Chile
 

to 30 Sep 1812, 29 Sep 1814 - 12 Jan 1818	30 Sep 1812 - 11 May 1814	30 Sep 1812 - 11 May 1814 Variant
25 May 1817 - 18 Oct 1817	25 May 1817 - 18 Oct 1817 Variant	18 Oct 1817 - 11 Jan 1912
Adopted 11 Jan 1912

Map of Chile Hear National Anthem "Himno Nacional de Chile"  (National Anthem of Chile) Adopted 17 Sep 1847 Former National Anthem  "Canci�n Nacional Chilena"  (National Song of Chile) (20 Sep 1819-17 Sep 1847; music from 23 Dec 1828) Constitution   (11 Mar 1981; in Spanish) --------------------------------------- Former Constitutions (1811, 1814, 1818, 1822, 1828, 1833, 1925;  in Spanish) Capital: Santiago de Chile (Concepci�n 1560-1575) Legislative Capital: Valpara�so (from 1987)� Currency: Chilean Peso (CLP); 1960-75 Chilean Escudo (CLE); 1851-1960 Chilean Peso/Condor (CLC) National Holiday: 18 Sep (1810) Fiestas Patrias (Independence Day) Population: 18,664,652 (2025) GDP: $596.6 billion (2024) Exports: $111.1 billion (2024) Imports: $99.2 billion (2024) Ethnic groups: white and non-indigenous 88.9%, Mapuche 9.1%, Aymara 0.7%, other indigenous groups 1% (includes Rap Nui, Likan Antai, Quechua, Colla, Diaguita, Kawesqar, Yagan or Yamana), unspecified 0.3% (2012) Total Active Armed Forces: 68,500 (2025) Merchant marine: 249 ships (2023) Religions: Roman Catholic 66.7%, Evangelical or Protestant 16.4%, Jehovah's Witnesses 1%, other 3.4%, none 11.5%, unspecified 1.1% (2012) International Organizations/Treaties: ACS (observer), AIIB (nonregional), ANT (consultative), APEC, APM, BIS, BTWC, CAN (associate), CCM, CD, CELAC, CP, CPLP (associate observer), CPTPP, CTBT, CWC, EITI, ENMOD, ESCR, FAO, G-15, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IEA (accession), IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA (signatory), ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAES, LAIA, LAP, LU, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, Moon, NAM, NPT, NTBT, OAS, OECD, OIF (observer), OPANAL, OPCW, OST, PA, PCA, PROSUR, SEGIB, SICA (observer), UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNASUR, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Chile Index Chronology 12 Feb 1541                Spanish found Santiago de Nueva Extremadura in                              Chile (later called Nueva Extremadura,                              capitan�a general de Chile, gobernaci�n de Chile,                              Reino de Chile, province of Chile). 1541                       Chile subordinated to Peru. 1554                       Reino de Chile (Kingdom of Chile) created for                              Felipe II de Espa�a. 12 May 1567 - 25 Jun 1575  Audiencia y Canciller�a Real de Concepci�n                              (province of Chile) established.  8 Sep 1609                Audiencia y Canciller�a Real de Santiago de Chile                              established. 1778                       Chile autonomous from Peru.   15 May 1798                Segregation of Chile from the Viceroyalty of Peru. 18 Sep 1810 -  9 Dec 1824  Chilean war of independence. 18 Sep 1810                Municipal Council of Santiago establishes                              self-government loyal to Fernando VII.  2 Oct 1814 - 12 Feb 1817  Spanish reconquest. 12 Feb 1818                Independence (dated 1 Jan 1818 in Concepci�n) is                              proclaimed in Santiago de Chile and Talca                              (State of Chile [Estado de Chile][also Republic                              of Chile (Rep�blica de Chile)]). 14 Jul 1826                Republic of Chile (Rep�blica de Chile)(confirmed by                              constitution of 8 Aug 1828). 25 Sep 1845                Spain recognizes the independence of Chile 20 Oct 1883                Annexes the Bolivian Pacific coast and Antofagasta,                              and also Tarapaca, Tacna (restored to Peru                              28 Aug 1929) and Arica from Peru.  9 Sep 1888                Annexes Easter Island. Regions (from 2021)  Easter Island (Isla de Pascua) Chilean Antarctica Juan Fern�ndez Islands Chilo� Island (1767-1826) Araucan�a (1860-1903) Historical Maps of Chile

