Late Roman Empire

Merovingian royal court's records of proceedings allow one to make a judgment on the ways in which dynasties sought to legitimize their rule. The investigation of the placita shows that the legal principles they sought to prove and defend were of fairly limited social significance since it could be expected that many of the widows would enter the protection of the church, and in particular, of the monastery of St-Denis. I argue that these court proceedings were the way for the literate people around the kings to tap a hidden source of authority, the power of a judge that had been known to Romans as part of the barbarians' polity since Tacitus, to let the dynasty carry on despite obvious signs to the contrary.

İmparator Constantinus’un annesi Helena, dönemin siyasi propagandasında ve dolayısıyla Hristiyanlaşma sürecinde önemli bir rol üstlenmesine rağmen, bu dönemin tarihsel anlatısında çoğunlukla arka planda kalmıştır. Helena’nın 326–328 yıllarına tarihlenen Doğu veya Filistin seyahati ile sonraki dönemde bu seyahat ile bağlantılı olarak ortaya çıkan Kutsal Haç’ın keşfi mitinin tarihsel gelişimi genellikle onun hakkında yapılan çalışmaların ana eksenini oluşturmaktadır. Oysa, Constantinus’un hem Hristiyanlık etrafında oluşturduğu hem de bilhassa imparatorluğun tek yöneticisi haline geldiği 324 yılından sonra hanedan temelli olarak yeniden dizayn ettiği propagandasında Helena’nın da politik ve dini manada edindiği rolün dönüştüğü görülmektedir. Bu bağlamda Helena, mütevazi kökenli bir kadından (vilissima), hanedanın meşruiyetini simgeleyen dindar bir figüre (genetrix) dönüşmüştür. Bu çalışma, Helena’nın Constantinus’un imparatorluk politikası ve propagandasındaki yerini incelemekte, Filistin seyahatinin yalnızca kişisel bir hac yolculuğu değil aynı zamanda Constantinus’un geliştirdiği devlet politikasının bir uzantısı olduğunu öne sürmektedir. Helena etrafında Kutsal Haç’ın keşfi anlatısı üzerinden şekillenen efsane ve mitler ise, Helena’nın ölümünden sonra “ideal Hristiyan imparatoriçe” modeline dönüşme süreci bağlamında ele alınmaktadır.

El mausoleo tardorromano de Las Vegas es un edificio funerario único en Hispania construido durante la Antigüedad Tardía. En 2015, se inició un Plan de Recuperación y Puesta en Valor que ha permitido realizar nuevas investigaciones e interpretaciones sobre su uso y evolución. El mausoleo se encuentra en un entorno que ha experimentado diferentes niveles de alteración antrópica a lo largo del tiempo. Con el fin de comprender mejor la evolución del paisaje, se ofrece una lectura del impacto y las transformaciones generadas por las comunidades rurales que han ocupado y explotado el territorio. Esto ha dado lugar a una sucesión de fases en las que se explica el origen, uso, abandono y puesta en valor del yacimiento. Es importante destacar el proceso de participación de estas comunidades en las acciones llevadas a cabo para recuperar este enclave arqueológico.

The Late Roman mausoleum of Las Vegas is a unique funerary building in Hispania. A Recovery and Valorisation Plan started in 2015, which has led to new research and hypotheses regarding its use and evolution. The surrounding area has undergone various degrees of human alterations over time. To better understand the evolution of the landscape, an assessment of the impact and transformation of the rural communities that lived and exploited the territory is provided. This assessment reveals different periods that explain the site’s origins, use, abandonment, and value enhancement. It also highlights the community’s involvement in the actions taken to recover this archaeological site.

Autorii își asumă în totalitate paternitatea, originalitatea și conținutul lucrărilor proprii. © 2025 by Editura Universitaria Această carte este protejată prin copyright. Reproducerea integrală sau parțială, multiplicarea prin orice mijloace și sub orice formă, cum ar fi xeroxarea, scanarea, transpunerea în format electronic sau audio, punerea la dispoziția publică, inclusiv prin internet sau prin rețelele de calculatoare, stocarea permanentă sau temporară pe dispozitive sau sisteme cu posibilitatea recuperării informațiilor, cu scop comercial sau gratuit, precum și alte fapte similare săvârșite fără permisiunea scrisă a deținătorului copyrightului reprezintă o încălcare a legislației cu privire la protecția proprietății intelectuale și se pedepsesc penal și/sau civil în conformitate cu legile în vigoare. Panagiotis ASIMOPOULOS TRANSMISSION OF SECRET MILITARY MESSAGES BY THE ROMAN INTELLIGENCE SERVICE .

