Fair Trade

Le istituzioni pubbliche e religiose hanno dato un notevole contributo allo studio dei manufatti di seta durante tutto il Medioevo, soprattutto quando sono riusciti a conservare fino ai nostri giorni frammenti o stoffe. I tessuti, anche se non sopravvissuti, sono stati analizzati grazie alla contabilità e agli inventari che vennero redatti nel corso del tempo. La bellezza delle stoffe di eccelsa qualità, intessute con metalli preziosi e raffiguranti ogni tipo di figura, dotate di un alto valore simbolico, hanno spesso messo in ombra gli altri tessuti serici più semplici. Eppure, è dal confronto con questi ultimi che è possibile cogliere pienamente l’alto valore economico e sociale di questi beni tessili. Studiare il consumo di manufatti di seta da parte di due istituzioni, quale l’Opera del Duomo e il comune di Siena, consente di delineare sia l’evoluzione dei costi di stoffe diverse sia l’incidenza che ebbero attraverso la comparazione con altri beni e servizi. Tale analisi, confrontando articoli simili in periodi diversi, permetterà di cogliere quanto alcuni tipi di tessuti di seta diventarono proibitivi nella seconda metà del Trecento e, quindi, come mutò il loro valore nel corso del tempo.

Public and religious institutions made a significant contribution to the study of silk artifacts throughout the Middle Ages, particularly when they succeeded in preserving fragments or entire textiles up to the present day. Even when the fabrics themselves have not survived, they have been examined through accounting records and inventories compiled over time. The splendor of high-quality textiles—woven with precious metals and depicting a wide array of figures, and endowed with considerable symbolic value—has often overshadowed simpler silk fabrics. Yet, it is precisely through comparison with these more modest textiles that one can fully appreciate the economic and social value of the more luxurious ones. Analyzing the consumption of silk artifacts by two institutions—the Opera del Duomo and the Comune of Siena—makes it possible to trace both the evolution of the costs associated with different types of cloth and their economic impact when compared with other goods and services. This analysis, through the comparison of similar items across different periods, will reveal how certain types of silk fabrics became prohibitively expensive during the second half of the fourteenth century, and how their value changed over time.

Several marginalized women work in carpet factories in Nepal. These women are mostly unemployed and illiterate. The study aims to understand their working conditions, life situations, and the challenges that they face both at work and at home. The researcher interviewed nine such female workers in local dialects after obtaining their verbal consent in the Boudha area of Kathmandu, Nepal. These women had experienced physical, psychological, and economic stress. They came to the city for a better life, education for their children, and employment opportunities. The study shows that the workers are unsatisfi ed with their pay and the working environment, and struggle to live in the city. The study also found that they are vulnerable and often paid less than what is needed to meet their needs.

As a former urban development manager and now a minister in the Church of England, I offer this thesis as a theological reflection on the church's engagement in the urban development process. By bringing together an understanding of urban policy with a hermeneutical reflection, a missional rationale is offered to the church in the context of urban change. The Pastoral Cycle model of learning is used based on five key stages: First, through immersion in the experience of the church's interaction with London's Thames Gateway project, three core themes are identified: promoting human flourishing, mediating tension and representing hope. Second, an understanding of these three core themes is explored in a social analysis of urban development policy and the Church of England's engagement with urban development in the past. Third, a Biblical hermeneutic is offered based on Jeremiah. 29v7 where God calls on his people 'to seek the shalom of the city where I place you into exile.' Links are made with the three core themes, as the community of God are called: to seek not only human flourishing but shalom; to mediate the tensions of a city that is not their own; and to represent God's hope in the midst of change. Fourth, the core themes are developed into a transformative strategy based on partnership with others to promote shalom, helping foster civil society by mediating tension and creating social justice, and representing God's hope for their future. Three agents of transformation who deliver this strategy are then identified: the workplace chaplain, the church based community worker and the parish priest. Finally, in a return to praxis, the transformative strategy is re-evaluated based on the learning experiences of these agents of change in Longbridge, Birmingham. This leads to a call for a collaborative approach to church engagement. Lessons learned here will help the church engage better with the urban development agenda. As a result, the church's agents of change are better able to work closer together to promote shalom, mediate tension and represent hope.

The overuse of agricultural pesticides creates high costs to ecosystems and human health. One important reason for overuse is that markets in lower-income countries do not sufficiently differentiate agricultural produce based on quality aspects, making it difficult for consumers to select safe produce. Ecolabeling is a voluntary method of certification to gain consumer trust by differentiating produce based on environmental impact. Most studies have looked at consumer preferences for ecolabels, but the preferences of producers to adopt such labels have received much less attention. This paper aims to explore farmers' choice preference for ecolabels, safe pest management methods, human health, and the environment using a choice experiment. We sampled 303 vegetable farmers from three peri-urban provinces of Bangkok, Thailand, namely Ratchaburi, Nakhon Pathom and Pathum Thani provinces. Attributes of pest management methods and outcomes included farm ecosystems, human health, ecola...