Governors
Aug 1540 - Dec 1547        Pedro de Valdivia (1st time)       (b. 1497 - d. 1553)
Dec 1547 - Jul 1549        Francisco de Villagra Vel�squez    (b. 1511 - d. 1563) 
                             (1st time)
20 Jul 1549 - 25 Dec 1553  Pedro de Valdivia (2nd time)       (s.a.)
Dec 1553 - Feb 1555        Francisco de Villagra Vel�squez    (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)(acting)
                           + Rodrigo de Quiroga L�pez Ulloa   (b. 1512 - d. 1580) 
                             (1st time)(acting)
Dec 1553 - Feb 1555        Francisco de Aguirre de Meneses    (b. 1508 - d. 1581)
                             (in opposition)
Feb 1555 - May 1556        Jer�nimo de Alderete               (b. 1516 - d. 1556)
                             (did not take office)
Feb 1555 - Apr 1557        Francisco de Villagra Vel�squez    (s.a.) 
                             (3rd time)(acting to May 1556) 
Apr 1557 - Feb 1561        Garc�a Hurtado de Mendoza,         (b. 1535 - d. 1609) 
                             marqu�s de Ca�ete
Feb 1561 - 22 Jun 1563     Francisco de Villagra Vel�squez    (s.a.) 
                             (4th time) 
Jun 1563 - Jun 1565        Pedro de Villagra y Mart�nez       (b. 1513 - d. 1577)
                             (acting) 
Jun 1565 - Aug 1567        Rodrigo de Quiroga L�pez Ulloa     (s.a.) 
                             (2nd time) 
Aug 1567 - Jan 1575        Melchor Bravo de Saravia y         (b. 1512 - d. 1577)
                             Sotomayor
                            (president of the Real Audiencia to Aug 1568)
Jan 1575 - Feb 1580        Rodrigo de Quiroga L�pez Ulloa     (s.a.) 
                             (3rd time)
Feb 1580 - Jul 1583        Mart�n Ruiz de Gamboa de Berriz    (b. 1533 - d. 1590)
Sep 1583 - Jul 1592        Alonso de Sotomayor de Valmediano  (b. 1545 - d. 1610)
Jul 1592 - 22 Nov 1598     Mart�n Garc�a O�ez de Loyola       (b. 1549 - d. 1598) 
Dec 1598 - May 1599        Pedro de Viscarra de la Barrera
May 1599 - Jul 1600        Francisco de Qui��nes              (b. 1540 - d. 1606)
30 Jul 1600 - Feb 1601     Alonso Garc�a de Ram�n (1st time)  (b. c.1552 - d. 1610) 
Feb 1601 - Mar 1605        Alonso de Ribera de Pareja         (b. 1560 - d. 1617)
                             (1st time) (acting) 
Mar 1605 -  5 Aug 1610     Alonso Garc�a de Ram�n (2nd time)  (s.a.)
 2 Sep 1610 - 15 Jan 1611  Luis Merlo de la Fuente y Ru�z     (b. 1558 - d. 1638)
Jan 1611 - 27 Mar 1612     Juan de la Jaraquemada (acting)    (b. 1563 - d. 1612)
Mar 1612 -  9 Mar 1617     Alonso de Ribera de Pareja         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) 
Mar 1617 - Jan 1618        Fernando Talaverano Gallegos       (b. 1563 - d. 1619)
Jan 1618 -  8 Dec 1620     Lope de Ulloa y Lemos              (b. 1572? - d. 1620) 
Dec 1620 - Nov 1621        Crist�bal de la Cerda y Sotomayor  (b. 1585? - d. 1638)
Nov 1621 -  7 Sep 1624     Pedro Osores de Ulloa              (b. 1554 - d. 1624)
Sep 1624 - May 1625        Francisco de �lava y Norue�a       (b. 1566 - d. 16..) 
                             (acting)
May 1625 - Dec 1629        Lu�s Fern�ndez de C�rdoba y Arce   (b. 1589 - d. c.1644)
Dec 1629 - May 1639        Francisco Lasso de la Vega         (b. 1568 - d. 1640)
                             Alvarado
May 1639 - May 1646        Francisco L�pez de Z��iga,         (b. 1599 - d. 1656)
                             marqu�s de Baides 
May 1646 - Apr 1649        Mart�n de M�jica y Buitr�n         (d. 1649)
Apr 1649 - May 1650        Alonso Figueroa y C�rdoba          (b. 1589? - d. 1652) 
May 1650 - Jan 1655        Francisco Antonio de Acu�a         (b. 1597 - d. 1662)
                             Cabrera y Bayona
Feb 1655 - 1656            Francisco de la Fuente Villalobos  (b. 1582 - d. 1659)
19 May 1656 - 27 Feb 1662  Pedro P�rter Cesanete              (b. 1611 - d. 1662)
27 Feb 1662 - 22 May 1662  Diego Gonz�lez Montero Justiniano  (b. 1588 - d. 1671)
                             (1st time)(acting)
May 1662 - Jan 1664        �ngel de Peredo                    (b. 1623 - d. 1677)
Jan 1664 - 25 Dec 1667     Francisco de Meneses Brito         (b. 1615 - d. 1672) 
25 Dec 1667 - 18 Feb 1670  Diego D�vila Coello y Pacheco,     (b. c.1620 - d. c.1680)
                             marqu�s de Navamorcuende 
18 Feb 1670 - Oct 1670     Diego Gonz�lez Montero Justiniano  (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)(acting)
Oct 1670 - Apr 1682        Juan Henr�quez de Villalobos       (b. 1630 - d. 1689)
29 Apr 1682 - Jan 1692     Marcos Jos� de Garro Senei de      (b. 1623 - d. 1702) 
                             Artola
 5 Jan 1692 - Dec 1700     Tom�s Mar�n de Poveda,             (b. 1650 - d. 1703)
                             marqu�s de Ca�ada Hermosa
14 Dec 1700 - Jan 1709     Francisco Ib��ez de Segovia y      (b. 1644 - d. 1712)
                             Peralta 
27 Jan 1709 - 23 Dec 1716  Juan Andr�s de Ust�riz de          (b. 1656 - d. 1712)
                             Vertizberea
23 Dec 1716 - 16 Dec 1717  Jos� de Santiago Concha y          (b. 1667 - d. 1718)
                             Salvatierra (acting)
17 Dec 1717 - 11 Nov 1733  Gabriel Cano de Aponte             (b. 1665 - d. 1733)
Nov 1733 - May 1734        Francisco de S�nchez de la         (b. 1690 - d. 1738)
                             Barreda y Vera (acting)
May 1734 - 15 Nov 1737     Manuel Silvestre de Salamanca      (b. 1689 - d. 1775)
                             y Cano (acting)
15 Nov 1737 -  4 Jun 1745  Jos� Antonio Manso de Velasco      (b. 1688 - d. 1767)
                             y S�nchez de Samaniego,
                             conde de Superunda
 4 Jun 1745 - Mar 1746     Francisco Jos� de Ovando y Sol�s,  (b. 1693 - d. 1755)
                             marqu�s de Ovando (acting)
25 Mar 1746 - Dec 1755     Domingo Ortiz de Rozas y Garc�a    (b. 1683 - d. 1756)
                             de Villasuso, (from 22 Jun 1754)  
                             conde de Poblaciones
Dec 1755 -  9 Sep 1761     Manuel d'Amat i de Junyent         (b. 1704 - d. 1782)
                             Planella Aimeric y Santa Pau
 9 Sep 1761 -  3 Oct 1762  F�lix Ignacio de Berroeta y Torres (d. 1768)
                             (acting)        
 3 Oct 1762 - 17 Jan 1768  Antonio de Guill y Gonzaga         (b. 1715 - d. 1768)
17 Jan 1768 -  3 Mar 1770  Juan de Balmaceda y Censano        (b. 1702 - d. 1778) 
                             Beltr�n (acting)
 3 Mar 1770 -  6 Mar 1772  Francisco Javier de Morales y      (b. 1769 - d. 1774)
                             Castej�n de Arroyo (acting)
 6 Mar 1772 - 1778         August�n de J�uregui y Aldecoa     (b. 1711 - d. 1784)
Governors and Captains-general
1778 -  6 Jul 1780         August�n de J�uregui y Aldecoa     (s.a.)
 6 Jul 1780 - 10 Dec 1780  Tom�s �lvarez de Acevedo Ordaz     (b. 1735 - d. 1802) 
                             (1st time) (acting)
10 Dec 1780 - Apr 1787     Ambrosio de Benavides Medina       (b. 1718 - d. 1787) 
                             Li��n y Torres
Apr 1787 - May 1788        Tom�s �lvarez de Acevedo Ordaz     (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (acting)
May 1788 - 16 May 1796     Ambrosio O'Higgins y Ballenary,    (b. 1720 - d. 1801)
                             marqu�s de Osorno
16 May 1796 - 18 Sep 1796  Jos� de Rezabal y Ugarte (acting)  (b. 1747 - d. 1800)
18 Sep 1796 - 21 Jan 1799  Gabriel de Avil�s y del Fierro,    (b. 1735 - d. 1810) 
                             marqu�s de Avil�s
Jan 1799 -  6 Apr 1801     Joaqu�n del Pino S�nchez de Rosas  (b. 1729 - d. 1804) 
                             Romero y Negrete (acting)
 6 Apr 1801 - 31 Dec 1801  Jos� de Santiago Concha Jim�nez    (b. 1760 - d. 1835)
                             Lobat�n (acting)
31 Dec 1801 - 30 Jan 1802  Francisco Tadeo D�ez de Medina     (b. 1725 - d. 1803) 
                             Vidanges (acting)
30 Jan 1802 - Feb 1808     Lu�s Antonio Mu�oz de Guzm�n       (b. 1735 - d. 1808)
Feb 1808 - 22 Apr 1808     Juan Rodr�guez Ballesteros         (b. 1743 - d. 1818)
                             (acting)
22 Apr 1808 - 16 Jul 1810  Francisco Antonio Garc�a Carrasco  (b. 1742 - d. 1813)
                             D�az
16 Jul 1810 - 18 Sep 1810  Mateo de Toro Zambrano y Ureta,    (b. 1727 - d. 1811)
                             conde de la Conquista (acting)
18 Sep 1810 -  4 Jul 1811  Government (First) Junta
                           - Mateo de Toro y Zambrano y       (s.a.)
                               Ureta, conde de la Conquista 
                               (president of the junta)
                           - Jos� Antonio Mart�nez de         (b. 1731 - d. 1811)
                               Aldunate y Garc�s, obispo de
                               Santiago 
                           - Fernando, marqu�s de la          (b. 1740 - d. 1818)
                               Plata y Orozco 
                           - Juan Mart�nez de Rozas Correa    (b. 1759 - d. 1813)