This is a translation of a chapter written originally in Portuguese. For this version, Latin and Greek translations were extracted from reference translations in English. The chapter may be referenced as Benedetti, Pedro. As relações entre os assentados bárbaros e os provinciais nas Gálias do século IV. In: Morais, Juliana Marques, Benedetti, Pedro and Monpean, Rafael (eds.). Agência, conflitos e subalternidade na Antiguidade: abordagens multidisciplinares entre história, literatura e cultura material. São Paulo: FFLCH, 2023, pp. 57-85

The following study aims to understand the phenomenon of the presence of the so-called barbarian groups in Gaul and their relationship with the Gallo-roman provincial population by contrasting the imperial discourse on the barbarian settlements in Roman territory and its regulation by the imperial power with the everyday practices in those communities. Firstly, we will define the concepts concerning those imperial policies and the chronology apropos the theme. Afterwards, we will explore the discourses vis-à-vis those settlements, the imperial means of controlling them, and the circumstances and reasons that allowed their successful formulation. Last, but not least, through the crossing of literary sources with aspects of the material culture of the archaeological site of Nereth/Balen, we will try to access to what extent the relationship between the provincials and the settlers did or did not conform to this complex mechanism of imperial "propaganda".

In order to prepare this work, a compilation and subsequent classification of metal objects from the late Roman period (4th-5th centuries AD) found in caves in Spain, both in excavations and in prospection, has been carried out. Their study as a whole has highlighted the similarities that they show with other ‘closed assemblages’ such as the grave goods of necropolises and also with the concealments, cultural phenomena that also occurred on the peninsular territory in the same centuries / Para elaborar este trabajo se ha llevado a cabo la recopilación y posterior clasificación de los objetos de metal de época romana tardía (ss. IV-V d.C.) hallados tanto en excavación como en prospec ción, en cuevas de España. Su estudio de conjunto ha puesto en evidencia las semejanzas que muestran con otros “conjuntos cerrados” como son, los ajuares de las necrópolis y también con las ocultaciones, fenómenos culturales que se dan así mismo en el territorio peninsular en los mismos siglos.

This study examines the incorporation of Christian symbolism in architectural materials, particularly tegulae (roof tiles and bricks), in the Roman province of Scythia during the Late Antiquity period (5th–6th centuries AD). Drawing on seventeen artifacts discovered at nine sites, we analyze the distribution, typology, and iconographic function of Christian symbols, including crosses, monograms, and images of saints, on the building materials used in domestic, ecclesiastical, funerary, and military contexts. These symbols served both spiritual and protective purposes and were closely associated with the Christianization of urban spaces and imperial ideology. The presence of imperial inscriptions, notably those of Emperor Anastasius, further illustrates the fusion of political and religious authority. Situating the material from Scythia within the broader Eastern Roman world highlights the shared spiritual and architectural transformations that characterized the late antique Christian empire.

Online version: https://journals.openedition.org/frontieres/3836

La ponencia se centra en la figura de Leoncia, princesa de la dinastía leónida (457-518 d. C.), cuya vida estuvo atravesada por grandes acontecimientos del Imperio romano de Oriente. Nacida en la púrpura, su posición excepcional desde el nacimiento marcó profundamente su destino y la colocó en el centro de las tensiones políticas y dinásticas de su tiempo

The bronze Coinage in the Roman Empire from 395 AD to Anastasius
La moneta in bronzo nell'Impero Romano dal 395 d.C. ad Anastasio
Alain Gennari

A più di trent’anni dalla pubblicazione del decimo volume del RIC, The Roman Imperial Coinage, il volume si presenta come una revisione ragionata delle emissioni monetarie in bronzo per il periodo dall’anno 395 al regno di Anastasio. Il volume presenta almeno un’immagine per ogni tipologia, zecca, officina e singola variante, permettendo allo studioso, ma anche al semplice appassionato, di catalogare agevolmente una moneta tra ben più di mille censite. Le monete, e le numerosissime varianti presentate, seguono una numerazione coerente e sovrapponibile con il volume di Kent del 1994.