High profile cases of exploitative labour practices have increased concerns over agricultural working conditions. However, it is unclear to what extent the public is willing to trade-off fair working conditions for higher prices. We implement a large-scale survey to uncover consumer preferences for a food labeling system that certifies fair working conditions for the workers employed in agricultural production. We test for several methodological issues * We'd like to thank the Editor and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments. Drichoutis, Vassilopoulos and Lusk acknowledge funding by the John S. Latsis Public Benefit Foundation. The sole responsibility for the paper's content lies with its authors. We also acknowledge the help of several people:

Gunumuzde hukumetler, medya, sivil toplum kuruluslari gibi cesitli baski gruplari dunya markalarina, “kuresel uygulamalarinin etik acidan uygunlugu” konusunda cesitli yaptirimlar uygulamaya calismaktadirlar. Bu yaptirimlar, tuketicilerin bilinclenmesini saglamanin yani sira, isletmelerin de kuresel ticari faaliyetlerinde surdurulebilir etik uygulamalar icin harekete gecmelerine yol acmaktadir. Iste adil ticaret, dezavantajli bulunan yerel ureticilerin uluslararasi pazarlara acilmasina imkân taniyan bir ticaret sistemini ifade etmektedir. Henuz oldukca yeni ve gelisen adil ticareti daha iyi anlayabilmek amaciyla bu calismada, adil ticaret kavrami ile ilgili bilgilere yer verilerek tuketiciler acisindan bazi cikarimlar saglanacaktir

supply chains, has faced numerous challenges since its inception. Ethical sourcing, closely linked with fairtrade, similarly strives to ensure that products are made in ways that respect both workers and the environment. Over the years, despite these efforts, several obstacles-ranging from price sensitivity to consumer skepticism-have hindered widespread adoption. However, recent advancements, particularly in pricing strategies, labeling, and transparency, have contributed to an increasing market acceptance of fair-trade products. This reflective essay critically discusses these advancements, drawing from extensive academic literature and practical examples to evaluate the current state of the fair-trade movement. Challenges Facing the Fair-Trade Movement The fair-trade movement has always struggled with issues of pricing, consumer trust, and the balance between ethical considerations and affordability. Research indicates that while a growing number of consumers express interest in ethical consumption, their willingness to pay a premium for fair-trade products often does not align with their stated values (Pedregal & Ozcaglar-Toulouse, 2011). This misalignment between ethical intent and actual purchase behavior has been documented across various studies (Auger & Devinney, 2007), leading to inconsistent demand for fair-trade goods. Consumers' concerns often stem from a perception that fair-trade products are overpriced compared to conventional alternatives (Arnot, Boxall & Cash, 2006). Additionally, consumer confusion around ethical labeling and "greenwashing" has further complicated market acceptance. As companies increasingly adopt sustainability claims, it becomes harder for consumers to discern between genuinely ethical products and those that merely market themselves as such (Parguel, Benoît-Moreau & Larceneux, 2011). This phenomenon undermines the credibility of fair-trade certification, contributing to market resistance. Advancements in Pricing Strategies A significant breakthrough in recent years has been the development of more sophisticated pricing strategies that cater to ethically conscious consumers without alienating pricesensitive shoppers. Bambauer-Sachse and Mangold (2010) highlight how partitioned pricing-where consumers see the base price and a fair-trade premium separately-helps reduce the psychological barrier associated with paying more for ethical products. This transparent pricing model appeals to consumers who want to feel that their additional expenditure directly contributes to ethical practices (Voester, Ivens & Leischnig, 2017). Moreover, companies have adopted tiered pricing models, offering different levels of ethical products at varying price points. This strategy, employed by companies like Ben & Jerry's, enables consumers to choose the level of ethical sourcing they are willing to support, making fair-trade more accessible (Fairtrade Foundation, 2021). The concept of "ethical surcharges," where consumers can voluntarily add a small fee to support fair-trade initiatives, has also been successful in increasing fair-trade coffee purchases (Albinsson, Burman & Das, 2010). These pricing strategies help balance consumer desire for affordability with their ethical intentions. The Role of Labeling and Certification Labeling has always been a cornerstone of the fair-trade movement, serving as the primary means of communicating ethical credentials to consumers. Early studies show that clear and recognizable labeling increases consumer trust and drives purchasing decisions (Basu & Hicks, 2008). The introduction of Fairtrade Marks, which denote adherence to specific ethical standards, plays a crucial role in this. Research by De Pelsmacker et al. (2005) found that the presence of these marks significantly increased consumer willingness to pay for ethically sourced coffee.

The aim of this article is to present and discuss the perspectives of social entrepreneurship conveyed by third sector organizations in Portugal in the context of the main international theoretical approaches. As part of a research project on social entrepreneurship in Portugal, the article analyses the content of 20 semi-structured interviews with key actors within the Portuguese third sector. It is assumed that the roles these actors play are a clear indicator of the importance their views can hold in defining the social entrepreneurship field in Portugal. This analysis enables us to conclude that heterogeneous views and blurred defined boundaries frame the debate on social entrepreneurship's processes and definitions, with some actors even rejecting it in favour of other concepts such as "social economy" or "solidarity economy". Nevertheless, the central issues that arose are associated with the individual qualities of the entrepreneur, as well as the sustainability of the initiatives.