                               (1st time)
                           - Ign�cio de la Carrera Cuevas     (b. 1747 - d. 1819)
                               (1st time)
                           - Juan Enrique Rosales Fuentes     (b. 1749 - d. 1825)
                               (1st time) 
                           - Francisco Javier de Reina        (b. 1762 - d. 1815?) 
                               Fern�ndez
 4 Jul 1811 � 20 Jul 1811  Juan Antonio Ovalle                (b. 1750 - d. 1819)
                             (president of National Congress) 
20 Jul 1811 � 11 Aug 1811  Mart�n Calvo de Encalada y         (b. 1756 - d. 1828)
                             Recabarren
                             (president of National Congress) 
11 Aug 1811 -  4 Sep 1811  Government (Second) Junta (Provisional Executive Authority)
                           - Mart�n Calvo de Encalada y       (s.a.)
                               Recabarren (1st time)
                              (president of Junta) 
                           - Juan Jos� Aldunate Larra�n       (b. 1782 - d. 1875)
                           - Juan Miguel Benavente Bustamante (b. 1767 - d. 18..) 
                           - Francisco Javier del Solar Puga  (b. 1771 - d. 1831)
 4 Sep 1811 - 16 Nov 1811  Government (Third) Junta (Executive Tribunal)
                           - Juan Mart�nez de Rozas Correa    (s.a.)
                               (2nd time)(president of Junta) 
                           - Mart�n Calvo Encalada (2nd time) (s.a.)
                           - Juan Enrique Rosales Fuentes     (s.a.)
                               (2nd time)
                           - Juan Mackenna O'Reilly           (b. 1771 - d. 1819)  
                           - Jos� Gaspar Mar�n y Esquivel     (b. 1772 - d. 1839)
                              (1st time)
16 Nov 1811 -  2 Dec 1811  Government (Fourth) Junta
                           - Jos� Miguel de la Carrera y      (b. 1785 - d. 1821)
                               Verdugo (1st time)(president of Junta) 
                           - Jos� Gaspar Mar�n y Esquivel     (s.a.)
                               (2nd time) 
                           - Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme      (b. 1776 - d. 1824)
                               (1st time)
 2 Dec 1811 - 13 Dec 1811  Jos� Miguel Carrera y Verdugo      (s.a.)
13 Dec 1811 - 13 Apr 1813  Government (Fifth, Sixth, Seventh and Eighth) Juntas
                           - Jos� Miguel de la Carrera y      (s.a.)
                               Verdugo (2nd time)(from 1-13 Apr 1813)
                           - Jos� Nicolas de la Cerda y       (b. 1767 - d. 1847) 
                               Santiago Concha 
                               (from 8 Jan 1812)
                           - Ign�cio de la Carrera Cuevas     (s.a.)
                               (from 3-12 Oct 1812)(2nd time)
                           - Manuel Manso de Velasco y Santa  (b. 1755 - d. 18..) 
                               Cruz (10-25 Jan 1812)(1st time)
                           - Jos� Santiago Portales Larra�n   (b. 1764 - d. 1835)
                               (from 25 Jan 1812)(1st time)
                           - Pedro Jos� Prado Jaraquemada     (b. 1754 - d. 1827) 
                               (1st time)
13 Apr 1813 �  7 Mar 1814  Government (Ninth) Junta
                           - Jos� Miguel de la Carrera y      (s.a.)
                               Verdugo (3rd time)(to Nov 1813)
                           - Jos� Miguel Infante y Rojas      (b. 1778 - d. 1844)
                               (president of Junta 23 Aug 1813 - 11 Jan 1814)
                           - Jos� Nicolas de la Cerda y       (s.a.) 
                               Santiago Concha
                           - Francisco Antonio P�rez Salas    (b. 1764 - d. 1828)
                               (to 9 Oct 1813)
                               (president of Junta 13 Apr 1813 - 23 Aug 1813)
                           - Manuel Manso de Velasco y Santa  (s.a.) 
                               Cruz (2nd time)
                           - Jos� Santiago Portales Larra�n   (s.a.)
                               (2nd time)
                           - Pedro Jos� Prado Jaraquemada     (s.a.) 
                               (2nd time)
                           - Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme      (s.a.) 
                               (from 29 Nov 1813)(2nd time)
                           - Juan Ega�a Risco                 (b. 1769 - d. 1836)
                           - Agust�n Manuel de Eyzaguirre     (b. 1786 - d. 1837)
                               Arechavala
                              (president of Junta from 11 Jan 1814)
                           - Jos� Ign�cio Cienfuegos Arteaga  (b. 1762 - d. 1847)
Supreme Directors
 7 Mar 1814 � 14 Mar 1814  Antonio Jos� Ram�n de Irisarri y   (b. 1786 - d. 1868)
                             Alonso (interim)
14 Mar 1814 - 23 Jul 1814  Francisco de la Lastra y de la     (b. 1777 - d. 1852)
                             Sotta
23 Jul 1814 -c.14 Oct 1814 Government (10th) Junta, Representative
                           of the National Sovereignty
                           - Jos� Miguel de la Carrera y      (s.a.)
                               Verdugo (4th time)
                           - Juli�n Urivi Ribas (Uribe Rivas) (b. 1780 - d. 1815)
                           - Manuel Mu�oz Urz�a               (b. 1778 - d. 18..)
Governors and Captains-general
(in opposition to 10 Oct 1814 and from 12 Jan 1817)
- in Chill�na, then Concepci�n -
12 Dec 1812 - 21 May 1813  Jos� Antonio de Pareja y Mariscal  (b. 1757 - d. 1813)
21 May 1813 -  1 Jan 1814  Juan Francisco S�nchez             (b. 1757 - d. c.1820)
 1 Jan 1814 - 19 Jul 1814  Gabino Ga�nza y Fern�ndez de       (b. 1753 - d. 1829)
                             Medrano                    
19 Jul 1814 - 10 Oct 1814  Mariano de Osorio                  (b. 1777 - d. 1819)
- in Santiago -
10 Oct 1814 - 26 Dec 1815  Mariano de Osorio                  (s.a.)
26 Dec 1815 - 12 Jan 1817  Francisco Casimiro Marc� del Ponte (b. 1777 - d. 1819) 
                             �ngel D�az y M�ndez
- in Tacna -
12 Jan 1817 - 19 May 1819  Francisco Casimiro Marc� del Ponte (s.a.) 
                             �ngel D�az y M�ndez
Supreme Directors
16 Feb 1817 - 29 Jan 1823  Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme        (s.a.)
29 Jan 1823 - 30 Jan 1823  Government Junta
                           - Agust�n Manuel de Eyzaguirre y   (b. 1768 - d. 1837)
                               Arechavala 
                           - Jos� Miguel Infante y Rojas      (s.a.)
                           - Fernando de Err�zuriz y Mart�nez (b. 1777 - d. 1841)
                               de Aldunate
30 Jan 1823 -  4 Apr 1823  Agust�n Manuel de Eyzaguirre y     (s.a.)
                             Arechavala 
                             (president of interim Government Junta)
 4 Apr 1823 -  9 Jul 1826  Ram�n Freire y Serrano             (b. 1787 - d. 1851)  Lib
                             (provisional to 21 Aug 1823)
Presidents
 9 Jul 1826 -  9 Sep 1826  Manuel Jos� Blanco y Calvo         (b. 1790 - d. 1876)  Non-party
                             de Encalada 
 9 Sep 1826 - 25 Jan 1827  Agust�n Manuel de Eyzaguirre       (s.a.) 
                             y Arechavala (acting)
25 Jan 1827 -  6 May 1827  Ram�n Freire y Serrano (1st time)  (s.a.)               Lib
                             (interim to 13 Feb 1827)
 7 May 1827 - 16 Sep 1829  Francisco Antonio Pinto y D�az     (b. 1785 - d. 1858)  Lib
                             de la Puente (1st time)(acting)
15 Jul 1827 - 19 Oct 1827  Francisco Ram�n de Vicu�a Larra�n  (b. 1775 - d. 1849)  Lib
                             (acting for incapacitated Pinto)   
16 Sep 1829 - 19 Oct 1829  Francisco Ram�n de Vicu�a Larra�n  (s.a.)               Lib
                             (1st time)(Supreme chief) 
19 Oct 1829 -  2 Nov 1829  Francisco Antonio Pinto y D�az     (s.a.)               Lib
                             de la Puente (2nd time)
 2 Nov 1829 - 12 Nov 1829  Francisco Ram�n de Vicu�a Larra�n  (s.a.)               Lib
                             (2nd time)(Supreme chief)(in Valpara�so
                             12 Nov - 8 Dec 1829, continues to 17 Feb
                             1830 gradually losing recognition) 
 7 Nov 1829 - 16 Dec 1829  Ram�n Freire y Serrano (2nd time)  (s.a.)               Lib
                            (president of the Government Junta, in Santiago)
12 Nov 1829 - 18 Feb 1830  no nationally recognized Head of State
24 Dec 1829 � 17 Feb 1830  Governing Junta of the Province of Santiago
                           - Jos� Tom�s de Ovalle Bezanilla   (b. 1788 - d. 1831)  Con
                           - Isidoro de Err�zuriz y Mart�nez  (b. 1782 - d. 1833)
                               de Aldunate
                           - Jos� Mar�a Guzm�n Ib��ez         (b. 1774 - d. 1860)
                               (from 1 Jan 1830)