328 pagine a colori, formato foglio A4

Europa tal y como se entiende hoy día, hunde sus raíces
en la antigüedad clásica. Desde el siglo VIII a.C. empieza a
emplearse el término «Europa» con diferentes signi!cados
y, paralelamente, el mito del rapto de Zeus se difunde en
los textos y la iconografía. En la Grecia clásica el término
seguirá siendo utilizado, y no desaparecerá en época
romana.
Tras el desmoronamiento de la pars occidentis del Imperio
romano, el término volverá a ser empleado por algunos
intelectuales cristianos, en un momento caracterizado por
la expansión del monacato.
Este trabajo representa una pequeña aproximación a un
tema de gran complejidad que ya ha sido tratado por la
historiografía, pero que cobra mayor signi!cado en un
momento en el que Europa sufre una creciente crisis de
identidad.

The Isis sanctuary in Savaria probably served for a mid‑Danubian regional sacred centre for the Alexandrian deities. The core of the complex is formed by an enclosed area with the podium temple in the centre. Recent research has shown that the neighbouring buildings were also part of the complex, or at least their functions were complementary.
The building to the north of the sanctuary, which has been partially excavated, may have been a 1st‑century timber‑framed structure that was replaced in the early 2nd century by a stone‑foundation building. Its walls were clearly connected to the walls of the Iseum complex, making the two buildings a single architectural unit. In the building facing the street, a larger room was identified, measuring 9.8 × 10.5 metres. The finds included a large quantity of tableware, which could be related to the preparation and serving of food. Some kind of public facilities (thermopolium? / tabernae?) can be assumed as early as the 1st century AD, and from the 2nd century onwards the large room, which probably served as a community hall, was documented. It is not yet clear whether the building had another function as (one of) the dining rooms of the Iseum, or whether it was used as a community hall by the local Isis worshippers. Examples of both arrangements are known from other
sanctuaries in Alexandria.

This paper will be divided into two major topics: first, the historical approach: i.e., the accounts related to the founding of the Cross, the feast of the Dedication, the relic of the Cross, and the captivity of the Cross by the Persians. Second, the liturgical and theological approach: i.e., the liturgical celebration of the Cross during the Good Friday and the veneration of the holy Relic in the liturgical traditions.

The paper proposes a re-examination of the origins of manumissio in ecclesia in the light of Soz., HE 1.9.6-7, which attributes to Constantine three laws (τρεῖς ἔθετο νόμους) that provided the basic framework for the institution. The paper discusses the main terms of a long-standing historiographical debate, focusing on the identifica-
tion and dating of these enactments. It will also examine the sources
from which Sozomenus claims to have drawn the information and
the authorship of the constitutions. This issue will be enquired in
the context of the legislative relations between the eastern and west-
ern parts of the empire prior to the final deposition of Licinius.

Sex. Petronius Probus was the most powerful senator of the second half of the 4th century AD. In less than 20 years, between 368 and 385 AD, he held the praetorian prefecture of Italy-Africa and Illyricum four times. Valentinian I, an Augustus who was decentralised to Trier, had conflicting relations with Rome’s senatorial aristocracy. His sons, Gratian and Valentinian II, were much weaker than their father. Probus was the leader of a part of the Roman aristocracy resident in Rome and Italy who had decided to support the two young Augusti. The Valentinian dynasty sought and found in Probus and his vast entourage decisive political support during the years of the Gothic crisis and the usurpation of Maximus (376-388 AD). The duties of the praetorian prefect in the administrative system of the Late Empire favoured the political efficiency of the senator-prefect’s collaborators.

navarra (Perugia) COMITATO SCIENTIFICO Ulrico agnaTi (Urbino), Francesco amareLLi (Napoli "Federico II"), Francesco arcaria (Catania), Gisella BassaneLLi sommariva (Bologna), Mariagrazia Bianchini (Genova), Giorgio BonamenTe (Perugia), Maria campoLunghi (Perugia), Jean-Michel carrié (Paris EHESS), Feliciantonio cosTaBiLe (Reggio Calabria), Victor crescenzi (Urbino), Lucio De giovanni (Napoli "Federico II"), Lietta De saLvo (Messina), María Victoria escriBano paño (Zaragoza), Lorenzo Fascione