Ethical trade -initiatives that seek to improve the social and environmental impacts of global supply chains -is growing because of perceived shortcomings in globalisation and in traditional forms of state regulation. This paper analyses and categorises stakeholders, incentives and mechanisms of ethical trade. On the basis of current (limited) evidence, it summarises the impact of ethical trade via six performance measures: existence, extent, expedience, effectiveness, efficiency, and externalities. The mixed picture of impacts is analysed and understood from two perspectives: a design focus, and an institutional focus. The former sees impacts as guided by design-reality gaps in planning and implementation of initiatives. The latter identifies key institutional elements affecting impacts: underlying stakeholder interests, regulatory incentives, asymmetries of power and information, and trust. The paper concludes by looking at regulatory changes and challenges arising from globalisation; by critiquing current recommendations for ethical trade improvement; and by identifying ongoing research issues.

Administrative and Socio-Economic Foundations of Fair and Market Institutions in the Ottoman Empire Ercüment BALCI* ÖZ Bu makale, Osmanlı Devleti'nin iktisadi ve toplumsal yapısı içerisinde panayır ve pazar kurumlarının üstlendiği çok yönlü fonksiyonları incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Panayırlar ve pazarlar, yalnızca mal değişim süreçlerinin gerçekleştiği ekonomik alanlar değil, aynı zamanda devletin idarî gücünün sahada hissedildiği ve toplumun sosyal etkileşim ortamlarının şekillendiği kamusal mekânlardı. Çalışmada öncelikle bu kurumların kuruluş gerekçeleri, tarihsel gelişimi ve haftalık pazarlardan farkları ortaya konulmuştur. Ardından, panayır ve pazarların idari olarak nasıl düzenlendiği, merkezi ve yerel otoriteler arasındaki işleyiş ve Tanzimat sonrası bürokratik dönüşümler ele alınmıştır. Son olarak, bu alanların sosyo-kültürel işlevleri, dini günlerle bağlantıları, eğlence ve dayanışma boyutları vurgulanarak

Cultural, artistic, and tourism festivals play a significant role in the cultural and economic structure of societies, contributing to the strengthening of social bonds and the sharing of common cultural experiences. The success and impact of these festivals emphasize the importance of poster designs for effective promotion and increased participation. Poster designs serve many important functions, including announcement, promotion, attracting interest, enhancing participation, creating visual identity, providing information, reminding, and highlighting cultural values. They visually reflect the themes of the festivals and their artists, reinforcing the cultural experience. Posters introduce people to the festival concept, spark curiosity about the event, and increase interest in the festival. In this way, festivals achieve important goals such as sharing cultural and artistic values, acquiring new experiences, and increasing social interaction. In this research, visual content analyses of the poster designs of culture, art, and tourism festivals held in Balıkesir province in 2022 were conducted. The analysis focused on message, message-image integrity, verbal hierarchy, and visibility data, which were summarized, standardized, and compared and interpreted with the obtained data.

Foram cinco anos bem aproveitados e devo agradecimentos a todos que de alguma forma contribuíram para minha formação. Agradeço à minha família, em especial a minha mãe, Iracema e pai José, pela paciência e pelo suporte que me proporcionaram em todos os anos da graduação, e a Déborah, por ser uma irmã atenciosa. Sem vocês nada disso seria possível. À minha companheira Maitê pelo carinho e apoio. Agradeço a todos os professores e professoras que tanto contribuíram para minha formação pessoal e profissional. Especialmente à Profª. Nora Presno, por seus questionamentos, contribuições e orientação nesse trabalho e durante toda minha vida acadêmica; ao Prof. Marcelo Miná por sua orientação nos trabalhos junto à incubadora; ao Prof. José Horta, pelas incansáveis conversas acerca do cooperativismo; e à Profª. France, com quem aprendi muito sobre orientações técnicas no campo. À todos e todas com quem "estagiei", trabalhei e vivenciei diversas experiências durante anos no Estágio Interdisciplinar de Vivência. Foram momentos que marcaram e definiram muitas coisas. Aos amigos da Incubadora Tecnológica de Cooperativas Populares, com quem vi vi momentos de felicidade e angústia, de indignação e esperança, especialmente à Renata,

The most intractable and protracted transatlantic trade conflict of the last decade was over bananas, which grow neither on the European nor on the North American continent. Our explanation of the conflict emphasizes the determining role of the domestic politics of the EU and the United States. It was driven not only by the extreme divergence of preferences of Brussels' and Washington's domestic constituencies, rooted in the competitive position of competing banana industries, but also, and critically, by the institutional configuration of (agricultural) trade policymaking on either side of the Atlantic. The EU agricultural trade policy process is characterized by a division of labor that favors agricultural over wider trading interests, sectoral segmentation, and sector-specific issue-linkage. The U.S. trade policy process is characterized by the Congress's growing reassertion of its trade policy prerogatives, the growing institutionalization of firms' access to the...