18 Feb 1830 - 31 Mar 1830  Francisco Antonio Pascual de la    (b. 1787 - d. 1860)  Con 
                             Ascensi�n Ruiz de Tagle y Portales 
 1 Apr 1830 - 21 Mar 1831  Jos� Tom�s de Ovalle Bezanilla     (s.a.)               Con
                             (acting) 
 8 Mar 1831 - 18 Sep 1831  Fernando de Err�zuriz y Mart�nez   (s.a.)
                             de Aldunate 
                             (acting for incapacitated Ovalle to 21 Mar 1831,
                             then "accidental" to 22 Mar 1831, then acting)
18 Sep 1831 - 18 Sep 1841  Jos� Joaqu�n Prieto Vial           (b. 1786 - d. 1854)  Con
18 Sep 1841 - 18 Sep 1851  Manuel Bulnes Prieto               (b. 1799 - d. 1866)  Con
18 Sep 1851 - 18 Sep 1861  Manuel Francisco Antonio Juli�n    (b. 1809 - d. 1880)  Con/PC
                             Montt Torres 
 5 Jan 1859 - 29 Apr 1859  Pedro Le�n Gallo Goyenechea        (b. 1830 - d. 1877)  PR
                             (in rebellion; intendant of Atacama)
18 Sep 1861 - 18 Sep 1871  Jos� Joaqu�n P�rez Mascayano       (b. 1800 - d. 1889)  PC
18 Sep 1871 - 18 Sep 1876  Federico Marcos del Rosario        (b. 1825 - d. 1877)  PL
                             Err�zuriz Za�artu
18 Sep 1876 - 18 Sep 1881  An�bal Pinto Garmendia             (b. 1825 - d. 1884)  PL
18 Sep 1881 - 18 Sep 1886  Domingo Santa Mar�a Gonz�lez       (b. 1825 - d. 1889)  PL
18 Sep 1886 - 29 Aug 1891  Jos� Manuel Emiliano Balmaceda     (b. 1840 - d. 1891)  PLD
                             Fern�ndez 
29 Aug 1891 - 31 Aug 1891  Manuel Jes�s Baquedano Gonz�lez de (b. 1826 - d. 1897)  Mil
                             Labra ("accidental" provisional government)
 1 Jan 1891 - 12 Apr 1891  Delegation of the National Congress
                           - Waldo G�mez de Silva Alg�e       (b. 1820 - d. 1892)  PN
                           - Ram�n Barros Luco                (b. 1835 - d. 1919)  PL
                           (in opposition at Iquique)
12 Apr 1891 - 10 Nov 1891  Government Junta
                           - Jorge Montt �lvarez              (b. 1846 - d. 1922)  Mil
                             (president of government junta from 14 Apr 1891)
                           - Waldo G�mez de Silva Alg�e       (s.a.)               PN
                           - Ram�n Barros Luco                (s.a.)               PL
                           (in opposition at Iquique to 31 Aug 1891)
10 Nov 1891 - 18 Sep 1896  Jorge Montt �lvarez                (s.a.)               Mil
                            (chief of the Executive Power to 26 Dec 1891)
18 Sep 1896 - 12 Jul 1901  Federico Err�zuriz Echaurren       (b. 1850 - d. 1901)  PL
12 Jul 1901 - 18 Sep 1901  An�bal Za�artu Za�artu (acting)    (b. 1847 - d. 1902)  PL
18 Sep 1901 - 18 Sep 1906  Germ�n Riesco Err�zuriz            (b. 1854 - d. 1916)  AL
18 Sep 1906 - 16 Aug 1910  Pedro El�as Pablo Montt Montt      (b. 1848 - d. 1910)  PN
16 Aug 1910 -  6 Sep 1910  El�as Fern�ndez Albano (acting)    (b. 1845 - d. 1910)  PC
 6 Sep 1910 - 23 Dec 1910  P�o Emiliano Figueroa Larra�n      (b. 1860 - d. 1931)  PLD
                             (1st time) (acting) 
23 Dec 1910 - 23 Dec 1915  Ram�n Barros Luco                  (s.a.)               AL
23 Dec 1915 - 23 Dec 1920  Juan Luis Sanfuentes Andonaegui    (b. 1858 - d. 1930)  PLD
23 Dec 1920 -  9 Sep 1924  Arturo Fortunato Alessandri Palma  (b. 1868 - d. 1950)  PL
                            (departed country 10 Sep 1924; resignation accepted 12 Sep 1924)
                            (1st time) 
 9 Sep 1924 - 11 Sep 1924  Luis Altamirano Talavera (1st time)(b. 1867 - d. 1938)  Mil
                             (acting)
11 Sep 1924 - 16 Sep 1924  Government Junta
                           - Luis Altamirano Talavera         (s.a.)               Mil
                           - Juan Pablo Bennett Argando�a     (b. 1871 - d. 1951)  Mil
                           - Francisco Nef Jara               (b. 1863 - d. 1931)  Mil
16 Sep 1924 - 23 Jan 1925  Luis Altamirano Talavera (2nd time)(s.a.)               Mil
                             (president of Government Junta)
23 Jan 1925 - 27 Jan 1925  Pedro Pablo Dartnell Encina        (b. 1874 - d. 1944)  Mil
                             (president of Government Junta) 
27 Jan 1925 - 20 Mar 1925  Emilio Bello Codesido              (b. 1868 - d. 1941)  PLD
                             (president of Government Junta) 
20 Mar 1925 -  1 Oct 1925  Arturo Fortunato Alessandri Palma  (s.a.)               PL
                             (2nd time)
 1 Oct 1925 - 23 Dec 1925  Luis Barros Borgo�o (acting)       (b. 1858 - d. 1943)  PL
23 Dec 1925 -  9 May 1927  P�o Emiliano Figueroa Larra�n      (s.a.)               PLD
                             (2nd time)
 7 Apr 1927 - 26 Jul 1931  Carlos Ib��ez del Campo (1st time) (b. 1877 - d. 1960)  Mil
                             (acting [for absent Larra�n to 9 May 1927] to 21 Jul 1927)
26 Jul 1931 � 27 Jul 1931  Pedro Opaso Letelier               (b. 1876 - d. 1957)  PLD
                             (acting for Ib��ez)
27 Jul 1931 - 20 Aug 1931  Juan Esteban Montero Rodr�guez     (b. 1879 - d. 1948)  PR
                             (acting)
20 Aug 1931 � 15 Nov 1931  Manuel Trucco Franzani             (b. 1875 - d. 1954)  PR
                             (acting) 
15 Nov 1931 -  4 Jun 1932  Juan Esteban Montero Rodr�guez     (s.a.)               PR
                             (acting to 4 Dec 1931)
 4 Jun 1932 - 16 Jun 1932  Arturo Puga Os�rio                 (b. 1879 - d. 1970)  Mil
                             (chairman of Government Junta of "Socialist Republic of Chile")
17 Jun 1932 - 13 Sep 1932  Carlos Gregorio D�vila Espinoza    (b. 1887 - d. 1955)  PR
                             (president Junta of "Socialist Republic of Chile" to 8 Jul 1932,
                             then provisional president of "Socialist Republic of Chile")
13 Sep 1932 -  2 Oct 1932  Bartolom� Guillermo Blanche Espejo (b. 1879 - d. 1970)  Mil 
                             (provisional)
 2 Oct 1932 - 24 Dec 1932  Abraham Oyanedel Urrutia (acting)  (b. 1874 - d. 1952)  Non-party
24 Dec 1932 - 24 Dec 1938  Arturo Fortunato Alessandri Palma  (s.a.)               PL
                             (3rd time)
24 Dec 1938 - 25 Nov 1941  Pedro Abelino Aguirre Cerda        (b. 1879 - d. 1941)  PR/FP
25 Nov 1941 -  2 Apr 1942  Jer�nimo M�ndez Arancibia (acting) (b. 1887 - d. 1959)  PR
 2 Apr 1942 - 27 Jun 1946  Juan Antonio R�os Morales          (b. 1888 - d. 1946)  PR/FP
17 Jan 1946 - 17 Oct 1946  Alfredo Duhalde V�squez            (b. 1898 - d. 1985)  FP
                             (acting [for R�os to 27 Jun 1946])
 3 Aug 1946 - 17 Oct 1946  Vicente Merino Bielich             (b. 1889 - d. 1977)  Mil/FP
                             (acting for Duhalde)
17 Oct 1946 -  3 Nov 1946  Juan Antonio Iribarren Cabezas     (b. 1885 - d. 1977)  PR
                             (acting)
 3 Nov 1946 -  3 Nov 1952  Gabriel Gonz�lez Videla            (b. 1898 - d. 1980)  PR/FP
 3 Nov 1952 -  3 Nov 1958  Carlos Ib��ez del Campo (2nd time) (s.a.)               PAL
 3 Nov 1958 -  3 Nov 1964  Jorge Alessandri Rodr�guez         (b. 1896 - d. 1986)  PC/Ind
 3 Nov 1964 -  3 Nov 1970  Eduardo Nicanor Frei Montalva      (b. 1911 - d. 1982)  PDC
 3 Nov 1970 - 11 Sep 1973  Salvador Guillermo Allende Gossens (b. 1908 - d. 1973)  PS-UP
11 Sep 1973 - 27 Jun 1974  Government Junta
                           - Augusto Jos� Ram�n Pinochet      (b. 1915 - d. 2006)  Mil
                               Ugarte (president)
                           - Santiago Jos� Toribio Merino     (b. 1915 - d. 1996)  Mil
                               Castro
                           - Gustavo Leigh Guzm�n             (b. 1920 - d. 1999)  Mil
                           - C�sar Leonidas Mendoza Dur�n     (b. 1918 - d. 1996)  Mil
27 Jun 1974 - 11 Mar 1990  Augusto Jos� Ram�n Pinochet Ugarte (s.a.)               Mil
                             (Supreme Chief of the Nation to 17 Dec 1974)
11 Mar 1990 - 11 Mar 1994  Patricio Aylwin Az�car             (b. 1918 - d. 2016)  PDC
11 Mar 1994 - 11 Mar 2000  Eduardo Alfredo Juan Bernardo Frei (b. 1942)            PDC
                             Ruiz-Tagle
11 Mar 2000 - 11 Mar 2006  Ricardo Froil�n Lagos Escobar      (b. 1938)            PPD
11 Mar 2006 - 11 Mar 2010  Ver�nica Michelle Bachelet         (b. 1951)            PS
                             Jeria (f) (1st time)
11 Mar 2010 - 11 Mar 2014  Miguel Juan Sebasti�n Pi�era       (b. 1949 - d. 2024)  RN/Ind
                             Echenique (1st time)
11 Mar 2014 - 11 Mar 2018  Ver�nica Michelle Bachelet         (s.a.)               PS
                             Jeria (f) (2nd time)
11 Mar 2018 - 11 Mar 2022  Miguel Juan Sebasti�n Pi�era       (s.a.)               RN/Ind
                             Echenique (2nd time)
11 Mar 2022 - 11 Mar 2026  Gabriel Boric Font                 (b. 1986)            CS
11 Mar 2026 -              Jos� Antonio Kast Rist             (b. 1966)            PRCh