Since the economic boom of the 1950s and 60s, we have lost a truly inordinate amount of archaeological information, particularly from around the major cities. The results of projects such as the South Etruria Survey, on lands to the north of Rome, thus become all the more valuable. Although now easy to forget, modern field survey and, indeed, Italian medieval archaeology, owe a great debt to John Ward-Perkins' ground-breaking project. One of the strong points of his South Etruria Survey, but something omitted by various other surveys, was the concomitant attention paid to fieldwalking and to hidden depths of meaning in the portable finds, particularly ceramics. The attention to detail established at the very beginning of that project, decades ago, permits revisions such as those so splendidly presented in this book. Although commencing with the Bronze Age, almost a third of this monograph concerns the gradual transformation and breakdown of a Roman agrarian system and the rise of new estates, settlements and territories that were to form the basis of Rome's growth in the later Middle Ages. Indeed, one of the great strengths of this study is the continuing consideration of how the data can enlighten our views of the ups and downs of Rome itself. For instance, the city's struggle to survive the troubled decades during and after the Gothic Wars and following the Lombard invasion of AD 568/9, also in the interests of far-away Constantinople, makes interesting reading (Ch 6). Population figures had dropped substantially and the modest material culture, even compared to what was available for the early 6th century, helps illustrate the criticality of the times that Pope Gregory I so eloquently wrote about and attempted to thwart. Life, nonetheless, continued, buttressed not only by the Church, but also by direct intervention of the Byzantine authorities. The later 7th and early 8th centuries, unfortunately, still remain quite obscure. By that time monetary exchange, then confined to the urbs, was disappearing, as was Byzantine dependence as, perhaps necessarily, Rome became ever more self-sufficient. It was in that environment that the papacy made great headway, strengthened by an alliance with the Carolingian Empire, enabling a political break from Byzantium. Archaeologically, new two-storey elite residences appeared within the walls, while a few papal estate centres (domuscultae) and hilltop sites figured in the countryside. Pottery (and probably most else) was almost exclusively made locally, albeit by specialised hands; the only immediately recognisable class is the ceramica a vetrina pesante, a thick lead-glazed ware (known in English as Forum Ware), that has been a godsend in helping archaeologists recognise early medieval activity. As Helen Patterson writes (p 301), it is a story that evolves 'from the late antique landscapes of villas and farms to the medieval landscapes of the castelli'. On a methodological level, Robert Witcher's important reconsideration (pp 60-73) of how to employ finds for establishing more telling settlement chronologies, is well worth reading. The Tiber Valley Project has entailed restudying all the pottery and the recalibration of previous site chronologies. It is fascinating and admirable work. While benefitting our knowledge of the Tiber Valley, it leads one to reflect upon how objective are conclusions drawn from other field surveys in Italy where more effort is often taken in locating artefact scatters than in trying to fathom their true significance in writing history. This is thus not a book for hunting down material parallels, whether of sites or ceramics, but one of maps and graphs, based on solid statistics. Even if details are presented elsewhere (see 412

This article aims to analyze how the conquest and subsequent integration of Gaul into the Roman imperial order were recalled in the historiographical narratives of the fourth century in the light of the concept of "time maps", developed by the American sociologist Eviatar Zerubavel. We will argue that Eutropius, Festus, and Ammianus Marcellinus sought to shape the time map of their audience so as to advocate, each with a specific goal, the maintenance of Roman imperial unity.

O presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar a forma como a conquista e posterior integração das Gálias ao ordenamento imperial romano foram rememoradas nas narrativas historiográficas do século IV à luz do conceito de "mapas temporais", desenvolvido pelo sociólogo americano Eviatar Zerubavel. Argumentaremos que Eutrópio, Festo e Amiano Marcelino buscaram moldar o mapa temporal de sua audiência, de modo a defender, cada um com um objetivo específico, a manutenção da unidade imperial romana.

En este artículo se hace un estudio de las diferentes propuestas presentadas hasta la fecha para explicar el nombre de los maragatos, analizando la verosimilitud de cada una de ellas en diferentes planos (lingüísticos o históricos) y se ofrece una nueva que los relaciona con el nombre de uno de los pueblos del conglomerado suevo, los Chatti, documentados en las cercanías del alto Rin justamente antes del colapso de las fronteras del imperio romano en el año 406.