Conceptualisation de l'empowerment des consommateurs : Approche multidisciplinaire et mise en perspective des transformations organisationnelles liées Résumé : L'empowerment a fait l'objet d'un développement récent mais relativement disséminé en sciences de gestion et en marketing. La variété des recherches à la fois en sciences humaines et sociales se sont construites sans enrichissement mutuel. Cette communication propose une revue historique de l'empowerment particulièrement du courant de la psychologie communautaire permettant d'aboutir à une mise en perspective de ce phénomène. Cette analyse va permettre de dégager une définition intégratrice de l'empowerment en marketing. A travers une étude netnographique, une meilleure compréhension des processus et des manifestations de l'empowerment dans le cadre de la relation entre les consommateurs et les marques est investie.

In December 2001, green coffee commodity prices hit a 30-year low. This deepened the livelihood crisis for millions of coffee farmers and rural communities. The specialty coffee industry responded by scaling up several sustainable coffee certification programs, including Fair Trade. This study uses household-and community-level research conducted in Nicaragua from 2000 to 2006 to assess the response to the post-1999 coffee crisis. A participatory action research team surveyed 177 households selling into conventional and Fair Trade markets in 2006. In an effort to dialogue with specialty coffee industry and mainstream development agencies, results are framed within the context of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. Findings suggest that households connected to Fair Trade cooperatives experienced several positive impacts in education, infrastructure investment, and monetary savings. However, several important livelihoods insecurities, including low incomes, high emigration, and food insecurity, persisted among all small-scale producers. En diciembre de 2001, los precios del bien de consumo de cafe ´verde alcanzaron su nivel ma ´s bajo en 30 an ˜os. Esto ha aumentado la crisis del sustento a millones de cultivadores de cafe ´y comunidades rurales. La industria especializada del cafe ´respondio ´perfeccionando varios programas de certificacio ´n del cafe ´sustentable, que incluye el comercio justo. Este estudio

The aim of this study is to conduct a literature review, pointing to a research agenda on fair trade focused on management area. The specific objectives are: a) evaluate the quantity of publications over time; b) identify the most productive authors; c) identify journals with the most publications; d) identify the keywords used; e) identify the most cited articles. Using bibliometric method, our major findings were: fair trade literature is recent, has two core journals and has no consolidated productive elite. The quantity of articles focused on fair trade consumption and the prevalence of studies on agricultural (especially coffee) products were also explored. Finally, the analysis of the most-cited papers led to the inference that the subject is relevant to international publications. From this analysis, we can point to a research agenda as well as the importance of Latin America in this context.

The laboring body of the woman is central to the production and reproduction of tea plantations. This paper seeks to interrogate women's roles as workers, both on the plantation and in the household, and look at how the gendered nature of the plantation structure impedes women workers' upward mobility on the plantation. Plantations symbolize a fusion of public and private spaces and attribute unique characteristics to women's work. In their dual role as workers on the plantation and in the household, women ensure that production cycles continue. They maintain this balance as waged workers on the plantation and indirectly through their unpaid and invisible household labor that enables other family members to reproduce their capacity to labor. Patriarchal households and the capitalist plantation structure complement each other in subordinating women as workers in the two spaces. In the sphere of plantation work, tasks performed by women are attributed specific feminized traits that confine them to limited possibilities. This paper seeks to analyze women's acts of social reproduction to establish the link between the role of women and domestic work in maintaining a steady workforce for production in the plantation.

La Plate-Forme pour le Commerce équitable (PFCE) est le principal collectif français de concertation et de représentation des acteurs de commerce équitable en France visant à défendre et promouvoir le secteur. Elle regroupe une trentaine d'organisations d'envergure nationale engagées dans le commerce équitable. > www.commercequitable.org Fair World Project (FWP) est un mouvement indépendant de l'Association des Consommateurs de produits Biologiques au Etats-Unis, qui vise à protéger l'utilisation du terme « commerce équitable » sur le marché, soutenir l'accroissement des marchés pour le commerce équitable, sensibiliser les consommateurs sur les questions clés du commerce et de l'agriculture, défendre les politiques menant à une économie plus juste et à favoriser les collaborations afin de procéder à un véritable changement du système. > www.fairworldproject.org FairNESS (NESS signifie Network of Exchanges on Social Sciences) est un réseau multidisciplinaire constitué de chercheurs travaillant sur les problématiques du commerce équitable. FairNESS France s'est constitué à la suite du 2 ème FTIS (Fair Trade International Symposium) qui s'est tenu à Montréal en 2006. Ce réseau rassemble une trentaine de jeunes chercheurs de France, de Belgique, du Canada et de Suisse. > www.fairnessfrancophone.wordpress.com FairNESS United Kingdom représente le réseau qui réunit les universitaires du Royaume-Uni travaillant sur des sujets liés au commerce équitable et au commerce alternatif. A l'origine, FairNESS UK était une plateforme en ligne destinée à la communication et aux échanges d'informations. Les deux branches de FairNESS ont pour projet de favoriser le partage de connaissances entre praticiens, décideurs politiques et donateurs intéressés par le projet porté par le commerce équitable. > www.fairnessuk.ning.com Sylvaine LEMEILLEUR, Chargée de recherche, Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) Chercheuse en économie du développement agricole au CIRAD depuis 2008 et membre de l'UMR MOISA. Elle s'intéresse dans ses recherches à l'impact social et économique des normes sur les producteurs des pays en développement. Elle mobilise à la fois des méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives (économétrie), pour une meilleure appréhension de l'impact et sa mesure.