 �The Congress is located in Valpara�so, having been moved from Santiago de Chile during the last years of the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet (s.a.). Although it was moved by an act of 1987, it was not until the first democratic government of Patricio Aylwin in 1990 that i began to function as the seat of the Congress.

Territorial Disputes: Chile and Peru rebuff Bolivia's reactivated claim to restore the Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, but Chile has offered instead unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile to Bolivian natural gas; Chile rejects Peru's unilateral legislation to change its latitudinal maritime boundary with Chile to an equidistance line with a southwestern axis favoring Peru; in Oct 2007, Peru took its maritime complaint with Chile to the ICJ; territorial claim in Antarctica (Chilean Antarctic Territory) partially overlaps Argentine and British claims; the joint boundary commission, established by Chile and Argentina in 2001, has yet to map and demarcate the delimited boundary in the inhospitable Andean Southern Ice Field (Campo de Hielo Sur).

Party abbreviations: CPD = Concertaci�n de Partidos por la Democracia (Concert of Parties for Democracy, electoral coalition of PDC, PPD, PS, and PRSD, est.1988); CS = Convergencia Social (Social Convergence, libertarian socialist, autonomist, progressive, 9 Mar 2020); Ind = Independiente (Independent); PDC = Partido Dem�crata Cristiano de Chile (Christian Democratic Party of Chile, christian democratic, est.1957); PPD = Partido por la Democracia (Party for Democracy, social-liberal, est.15 Dec 1987); PRCh = Partido Republicano de Chile (Republican Party of Chile, conservative, populist, split from UDI, est.10 Jun 2019); PRSD = Partido Radical Social-Dem�crata (Social Democratic Radical Party, centrist, est.1994); PS = Partido Socialista de Chile (Socialist Party of Chile, socialist, est.1933); RN = Renovaci�n Nacional (National Renewal, center-right, est.1987); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: AL = Allianza Liberal (Liberal Alliance, 1891-1924); Con = Conservador (Conservative, supported Catholic Church, later PC, 19th cent.); FP = Frente Popular (Popular Front, left-wing coalition of PR, PS, PCC, 1937-1941); PAL = Partido Agrario Laborista (Agrarian Labor Party, Iba�ismo, traditionalist, nationalist, 1945-1958); PC = Partido Conservador (Conservative Party, 1851-1949); Lib = Liberal (Liberal, anti-clerical, later PL, 19th cent.); PL = Partido Liberal (Liberal Party, 1849-1966, 1983-2000); PLD = Partido Liberal Democr�tico (Liberal Democratic Party, 1893-1933); PN = Partido Nacional (National Party, 1857-1933, 1956-1958); PR = Partido Radical (Radical Party, 1863-1994); UP = Unidad Popular (People's Unity, coalition of PS and Partido Comunista de Chile [Chilean Communist Party] PCC, 1970-1973)