В статье анализируется процесс возникновения регионального самосознания в Галлии на примере епископата и в особенности Илария из Пуатье. Деятельность этого епископа рассматривается на фоне двух противоборствующих тенденций-объединения христианских общин и епископата в рамках единой имперской церкви и появления регионального самосознания у деятелей церкви. В статье показывается, что несмотря на стремление Илария из Пуатье и его последователей показать его особую роль как часть епископата Галлии, исследование документов показывает, что в его деятельности региональные мотивы были очень слабы и что он мало чем отличался от других епископов Западно-Римской империи. Его деятельность не послужила ему на пользу, так как в начале V в. Сульпиций Север в процессе поиска образцов для епископата не обратил на него внимания. Только когда на территории Галлии и прилегающих земель возникло королевство франков, вопрос об отборе настоящих галльских епископов отошел на второй план и Григорий Турский смог создать единый список мучеников, святых и епископов, послуживших оформлению церкви Галлии в церковь королевства франков. Библиогр. 58 назв.

Ce projet s’inscrit dans la continuité d’une plus large recherche menée depuis 2005 sur le Val d’Elsa (VII REGIO. Elsa Valley during Roman
Age and Late Antiquity) dont les fouilles de la villa d’Aiano, seul vestige romain d’exception situé dans le territoire de San Gimignano et unique à
plus d’un titre dans le paysage de la Toscane, en constitue le point central. La découverte en 2019 au Nord-Est du site d’un nouveau quartier, dont
la fonction productive et viticole a été confirmée en 2023, mérite aujourd’hui d’être analysée en profondeur. En effet, celui-ci nous éclaire sur la raison d’être de la villa romaine de l’Antiquité tardive, qui était pleinement tournée vers la production de vin.

It is well known that William of Moerbeke, the great Aristotelian translator and Dominican friar, was resident in the Greek East at an early formative stage of his trailblazing career. Notes in his Latin translation of Alexander of Aphrodisias' commentary on Aristotle's Meteorology show that he worked on this translation while he was in the city of Nicaea on 24 April 1260.1 As Gudrun Vuillemin-Diem has argued, Moerbeke may have gained access there also to a ninth-century Greek manuscript of Aristotle (Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Codex Phil. gr. 100), which he used for his translation of the Metaphysics and the Meteorology.2 And yet, Moerbeke's journey to Nicaea poses something of a puzzle. Several months later, in December 1260, we find him in Thebes in central Greece, where he translated Aristotle's On the Parts of the Animals.3 In contrast to Nicaea, Thebes lay under Latin control and belonged to the Frankish duchy of Athens. A house of the Greek province of

Предпринятое в книге изучение представлений о власти в меровингской Галлии позволило уточнить основные тенденции и периодизацию романо-германского синтеза. Благодаря анализу различных источников удалось показать: разнящееся восприятие раннесредневековыми авторами политических явлений совпадало в следующем. В этот период власть основывалась на согласии между правителями, знатью и церковной иерархией. С изменением исторической ситуации в агиографической литературе возник новый топос: короли приобрели сакральные функции покровителей церкви. При этом судебные протоколы зафиксировали важную трансформацию политической репрезентации франкских госуда рей. В период ослабления власти Меровинги сперва актуализиро вали собственную роль покровителей церкви, и лишь затем - судейскую функцию, присущую всем варварским правителям.

В этом исследовании показан особый характер раннесредневековых представлений о власти в королевстве франков, которые отличались от представлений Поздней Античности. В то же время они не представляли собой особой «варварской» (или «германской») альтернативы позднеантичным представлениям о власти, а были творческим развитием и адаптацией последних в контексте королевства франков. Стоит подчеркнуть также принципиальное отличие представлений о власти меровингской эпохи от представлений второго периода развития королевства франков под властью династии Каролингов. В частности, можно говорить о значительном сходстве представлений о власти эпохи Меровингов с представлениями, характерными для позднеантичной культуры римских провинций. Это сходство возникло как в результате культурной преемственности, так и в результате сознательной архаизации и подражания культуре римских провинций, составивших основу франкского королевства, представителями образованной элиты. Таким образом, королевство франков целесообразней рассматривать не как осевшее на римской почве племенное образование и не как союз франкских и галло-римских элементов. Образы королевства франков, созданные современниками, которые возникают перед нами в результате исследования исторических сочинений, агиографической литературы и судебных протоколов, представляли собой не «варварскую» или «римскую» (или же их синтез), а «провинциальную» систему представлений, одинаково понятную как галло-римлянам, так и меровингским правителям и их окружению. Таким образом, процесс романо-германского синтеза видится иначе — как слияние двух культур, у которых был общий знаменатель в виде «провинциальной» политической и правовой культуры. Варварские королевства занимали особое место в раннесредневековом историческом процессе — они были не только зародышем нового, средневекового порядка, но и особым феноменом, корни которого уходили в самосознание римского «пограничья», в особую, не до конца романизировавшуюся культуру римских провинций.

