocais nacionais e internacionais. Dos conjuntos nacionais, investigou-se, em particular, da Associação Orfeônica de Curitiba, cuja regência coube ao maestro Luiz Eulógio Zilli (1907-1990); dos conjuntos internacionais pesquisou-se a vinda de Os meninos cantores de Viena (Die Wiener Saengerknaben), em 1949 e 1961.
Palavras-chave: Sociedade de Cultura Artística Brasílio Itiberê (SCABI); coral a capella; atividades musicais no Estado do Paraná do século XX.
ABSTRACT: The article presents results of a research specifically related to the choral activities a capella developed and/or sponsored by the Sociedade de Cultura Artística Brasílio Itiberê (SCABI), in Curitiba, Parana, Brazil. The research covers SCABI activities since its creation, in 1944 until mid 1960s. During this period SCABI featured about 30 presentations with national and international vocal groups. Among the national sets, the research focused particularly on the Associação Orfeônica de Curitiba, under regency of the conductor Luiz Eulógio Zilli (1907-1990); among the international sets the studies concentrated on the visits of the Viena Boys Singers (Die Wiener Saengerknaben), in 1949 and 1961
Keywords: Socidade de Cultura Artística Brasílio Itiberê (SCABI); choral a capella; musical activities in the State of the Paraná of century XX.

This paper considers what the repercussions are when the concept of 'quality' is examined within the epistemological and ontological theoretical shifts that are afforded by posthumanism. In particular, Braidotti's (2006) configuring of thinking as 'nomadic activity', and the need for process ontology (Braidotti, 2006) together with Massumi's (2011) ideas relating to activist philosophy create the necessary conceptual space for thinking differently. The paper takes as a point of departure ethnographic data that has emerged from the twin locations of Norway and England that broadly centres on some of the practices, habits and mundanities that are associated with Norwegian and English children (aged between 2 and 4 years) eating food whilst attending their barnehagene or preschool setting. It is within the milieu of eating that we take up the challenge of confronting 'quality' where we question whether it is possible to put to one side a universal standard so as to consider other potentialities. Inevitably, we conclude with more questions than answers.

The paucity of literature on the black woman is outrageous on its face. But we must also contend with the fact that too many of these rare studies must claim as their signal achievement the reinforcement of fictitious cliches. They have given credence to grossly ...