This study investigates U.S. consumer perceptions and purchasing trends toward eco-friendly textile products. Based on a survey of 1,000 adults, it explores how factors like environmental awareness, social responsibility, health concerns, and price sensitivity shape buying decisions. The study identifies three consumer segments—Green Enthusiasts, Pragmatic Purchasers, and Skeptical Shoppers—and provides strategic recommendations for businesses to enhance sustainability communication, reduce costs, and promote ethical fashion practices. Findings highlight the growing demand for eco-conscious fashion and the barriers that must be addressed to increase adoption.

This thesis applies game theory to analyze the strategic dynamics of the US-China trade war, one of the most consequential economic confrontations of the 21st century. By utilizing models such as the Prisoner's Dilemma and its repeated form, the study explores why rational actors may escalate conflicts that result in mutual losses and under what conditions cooperation can emerge. A qualitative payoff structure demonstrates how trust, time horizons, and enforcement mechanisms influence strategic behavior. The research highlights the role of the discount factor in sustaining cooperative equilibria and examines real-world events-such as the Phase One deal-through the lens of game theory. While the models are simplifications, they provide critical insights into the incentives, dilemmas, and potential resolutions in trade conflicts. The findings have broader relevance for policymakers navigating international economic relations in an era marked by geopolitical tensions and economic nationalism.

This research paper explores an evangelical approach to addressing world hunger. It defines hunger as a persistent inability to access adequate, safe, and nutritious food, highlighting causes such as poverty, natural disasters, and inequitable resource distribution. The paper examines biblical responses to hunger, drawing examples from the Old Testament (e.g., famines in Genesis and the Law’s provisions for the poor) and the New Testament (e.g., Jesus’ ministry and the early church’s care for the needy). It proposes that the church integrate evangelism with social responsibility, advocating for practical measures like health interventions, support for farmers, and community gardens to alleviate hunger. The study concludes that addressing hunger offers the church an opportunity to fulfill its socio-humanitarian and evangelistic mission, spreading the gospel while meeting physical needs.

We ate our way into the problem, we can eat our way out." -Sarah Mesnick 1. SUMMARY The Upper Gulf of California (UGC), Mexico, is home to the most critically endangered marine mammal in the world, the vaquita. Due to both accidental entanglement in gillnets set for shrimp and other finfish, and the resurgence of an illegal fishery for totoaba, the species is in imminent danger of extinction. The fate of the vaquita lies in the cessation of illegal fishing, a permanent ban of all gillnets, the speedy development of alternative gear for legal fisheries, and a fisheries incentive program to encourage the adoption of new gear. This study explored the use of an eco--labeling scheme as a means of raising awareness and support for future seafood products caught with gear that does not entangle vaquita and minimizes bycatch of other non--target species. Eco--labels are one (of many) market--based tools that could help to promote sustainable fishing practices, provide economic incentives to producers, and engage consumers in supporting a gillnet--free UGC. The two main questions I set out to answer include the following: 1. Are consumer--facing seafood labels working; and, 2. If so, can this market--based approach support a gillnet--free UGC? To best answer these questions, I conducted a stated preference study. The purpose of these studies are to ask questions that help show the monetary tradeoff each person would be willing to make regarding the value of goods or services. In this study, since there is no product (i.e. an eco--labeled gillnet--free UGC shrimp), demand was measured by asking consumers how much they were willing to pay for a low bycatch and wild--caught seafood product. The participatory exercise revolved around a simple board game. There were 13 focus groups that participated in the game. Focus groups were conducted from March 28 th to April 29 th , 2017. Each group was made up of with 2--8 participants (n=58) representing a particular NGO, foundation, academic institute, seafood restaurant/retailer, and a selected group of fishermen and consumers. The game was made up of four eco--label categories: geography, production method, nutrition, and existing label/rating programs. The exiting label/rating programs discussed in this study are either voluntary environmental performance labels-like the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), Fair Trade, and Best Aquaculture Practices (BAP)-or a set of recommendations independently produced by a non--certifying body like the Seafood Watch rating system. There were 5--7 eco--label "chip" options to choose from within each of the board game categories, including a wildcard. Each group was told to discuss and choose one eco--label chip within each of the four categories. Once the group reached a consensus, they were asked to place their eco--label chip on the board game. After each focus group finished the game, they individually completed an 18--question written survey. The second group-representing the same demographics-did not participate in the game and completed a 16 to 18--question written survey. There were a total of 377 survey responses across both groups. The survey was conducted between March 28 th to May 6 th , 2017 either in--person or through Survey Monkey. The survey included questions relating to willingness to pay for an eco--labeled seafood product that was wild--caught with low bycatch, questions about existing label/rating program familiarity and loyalty, and questions about potential UGC labels as feedback for those particular NGOs who designed