В этом исследовании показан особый характер раннесредневековых представлений о власти в королевстве франков, которые отличались от представлений Поздней Античности. В то же время они не представляли собой особой «варварской» (или «германской») альтернативы позднеантичным представлениям о власти, а были творческим развитием и адаптацией последних в контексте королевства франков. Стоит подчеркнуть также принципиальное отличие представлений о власти меровингской эпохи от представлений второго периода развития королевства франков под властью династии Каролингов. В частности, можно говорить о значительном сходстве представлений о власти эпохи Меровингов с представлениями, характерными для позднеантичной культуры римских провинций. Это сходство возникло как в результате культурной преемственности, так и в результате сознательной архаизации и подражания культуре римских провинций, составивших основу франкского королевства, представителями образованной элиты. Таким образом, королевство франков целесообразней рассматривать не как осевшее на римской почве племенное образование и не как союз франкских и галло-римских элементов. Образы королевства франков, созданные современниками, которые возникают перед нами в результате исследования исторических сочинений, агиографической литературы и судебных протоколов, представляли собой не «варварскую» или «римскую» (или же их синтез), а «провинциальную» систему представлений, одинаково понятную как галло-римлянам, так и меровингским правителям и их окружению. Таким образом, процесс романо-германского синтеза видится иначе — как слияние двух культур, у которых был общий знаменатель в виде «провинциальной» политической и правовой культуры. Варварские королевства занимали особое место в раннесредневековом историческом процессе — они были не только зародышем нового, средневекового порядка, но и особым феноменом, корни которого уходили в самосознание римского «пограничья», в особую, не до конца романизировавшуюся культуру римских провинций.

Предпринятое в книге изучение представлений о власти в меровингской Галлии позволило уточнить основные тенденции и периодизацию романо-германского синтеза. Благодаря анализу различных источников удалось показать: разнящееся восприятие раннесредневековыми авторами политических явлений совпадало в следующем. В этот период власть основывалась на согласии между правителями, знатью и церковной иерархией. С изменением исторической ситуации в агиографической литературе возник новый топос: короли приобрели сакральные функции покровителей церкви. При этом судебные протоколы зафиксировали важную трансформацию политической репрезентации франкских госуда рей. В период ослабления власти Меровинги сперва актуализиро вали собственную роль покровителей церкви, и лишь затем - судейскую функцию, присущую всем варварским правителям.

Modern technology calls for the judicial integration of robots into our society as well as their functional integration. Some scholars and industrialists argue that robots might possess their own property and should pay tax; however, it seems premature to grant an electronic personhood to robots at their current technological level. Therefore, another legal institution is needed. With this in mind Pagallo suggests that the concept of 'specific property' (peculium), which was given to Roman slaves, could be applied to highly developed robots. He calls it digital peculium (DP). In this paper, I explain what peculium was in Roman law and compare it with some future regulations for an autonomous taxicab to clarify the similarity and differences between the Roman peculium and DP. Two merits of the introduction of DP are found in my study. First, a robot may have its own DP although it has no personhood. Second, substantive regulations, which were applied to Roman slaves for supporting their masters and creditors, may be reused without destroying the current legal system. In conclusion, it becomes clear that DP is useful as a chrysalis legal institution for supervising robots before they become autonomous in the truest sense of the word.

Esta programación didáctica se corresponde con la materia de Geografía e Historia para 2º de ESO, diseñada conforme al currículo LOMLOE vigente en Andalucía (Decreto 102/2023, de 9 de mayo, y Orden de 30 de mayo de 2023). Está organizada en 12 unidades didácticas que abarcan contenidos de Historia (Edad Media y Moderna) y de Geografía humana, distribuidos a lo largo del curso escolar. Cada unidad especifica todos los elementos curriculares establecidos (objetivos, competencias, saberes, criterios de evaluación, etc.) e incorpora una Situación de Aprendizaje relacionada con sus contenidos y competencias.
La programación pone un énfasis especial en el uso de metodologías activas, atendiendo a la diversidad del alumnado, promoviendo el uso educativo de recursos digitales, e integrando elementos transversales como la perspectiva de género, los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) y la educación para la ciudadanía democrática dentro del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. La estructura y formato de esta programación han sido elaborados de manera clara, ordenada y coherente, lo que facilita su implementación y revisión por parte del departamento didáctico.