1553                       Chilo� discovered by Captian Francisco de Ulloa.
1567                       Claimed for Spain by Martin Ruiz de Gamboa.
May 1643 - 24 Aug 1643     Dutch occupation named Staaten Eyelandt (Staten Island).
20 Aug 1767                Isla Grande de Chilo�, a direct dependency of the Viceroyalty
                             of Peru.
19 May 1784                Made a separate intendancy under Peru.
Dec 1817                   Occupied by remnants of Spanish forces fleeing Chilean mainland.
19 Jan 1826                Spanish royalist forces surrender. Chilo� is annexed to Chile
                             by the Treaty of Tantauco.

Dutch commanders
May 1643 -  7 Aug 1643     Hendrik Brouwer                    (b. 1581 - d. 1643)
Aug 1643 - 24 Aug 1643     Elias Herckmans                    (b. 1596 - d. 1644)
Military governors
1767 - 28 Mar 1768         Manuel Fern�ndez de Castelblanco   (b. 1728 - d. 1791)
                             y Loyola
1768 - 1777                Carlos de Beranguer y Renaud       (b. 1719 - d. 1793)
1777 - 1784                Antonio Mart�nez y La Espada de    (b. 1721 - d. ....)
                             Ponce y Le�n
Intendants and Military governors
1784 - 1786                Antonio Mart�nez de la Espada de   (s.a.)
                             Ponce y Le�n
1786 - 1788                Francisco Hurtado del Pino         (b. 1748 - d. af.1794)
22 Dec 1788 - 1791         Francisco de Garos (interim)       (d. 1792)
1791 - 1797                Pedro de Ca�averal y Ponce de Le�n (b. 1736 - d. 1819)
                             y Mess�a
1797 - Jun 1800            Antonio Montes de la Puente        (b. 1722 - d. 1800)
1800                       C�sar Balbiani (Balviani)          (b. 17.. - d. af.1808)
1800 - c.1812              Antonio �lvarez y Jim�nez          (b. c.1755 - d. 1812)
18 Jan 1813 - 13 Mar 1813  Jos� Antonio de Pareja y Mariscal  (b. 1757 - d. 1813)
1813 - 1819                Ignacio Mar�a J�stiz y Urrutia     (b. 1778 - d. 1826)
                             (interim)
1819 - 18 Jan 1826         Antonio de Quintanilla y Santiago  (b. 1787 - d. 1863)

24 Jan 1539 - 29 May 1555  Governorate of Terra Australis (Gobernaci�n de la Terra Australis),
                             created by the King of Spain, Charles V, encompassing the lands
                             south of the Strait of Magellan and theoretically Antarctica,
                             the existence of which was only hypothesized at the time. Spain
                             (Castile) claimed all the territories to the south of the Strait
                             of Magellan until the South Pole, with eastern and western
                             borders to these claims specified in the Treaty of Tordesillas
                             and Zaragoza respectively. In 1555 the claim is incorporated to
                             Chile.
 8 Jul 1853                Magallanes Territory (Territorio de Magallanes).
22 May 1929                Raised to Magallanes Province (Provincia de Magallanes).
 6 Nov 1940                Chilean Antarctic (Ant�rtica Chilena), defined as between
                             longitudes 53�W to 90�W, is claimed by Chile.
27 Mar 1942                Chilean Antarctic Commission (Comisi�n Chilena Ant�rtica) created
                             to handle all questions relating to Chilena Ant�rtica.
17 Jun 1955                Chilean Antarctic Territory (Territorio Chileno Ant�rtico) is
                             added to the jurisdiction of Magallanes province.
11 Jul 1961                Commune of La Ant�rtica Chilena created within Magallanes
                             department.
10 Oct 1963                Chilean Antarctic Institute (Instituto Ant�rtico Chileno) created.
12 Jul 1974                Magellanes and Chilean Antarctic (Magallanes y Ant�rtica Chilena)
                             in Region XII created (53�W to 90�W is Chilean Antarctic claim).
 4 Nov 1975                Chilean Antarctic (Ant�rtica Chilena) made a separate province
                             (within the Magallanes y Ant�rtica region).
18 Feb 2018                Numbering in the name of the regions eliminated.