The Upper Gulf of California (UGC), Mexico, is home to the most critically endangered marine mammal in the world, the vaquita. Due to both accidental entanglement in gillnets set for shrimp and other finfish, and the resurgences of an illegal fishery for totoaba, the species is in imminent danger of extinction. The fate of the vaquita lies in the cessation of illegal fishing, a permanent ban of all gillnets, the speedy development of alternative gear for legal fisheries, and a fisheries incentive program to encourage the adoption of new gear. This study explored the use of an eco-labeliong scheme as a means of raising awareness and support for future seafood products caught with gear that does not entangle vaquaita and minimized bycatch of other non-target species. The questions this study explored included: (1) Are consumer-facing seafood labels working? And (2) If so, can this market-based approach support a gillnet-free UGC? To answer these questions, a stated preference study wa...

4 èmes Journées de recherches en sciences sociales ; Rennes 09 et 10 décembre 2010 Le Commerce Equitable (CE) a connu une croissance accélérée depuis ces dernières années. Le nombre de coopératives certifiées est en forte augmentation. De nombreuses études analysent les évolutions du CE au nord ou les effets du CE sur les petits producteurs au sud. Mais alors que les Organisations de Producteurs (OP) est le niveau où se prend la décision de la certification, peu d'étude analysent les déterminants du choix de ces organisations. Cet article propose donc de comprendre leur choix d'adhérer au CE en caractérisant et d'analysant les stratégies des OP vis-àvis de la certification. En s'appuyant sur l'analyse de données empiriques collectées auprès de l'ensemble des coopératives de café du Costa Rica, nous mettons en évidence l'existence de différents groupes d'OP aux caractéristiques structurelles et aux modalités de participation au CE contrastés. Nous montrons que le choix de se certifier correspond à des stratégies différentes selon les caractéristiques structurelles des OP. Nous soulignons finalement que la connaissance et la prise en compte de cette diversité de situation des OP et de leur stratégie vis-à-vis du CE s'avère nécessaire pour que le CE reste un outil efficace pour soutenir les petites organisations des régions les plus vulnérables.

4 èmes Journées de recherches en sciences sociales ; Rennes 09 et 10 décembre 2010 Le Commerce Equitable (CE) a connu une croissance accélérée depuis ces dernières années. Le nombre de coopératives certifiées est en forte augmentation. De nombreuses études analysent les évolutions du CE au nord ou les effets du CE sur les petits producteurs au sud. Mais alors que les Organisations de Producteurs (OP) est le niveau où se prend la décision de la certification, peu d'étude analysent les déterminants du choix de ces organisations. Cet article propose donc de comprendre leur choix d'adhérer au CE en caractérisant et d'analysant les stratégies des OP vis-àvis de la certification. En s'appuyant sur l'analyse de données empiriques collectées auprès de l'ensemble des coopératives de café du Costa Rica, nous mettons en évidence l'existence de différents groupes d'OP aux caractéristiques structurelles et aux modalités de participation au CE contrastés. Nous montrons que le choix de se certifier correspond à des stratégies différentes selon les caractéristiques structurelles des OP. Nous soulignons finalement que la connaissance et la prise en compte de cette diversité de situation des OP et de leur stratégie vis-à-vis du CE s'avère nécessaire pour que le CE reste un outil efficace pour soutenir les petites organisations des régions les plus vulnérables.

This paper justifies the need to introduce a tax on regular coffee drinkers in the UK to subsidise the fair trade/organic coffee production. This policy will allow to take full account of the negative external effect of regular coffee production while internalising the positive effect of fair trade initiatives. Designing such a policy is possible and the benefits of it can be calculated. This paper shows how.

The role and shape of international trade agreements is changing. No longer simple devices for easing the movement of goods across borders, they are becoming both an instrument of integrated economic regulation at the supranational level and a tool of international relations within the emerging global economic order. The recently expanded scope of negotiations over the Trans-Pacific Partnership ("TPP") serves as a case in point, one that focuses both on the trilateral relations between Japan, the United States, and China, and on the form of competition for control of the language of supranational economic regulation. The focus of this Article is on the decision by Japan to join the U.S.-led negotiations for a Trans-Pacific Partnership, even as it pushes ahead with a Free Trade Agreement with China and Korea. This decision represents a critical new aspect of Japanese trade relationships that is likely to have significant economic and geopolitical effects. I will first describe the TPP from its genesis as an effort by Brunei, Chile, New Zealand, and Singapore to better integrate their economic relationships into current efforts to create a powerful free trade area of the Pacific that excludes China. I will then elaborate on the central strategic considerations that follow from this important decision in the relationships between Japan, the United States, and China, with emphasis on the way in which this affects contests for control of international rulemaking within the structures of economic globalization. For Japan, the TPP may represent a means to use a necessary containment of its own policy autonomy within complex