La imitación de moneda en época bajo-imperial romana es un fenómeno conocido, pero que necesita aún de estudios que maticen muchos aspectos de la afectación real del mismo. Se discute en este texto la propia naturaleza de la es moneda imitativa, recopilando las teorías propuestas al respecto. Se exponen a continuación, a través de evidencias arqueológicas, ejemplos de tipologías de moneda de imitación documentadas en el territorium gerundensis. Se proponen también cronologías para dichas tipologías a través de la evidencia arqueológica y se explican las posibles implicaciones económicas que la moneda imitativa pudo tener en este periodo histórico.

Attraverso lo studio delle principali fonti archeologiche e storiografiche, il seguente articolo analizza i cambiamenti socio-economici avvenuti nell'Europa germanica e all'interno dell'Impero Romano dall'età imperiale fino all'epoca delle migrazioni.

Santos Salazar discusses Peter Brown’s book, which retraces the scholar’s life and work. Biographical and historiographical accounts intertwine to shed light on the establishment of Late Antiquity as a field of study. From Brown’s childhood in Dublin to his years at Princeton, the book serves both as a tribute to the scholar’s mentors and as a methodological model for anyone interested in the study of the past.
This article also examines Brown’s relationship with Italian historiography.

çalışmalarında Osmanlı Dönemi'ne ait çeşitli çini ve seramik fragmanlar ile Avrupa üretimi seramik ve porselenler ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Stratigrafinin saptanamadığı ve tamamı dolgu topraktan çıkarılan çeşitli çini, seramik ve porselen buluntular da Kütahya Müzesi'ne teslim edilmiştir. Çalışmanın konusunu ele geçen bu buluntular oluşturmaktadır. Cafer Paşa Darülkurrası'nda günlük kullanıma işaret eden örnekler; mutfak kapları, testi ve ibrik fragmanları, biri çift kulplu olmak üzere altı adet çömlek fragmanı, fincan, kâse, tabak, oyuncak/koç figürin ile az sayıda künk parçası, lüle ve Osmanlı Dönemi'ne ait çinilerden oluşmaktadır. Buluntuların tamamına yakını gövde, boyun, kulp, emzik, ağız ve dip parçalarını içermekle beraber tüm veya tüme yakın eser neredeyse hiç yoktur. Tarihlendirilmesi net bir şekilde yapılabilen buluntular 14. yüzyıl ile 20. yüzyıl aralığını kapsamaktadır. Çalışmada bu buluntuların tanıtılması, eserlerin form, teknik, bezeme ve hamur özelliklerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Her we confirme the gold exploitation of the Belgian Ardenne during the Late
Roman Empire.It seems that the Belgian Ardenne was mined for
gold during the Late Roman Empire which is a new perspective for the history of this region and this period.

The Rise and Fall of the Diocletianic Tetrarchy The Roman Empire that Emperor Diocletian inherited, or rather usurped, had struggled through nearly a continuous half-century of civil wars, foreign raids and incursions, rebellions, and other economic and political struggles. When Diocletian seized the throne-first murdering a regicide, claiming himself the avenger of the previous emperor, Numerian, and thereby gaining the support of his army, and finally defeating Numerian's brother in battle-he set out to establish a new system of governance to stabilize the realm and secure his rule. The system he created was the Tetrarchy; he first appointed his old friend, Maximian, as a junior emperor, or Caesar, then proceeded to elevate him to co-emperor, Augustus, and appointed two new Caesares, Maximian Galerius and Constantius Chlorus, to himself and Maximian, respectively. This new system was initially a success in its primary aims, as the three emperors remained loyal to Diocletian, which allowed this "imperial college" to effectively deal with the numerous military fronts of the empire. However, when Diocletian and Maximian retired after the celebration of Diocletian's vincennalia, or his twenty-year anniversary as emperor, the Tetrarchy quickly deteriorated as pretenders and claimants challenged the new appointments to the Caesar positions. In particular, Constantius' son, Constantine, and Maximian's son, Maxentius, strove for recognition as members of the imperial college, joining the ensuing struggle for power and authority. Ultimately, Constantine emerged victorious in this civil war through a series of military and political successes. Though Diocletian managed to manufacture a "dynasty" of (mostly) loyal co-emperors who saw resounding military successes, his alienation and persecution of the senator class and the Christians coupled with his unpopular economic reforms created powerful groups whose enmity with Diocletian would be exploited by prospective claimants. After Constantius passed away only about a year after his ascension, leading to the succession of Galerius as the primary Augustus, Galerius and his appointed co-emperors would essentially maintain the policies of Diocletian and were eventually overcome by Constantine and his allies through a mix of his popular military successes and the support he drew from the groups aggrieved by Diocletianic policies.