Adelantados of the Governorate of Terra Australis
24 Jan 1539 -  2 Aug 1540  Pedro Sancho de la Hoz             (b. 1513 - d. 1547)
 2 Aug 1540 - 25 Dec 1553  Pedro Guti�rrez de Valdivia        (b. 1497 - d. 1553)
29 Sep 1554 - 29 May 1555  Jer�nimo de Alderete y Mercado     (b. 1516 - d. 1556)
Governors of Magallanes Province (in Punta Arenas)
1926 - 1929                Javier Palacios Hurtado
1929 - 1931                Manuel Guillermo de Jesus Chaparro (b. 1894 - d. 1953)
                             Ruminot
1931 - Jun 1932            Braulio Bahamondes Monta�a         (b. 1874 - d. 1935)
Jun 1932 - Dec 1932        Luis Tapia
Dec 1932 - Dec 1934        Carlos Jara Torres                 (d. 1934)
Dec 1934 - Apr 1936        Arturo de la Cuadra Poisson        (b. 1891 - d. 19..)
Apr 1936 - Apr 1937        Ren� Ponce del Canto               (b. 1886 - d. 1937)
 4 Apr 1937 - 1937         Santiago Joaqu�n P�rez Rodr�guez-  (b. 1883 - d. 19..)  PL
                             Pe�a
 9 Dec 1937 - Aug 1940     Alfredo Rodr�guez McIver           (b. 1888 - d. 19..)  Mil 
 9 Aug 1940 - Mar 1942     Julio C�sar Carvallo Casanova      (b. 1890 - d. 1964)  Mil
 4 Apr 1942 - Jun 1943     Alejandro Lagos Rivera             (b. 1894 - d. 19..)  PR 
 7 Jun 1943 - Dec 1945     Juan Liborio Guillermo Arroyo Acu�a(b. 1891 - d. c.1965)Mil
 9 Dec 1945 - 23 Oct 1950  Jorge Ihnen Stuven                 (b. 1890 - d. 1971)
1950                       Enrique Calvo Gallegos                                  Mil
1950 - 1952                Agust�n Parada Henr�quez           (b. 1897 - d. 19..)  Mil
1952 - Oct 1953            Humberto D�az Vera                 (b. 1900 - d. 1980)  PS
29 Oct 1953 � 26 Dec 1953  Manuel Guillermo de Jesus Chaparro (b. 1894 - d. 1953)  PRM
                             Ruminot
Dec 1953 - Feb 1955        Manuel Guillermo Chaparro Bitsch   (b. 1923 - d. 2005)  PRM
23 Feb 1955 -  5 Jun 1956  Manuel Rivera Rivera               (b. 1903 - d. 1978)  Mil
14 Jun 1956 - 31 Oct 1958  Cecil Olaf Rasmussen Bishop        (b. 1904 - d. 1972)  PRM
1958 � 1962                Jorge Humberto Araos Salinas       (b. 1904 - d. 1993)  Mil
1962 - 1963                Ra�l Labarca Carmona               (b. 1905 - d. 1986)  Mil
1964 - 1970                Mateo Martinic Beros               (b. 1931)            PDC
1967                       Tolentino P�rez Soto               (b. 1937)            PDC
                             (acting for Martinic)
1970 - 1972                Zvonimir Gezan Livacic             (b. 1920? - d. 1986) PS
1972 - May 1973            Jos� Manuel Torres de la Cruz      (b. 1918 - d. 2001)  Mil
                             (1st time)
May 1973 - Sep 1973        Octavio Castro S�ez                (b. 1919 - d. 1980)  PS
11 Sep 1973 - 26 Dec 1973  Jos� Manuel Torres de la Cruz      (s.a.)               Mil
                             (chairman of provincial government junta)
                             (2nd time)
26 Dec 1973 - 11 Jun 1974  C�sar Ra�l Manuel Benavides Escobar(b. 1912 - d. 1998)  Mil
11 Jun 1974 - 1985         Carlos Soto Pelizzari              (b. 19.. - d. 2014)  Mil
1985 - 11 Mar 1990         ....
 9 Mar 1990 - 11 Mar 1990  Maria Teresa Kuzmanic Pinto (f)
11 Mar 1990 - 11 Mar 1994  Carlos Zanzi Cuccuini              (b. 1914 - d. ....)
11 Mar 1994 - 11 Mar 2000  Manuel Jes�s Barrera Rojas
11 Mar 2000 - 17 Apr 2003  Jaime Mauricio Jelincic Aguilar    (b. 1958)            PRSD
17 Apr 2003 - 10 Dec 2008  Ana Mar�a D�az P�rez (f)
10 Dec 2008 - 11 Mar 2010  Carolina Alejandra Saldivia        (b. 1976? - d. 2021) PS
                             Andrade (f)
11 Mar 2010 - 15 Nov 2012  Gloria Geronima Vilicic Pe�a (f)   (b. 1953 - d. 2022)  RN
15 Nov 2012 -  2 Feb 2013  Ram�n Hugo Flores Aguilar (acting)
 2 Feb 2013 - 11 Mar 2014  Segundo del Carmen Alvarez S�nchez (b. 1943)
11 Mar 2014 - 11 Mar 2018  Paola Andrea Fern�ndez G�lvez (f)
11 Mar 2018 - 13 Feb 2019  Ricardo Nicol�s Cogler Galindo     (b. 1986)
13 Feb 2019 - 20 Nov 2020  Homero Antonio Villegas N��ez
20 Nov 2020 - 12 Jul 2021  Alejandro Ignacio V�squez Servieri
Intendants of Region (XII) Magallanes y Ant�rtica Chilena
19 Jul 1974 � 28 Nov 1974  Augusto Lutz Urz�a                 (b. 1923 - d. 1974)  Mil
15 Jan 1975 � 11 Feb 1977  Washington Sergio Carrasco         (b. 1922 - d. 2021)  Mil
                             Fern�ndez  
11 Feb 1977 � 15 Feb 1979  Nilo Alfredo Floody Buxton         (b. 1921 - d. 2013)  Mil 
15 Feb 1979 � 28 Dec 1981  Sergio Adolfo Carlos Covarrubias   (b. 1923 - d. 2017)  Mil
                             Sanhueza  
28 Dec 1981 � 19 Dec 1984  Juan Guillermo Toro D�vila         (b. 1927 - d. 2020)  Mil 
19 Dec 1984 � 19 Dec 1986  Lu�s Francisco Dan�s Covi�n        (b. 1930 - d. 2013)  Mil
19 Dec 1986 �  6 Jul 1987  Claudio L�pez Silva                (b. 1921 - d. 2015)  Mil 
 6 Jul 1987 � 24 Nov 1988  Mario Navarrete Barriga            (b. 1935)            Mil
24 Nov 1988 � 21 Dec 1989  Patricio Rafael Alberto Gualda     (b. 1937)            Mil
                             Tiffaine
22 Dec 1989 -  9 Mar 1990  Alejandro Gonz�lez Samohod         (b. 1938 - d. 2017)  Mil 
 9 Mar 1990 - 11 Mar 1990  Mar�a Teresa Kuzmanic Pinto  (f)
11 Mar 1990 - 11 Mar 1994  Roque Tom�s Scarpa Martinich       (b. 1930 - d. 2015)  PDC
11 Mar 1994 - 11 Mar 2000  Ricardo Le�n Salles Gonz�lez                                 
11 Mar 2000 -  1 Jul 2001  Nelda Maria Teresa Panicucci       (b. 1933 - d. 2008)  PS
                             Bianchi (f)
 1 Jul 2002 -  7 Apr 2003  Ra�l Magallanes Hein Bozic         (b. 1960?)           PS
 7 Apr 2004 - 11 Mar 2006  Jaime Mauricio Jelincic Aguilar    (s.a.)               PRSD
11 Mar 2006 -  9 Dec 2008  Eugenia Valentina Mancilla         (b. 1965)            PDC
                             Macias (f)
 9 Dec 2008 - 11 Mar 2010  Mario Jos� Maturana Jaman                               PDC
11 Mar 2010 - 25 Apr 2011  Liliana Kusanovic Marusic (f)      (b. 1955)            Ind
25 Apr 2011 -  9 Aug 2012  Arturo Sverre Storaker Molina      (b. 1952)            UDI
 9 Aug 2012 - 27 Aug 2012  Gloria Geronima Vilicic Pe�a (f)   (s.a.)               RN
                             (acting)
27 Aug 2012 - 10 Sep 2013  Mauricio Sergio Pe�a y Lillo Correa(b. 1958)            UDI
11 Sep 2013 - 11 Mar 2014  Claudio Andr�s Radonich Jim�nez    (b. 1973)            RN
11 Mar 2014 -  9 Jun 2017  Jorge Mauricio Flies A��n          (b. 1969)            Ind
 9 Jun 2017 - 11 Mar 2018  Rodolfo Marcelo C�rdenas Alvarado  (b. 1978)            PRSD
11 Mar 2018 - 10 Jul 2018  Christian Eduardo Matheson Vill�n  (b. 1957)            Ind
11 Jul 2018 - 13 Feb 2019  Mar�a Teresa Casta��n Silva (f)    (b. 1978)            RN
13 Feb 2019 - 21 Sep 2020  Jos� Adolfo Fern�ndez D�brock      (b. 1953)            Ind
22 Sep 2020 - 14 Jul 2021  Jennifer Carolina Rojas Garc�a (f) (b. 1989)            RN
Regional Governor of Magallanes y Ant�rtica Chilena Region
14 Jul 2021 -              Jorge Mauricio Flies A��n          (s.a.)               Ind 
Regional Presidential Delegates, Magallanes y Ant�rtica Chilena
14 Jul 2021 - 11 Mar 2022  Jennifer Carolina Rojas Garc�a (f) (s.a.)               RN
11 Mar 2022 - 13 Mar 2026  Luz Andrea Berm�dez Sandoval       (b. 1983)            CS
13 Mar 2026 -              Rodolfo Alejandro Moncada Salazar  (b. 1985)            RN