La coopération de l'artisanat et du design avec la société civile au service des localités. Neila RHOUMA 1 Résumé Selon la généalogie du design avancée par Midal en 2009, le design s'est depuis toujours penché sur les problèmes sociaux. De William Morris aux courants contemporains du design, ce secteur s'est toujours préoccupé de l'usager. Du Bauhaus au travaux de Victor Papanek, les écoles de design se sont constamment penchées sur les besoins sociaux. Porteur d'ingéniosité et d'inventivité, ils mettent en relation les besoins de l'individu et de la communauté (Mohaly-Nagy, 1993) et participent de la multiplication des possibilités du vivre ensemble et de leurs formalisations. Pareille approche vitaliste du design est au coeur de la société contemporaine confrontée à de nouveaux rapports au temps et à l'espace. Elle incite l'instauration de projets d'aménagement social intégrant la protection et la mise en valeur de l'environnement. Ces derniers sollicitent le design qui se réinvente en design social ou encore co-design intégrant un nouveau mode opératoire. Cette nouvelle manière de faire basé sur la coopération induit bon nombre de questionnements : Mots-clés : Design, co-design, artisanat, tissage berbère, Tunisie.

International audienceSelon la généalogie du design avancée par Midal en 2009, le design s’est depuis toujours penché sur lesproblèmes sociaux. De William Morris aux courants contemporains du design, ce secteur s’est toujourspréoccupé de l’usager.Du Bauhaus aux travaux de Victor Papanek, les écoles de design se sont constamment penchées sur les besoinssociaux. Porteur d’ingéniosité et d’inventivité, ils mettent en relation les besoins de l’individu et de lacommunauté (MOHALY-NAGY, 1993)et participent de la multiplication des possibilités du vivre ensemble etde leurs formalisations. Pareille approche vitaliste du design est au cœur de la société contemporaine confrontéeà de nouveaux rapports au temps et à l’espace. Elle incite l’instauration de projets d’aménagement socialintégrant la protection et la mise en valeur de l’environnement. Ces derniers sollicitent le design qui se réinventeen design social ou encore co-design intégrant un nouveau mode opératoire. Cette nouvelle manière d...

Managing Globalization (Oxford University Press, forthcoming 2002). We wish to thank Inge Kaul and Kamal Malhotra of UNDP for their insights on trade policy and negotiations, Keith Maskus and Richard Newfarmer for clarifications on the World Bank (2001) trade projections, and anonymous referees for their remarks. All remaining errors are ours alone. The views expressed in this paper are ours, and do not necessarily reflect those of the institution that we are affiliated with. Publication or circulation of this paper does not imply endorsement by the United Nations Development Programme.

Cet article vise à présenter la COP 30 (30e Conférence des Parties à la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques) qui se tiendra à Belém, au Brésil, en novembre 2025 et ses défis pour éviter le réchauffement climatique et le changement climatique mondial qui tendent à être catastrophiques. Dans cet article, les causes du réchauffement climatique sont présentées et du changement climatique mondial qui en résulte, des conséquences du réchauffement climatique et du changement climatique mondial qui en résulte, ainsi que du rôle que doit jouer la COP 30 dans la présentation de stratégies efficaces pour éviter le réchauffement climatique et un changement climatique mondial catastrophique.

This article describes Bioleft, an ‘open source’, highly collaborative seed breeding initiative, in order to encourage reflection on potential synergies with fair trade ideas and practices. Bioleft aims to develop and redistribute collective agency over seed breeding, as a response to the emergence of an oligopolistic seed industry. It is experimenting with novel approaches to seed innovation that increase the diversity of crop varieties, in order to support agricultural practices that are ignored by mainstream seed firms, particularly small-scale family farming and more ecologically and socially sustainable agricultural practices. More generally it is experimenting with new forms of social and productive organization based on norms of sharing and solidarity.

Strategi an loss dalam trading forex dan emas bertujuan untuk meminimalkan risiko kerugian secara sistema s, bukan menghilangkannya sepenuhnya. Salah satu pendekatan populer adalah menggunakan algoritma Zone Recovery, di mana posisi lawan arah dibuka pada level tertentu untuk mengimbangi kerugian posisi sebelumnya. Dalam eBook ini, kami mengembangkan sistem trading untuk pair XAUUSD dengan kombinasi indikator teknikal, algoritma recovery, serta manajemen risiko dinamis agar trader tetap mampu menghasilkan profit dalam kondisi pasar trending maupun sideways.

The chapter presents the discussion on fair trade initiatives and their possible role in achieving more equilibrated trade relations inside globalization and governance. The authors want to challenge the overrated goodwill of peoples' initiative mostly positioning itself as a counterpart of existing trade policy developments. Fair trade is scanned through principles of economics, which enable a conclusion that the present concept is too narrow to produce enough inside energy for its establishment in real policy of developed economies. Special attention the authors are paying to governance as a field that may profoundly explain the gaps subject to action in the fair trade initiatives. Due to the global meaning of the principle for sustainable global trade and security, it must continuously be more and more incorporated in the mainstream politics of world leading economies.