This article examines the Negev road-economy from the rise of the Nabatean civilization to the Early Islamic period (3rd C. BCE -9th C. CE), focusing on the region's complex commerce networks, which connected between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean basin and, more broadly, between east and west. We discuss the economy of goods-transportation within the system of Negev connectivity, and we propose to update the limiting boundary lines imposed by the title 'The Nabatean Incense Route' on the medium connecting between Aila, Petra and Gaza. Our main aims are: to emphasize the longevity of the system, which functioned long before and after the floruit of the Nabatean society; to highlight the wide and colorful array of participantsother than the Nabateans themselveswho were acting within the system for their respective commercial purposes; to demonstrate the wealth of goods which was transported by means of the system in both directionsfar beyond incense or even spice and aromatics more broadly; and to show how transportation itself was carried out throughout the system along networks of roads and hubs, rather than through a single, linear road.

In seguito alla definitiva sconfitta di Licinio, occorsa nel 324, Costantino si trovò ad amministrare un impero assai vasto e riunificato sotto il potere di un unico sovrano. Stante l’assenza di una normativa del primo imperatore cristiano che prevedesse una complessiva e omogenea disciplina delle strutture giurisdizionali, risulta estremamente difficile capire come i vari funzionari coinvolti si trovarono ad amministrare la giustizia in età costantiniana. Nondimeno, come le fonti sembrano suggerire, la configurazione finale, risultante dalla riforma della prefettura del pretorio (325-331) e dalle disposizioni dell’editto del 330-331, in parte modificative dell’apparato concepito alla fine del III secolo da Diocleziano potrebbe essere considerata, soprattutto con riguardo alla competenza
concorrente e alla cognitio vice sacra, in qualche misura come il frutto di un’opera già sperimentata da Costantino a partire dal 313 nella pars occidentale. Infatti, i primi interventi dell’imperatore relativi alla giurisdizione si concentrarono in particolar modo nella penisola italica, la quale, nonostante il suo statuto per certi versi tradizionalmente eccezionale, rappresenta da questo punto di vista un vero e proprio laboratorio di modelli giurisdizionali che poi saranno compiutamente realizzati e applicati dopo la riunificazione anche nella pars Orientis.

All along the Late Roman Empire, rather than a city diminished by the effects of the so-called crisis of the 3rd century, the available evidence suggests a certain strengthening of Toletum’s urban functions and a well-organized management of its territorium latifundia. Although no written source alludes to the eventual promotion of the city to an official administrative centre of the Provincia Carthaginiensis following Diocletian’s territorial reorganization, as occurred with some other cities, Toletum presents, throughout the 4th century, an urban profile marked by ambiguity, that, to some extent, continue into the following century too. On the one hand, the abandonment and subsequent spoliation of some emblematic buildings, such as its imperial thermae, can be observed. On the other hand, a process of urban revitalization is also evident, with the city even tending to expand towards its suburbium, indicating the presence of a still effective administration, closely linked to the growing dynamism of the local episcopal see and the
architectural and ideological needs of the Christian religion. This situation, along with the influence of the landowning elites—some of whom had converted to Christianity as early as the beginning of the fourth century—suggests a late-Roman civitas of Toletum with distinctive characteristics compared to other cities in Hispania. This, undoubtedly, played a role in
the selection of Toletum as the sedes regia of the Visigothic Kingdom in the mid-sixth century.

La propuesta de este proyecto terminal responde a la necesidad de implementar estrategias innovadoras en la enseñanza-aprendizaje de la asignatura Historia de México I en nivel secundaria, particularmente en la temática de las culturas mesoamericanas. A través del análisis de la práctica docente propia, se ha identificado una necesidad latente de encontrar recursos que promuevan un aprendizaje sobre los pueblos originarios de nuestro país. Asimismo, se reconoce que las nuevas tecnologías de comunicación han transformado las formas en que los estudiantes se apropian del conocimiento.