En aquest treball de tesi doctoral s'analitzen els processos de consum de marques i dels vincles humans generats a l'entorn dels primers, des d'una perspectiva eminentment sociologica. Les preguntes inicials de la recerca giren al voltant de, primer, que fa que hi hagi gent que consumeix marques determinades? i segon, com son i quin paper juguen en el consum els vincles generats a l'entorn del mateix? L'enfocament teoric-metodologic ha estat el desenvolupament d'una perspectiva que permetes estudiar el consum de marques i els vincles des de la seva genesi. D'aqui l'orientacio socio-motivacional de la investigacio, a partir de l'articulacio dels models psicoanalitic i genetico-estructural. Concretament, s'ha abordat el consum de marques des de la seva eficacia simbolica, entesa no tant pels efectes sobre un acte de compra individual, sino sobre l'estructuracio de la imatge i les vivencies del consum de les marques en els seus consumidors, a...

La consulta d'aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l'acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d'aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tdx.cat) i a través del Dipòsit Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel•lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d'investigació i docència. No s'autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d'un lloc aliè al servei TDX ni al Dipòsit Digital de la UB. No s'autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX o al Dipòsit Digital de la UB (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. La consulta de esta tesis queda condicionada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del servicio TDR (www.tdx.cat) y a través del Repositorio Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad intelectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducción con finalidades de lucro ni su difusión y puesta a disposición desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR o al Repositorio Digital de la UB. No se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR o al Repositorio Digital de la UB (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al resumen de presentación de la tesis como a sus contenidos. En la utilización o cita de partes de la tesis es obligado indicar el nombre de la persona autora. WARNING. On having consulted this thesis you're accepting the following use conditions: Spreading this thesis by the TDX (www.tdx.cat) service and by the UB Digital Repository (diposit.ub.edu) has been authorized by the titular of the intellectual property rights only for private uses placed in investigation and teaching activities. Reproduction with lucrative aims is not authorized nor its spreading and availability from a site foreign to the TDX service or to the UB Digital Repository. Introducing its content in a window or frame foreign to the TDX service or to the UB Digital Repository is not authorized (framing). Those rights affect to the presentation summary of the thesis as well as to its contents. In the using or citation of parts of the thesis it's obliged to indicate the name of the author.

According to current literature, individual differences in Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) are assumed to consistently manifest only around young adulthood. Here, we examined, to our knowledge for the first time, whether individual differences in sensitivity to intergroup inequalitya defining characteristic of SDOhave expressions already in early childhood. We expected young children to be less sensitive to moral standards of intergroup fairness to the extent that their parents supported social inequality. Using a sample of 75 preschoolers and their parents, we found that children's sensitivity to intergroup fairness violations varied systematically in line with their parents' SDO levels. Specifically, children of parents low in SDO penalized ingroup members' fairness violations in the intergroup context, whereas children of parents high in SDO showed no such penalization. These findings suggest that individual differences in sensitivity to intergroup equality have expressions significantly earlier than currently acknowledged in the literature.

The authors wish to thank the many people who contributed to this report: members of the Hawaii banana industry, including growers and handlers, whose interest and concern began this project; the Governor's Agricultural Coordinating Committee, which funded the research; Foodland's Robert Bellis, director of produce operations, and Harold Miyamoto, produce manager at Koko Marina; Holiday Mart's Kazu Takai, director of produce operations, and James Law, produce manager at Kaheka Street; Safeway's Sam Cancilla, produce merchandiser, and Steve Litster, produce manager at Manoa; and Star Market's Chiaki Ouchi, manager of produce operations, Earl Yamasaki, general manager at Moiliili, and Dean Kondo, produce manager at Moiliili. We also thank our surveyors and the many survey respondents who gave of their time; the staff of the Hawaii State Department of Agriculture, Market Development Branch, with special thanks to Larry Yamamoto; the extension specialists and agents, especially Leng Chia for all his assistance, and Howard Hirae for his time and tour of Richard Ha's and Lynn Richardson's farms; Basile Goungetas, Frank Scott, Jr., and especially Richard Bowen, for their review and comments; and Jill Lani Stone for preparing the figures and many drafts of this report. We apologize to anyone we may have inadvertently omitted.

Un grand merci aux personnels admistratifs et aux gestionnnaires du laboratoire TREE, et particulièrement à Célia Guénebeaud et Anne Perrin pour leur accompagnement. Merci finalement à la Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine pour le financement de ces projets de recherche.

This brief synthesizes two studies that assess the impact of USAIDsupported coffee interventions in Rwanda (Bihogo et al. 2011; Moss et al. 2011). The interventions were undertaken to support the Government of Rwanda’s policy to transform all Rwandan coffee into high-quality, high-value products in an effort to increase the incomes of and reduce poverty among smallholders. The projects emphasized a value-chain approach to promote the development of premium coffee markets. USAID/Rwanda supported this development through the Partnership for Enhancing Agriculture in Rwanda through Linkages (PEARL I, 2000–03, and PEARL II, 2003–05) and Sustaining Partnerships to Enhance Rural Enterprise and Agribusiness Development (SPREAD, 2006–11).