Governors of Ant�rtica Chilena Province (in Puerto Williams)
(also 1974-1990, commanders of Beagle de Puerto Williams Naval District)
1974 - 1976                Fernando Federico Guillermo Camus  (b. 19.. - d. 2015)  Mil
                             Scherrer
1976 - 1978                Walter Luis Roehrs Bello           (b. 1936 - d. 1993)  Mil
1978 - 1980                Gast�n Horacio Droguett Valdivia   (b. 1942/43)         Mil
1980 - 1982                Frederick William Corthorn Besse   (b. 19.. - d. 2023)  Mil
1982 - 1984                Juan Eduardo Echeverr�a Ossa       (b. 1939 - d. 2020)  Mil
1984 - 1986                Marcos Edmundo Jos� Groetaers Toso                      Mil
1986 - 1988                Hugo Le�n Guillermo Bruna Greene   (b. 19.. - d. 2024)  Mil
1988 -  7 Dec 1990         Christian Alejandro Jorge de       (b. 1930)            Mil
                             Bonnafos Gandara
 7 Dec 1990 - 11 Mar 1994  Luis Maldonado Fern�ndez           (b. 1946)            Mil
11 Mar 1994 - 11 Mar 2000  H�ctor Hern�n Scarich Gallardo     (b. 1946 - d. 2021)  PPD
11 Mar 2000 - 10 Mar 2006  Eduardo Ulises Barros Gonz�lez                          PPD 
2004                       Juan Yemil Altair Harcha Kusanovic
                             (acting for Barros)
11 Mar 2006 - 22 Jun 2007  B�lgica Paola de Lourdes Arizmendy                      PRSD
                             Carilao (f)
22 Jun 2007 - 11 Mar 2010  Claudio Alejandro Flores Flores    (b. 1972)            PRSD
11 Mar 2010 - 11 Mar 2014  Nelson Isaac C�rcamo Barrera       (b. 1951)            UDI
                             (1st time)
11 Mar 2014 -  9 Jun 2017  Patricio Fernando Oyarzo G�ez      (b. 1976)            PPD
 9 Jun 2017 - 11 Mar 2018  Daniela Vanessa D�az Mayorga (f)                        PPD
11 Mar 2018 - 19 Feb 2019  Juan Jos� Arcos Srdanovic          (b. 1971)            PRID
20 Feb 2019 - 14 Jul 2021  Nelson Isaac C�rcamo Barrera       (s.a.)               UDI
                             (2nd time)
Provincial Presidential Delegates, Ant�rtica Chilena Province
14 Jul 2021 - 11 Mar 2022  Nelson Isaac C�rcamo Barrera       (s.a.)               UDI
11 Mar 2022 -  9 Jul 2024  Mar�a Luisa Mu�oz Manquemilla (f)                       Ind
 9 Jul 2024 -              Constanza Calisto Gallardo (f)

Note: Antarctic claim overlaps Argentine and British claims and is not recognized by U.K., United Nations, U.S., Russia or other countries.

Party abbreviations: CS = Convergencia Social (Social Convergence, libertarian socialist, autonomist, progressive, 9 Mar 2020); Ind = Independiente (Independent); PDC = Partido Dem�crata Cristiano de Chile (Christian Democratic Party of Chile, christian democratic, est.1957); PPD = Partido por la Democracia (Party for Democracy, social-liberal, est.15 Dec 1987); PRCh = Partido Republicano de Chile (Republican Party of Chile, conservative, nationalist, populist, split from UDI, est.21 Jan 2020); PRID = Partido Regionalista Independiente Dem�crata (Independent Democratic Regionalist Party, regionalist, social christian, centrist, est.20 Feb 2018); PRSD = Partido Radical Social-Dem�crata (Social Democratic Radical Party, centrist, est.1994); PS = Partido Socialista de Chile (Socialist Party of Chile, socialist, est.14 Jun 1933); RN = Renovaci�n Nacional (National Renovation, center-right, est.1987); UDI = Uni�n Dem�crata Independiente (Independent Democratic Union, national conservative, est.1983); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: PL = Partido Liberal (Liberal Party, 1849-1966, 1983-2000); PR = Partido Radical (Radical Party, 1863-1994); PRM = Partido Regionalista de Magallanes (Regionalist Party of Magellanes, regioanlist, 1932-1960, 2015-2017)

Note: Easter Island had no traditional name in the island language; although this seems natural, given its isolation, it runs counter to the Polynesian practice of transporting island names in their migrations. Authors have tried to claim that Te Pito 'o Te Henua, meaning the Navel of the World in the island language, was the name brought with the founding migration, but this has been successfully disputed. The name Rapanui (Great Rapa, as opposed to Rapaiti, the Rapa in French Polynesia) was attributed in the 19th century and has acquired official status. The island had a highly tabooed paramount chief or king, the 'ariki henua. The office was hereditary in the Miru clan, and it appears that, in a similar fashion to Tahitian custom, the first-born son of the 'ariki henua succeeded to the position at birth because the mana passed to him at that moment, his father remaining in power as his regent until his marriage. In 1862, when the population of the island had already been severely depleted, Peruvian guano collectors raided the island, killed a large part of the population, and kidnapped almost all the rest, including the two 'ariki henua (i.e., the nominal 'ariki henua Maurata and his father and predecessor Kai Mako'i iti). Of the kidnapped population, fewer than 200 survived to be returned. Under these circumstances practically all knowledge of the past was lost or thoroughly garbled. It is therefore impossible to recover precise information. There are about six or seven lists of 'ariki henua that were provided to visitors and researchers, with between 20 and 57 names. Here is a list that is perhaps among the less unreliable ones (however, a recent article has revived interest in the 57-name list because carbon-dating has retrojected the human settlement of the island to no later than the 5th century).

c.300/1200 AD              Polynesian migrants establish a state on modern day Easter Island.
                             The earliest inhabitants call the island "Te Pito o TeHenua"
                             (the Navel/End of the World), which by the 19th century is
                             referred to as "Rapanui."
 5 Apr 1722                Visited by Dutch Admiral Jacob Roggeveen (b. 1659 - d. 1729),
                             on Easter Sunday and named Paasch-Eyland/Paesch Eyland (Easter
                             Island)(not settled).
19 Nov 1770                Annexed for Spain by Felipe Gonz�lez de Ahedo (b. 1714 - d. 1802)
                             and named Isla de San Carlos (not settled).
17 Mar 1774                Visited by British Capt. James Cook (b. 1728 - d. 1779), which he
                             names Easter Island.
10 Apr 1786                Visited by French Admiral Jean Fran�ois de Galaup, comte de
                             Lap�rouse (b. 1744 - d. 1788).
1860's                     None of the Moai (statues) were left standing by the time of the
                             arrival of the French missionaries.
1862 - 1863                The island is victimized by blackbirding resulting in the abduction
                             about 1,500, with 1,408 working as indentured servants in Peru.
1868 - 1876                French adventurer Dutrou-Bornier seizes control of the island.
 9 Sep 1888                Annexed by Chile (Isla de Pascua) by deed signed by Capt. Policarpo
                             Toro Hurtado (b. 1856 - d. 1921) of Chile and the island chiefs.
1888 - 1892                Policarpo Toro Hurtado and his brother lease a greater part of the
                             island from the Chilean government to run a sheep farm.
1892 - 1897                Enrique Merlet buys the land lease from the Toro brothers.
15 Jun 1896                Sub-delegation of Easter Island (subdelegaci�n de la Isla de
                             Pascua) created as dependent on the maritime governorate of
                             Valpara�so.
1897 - 1952                Leased to Williamson-Balfour Company under a subsidiary the
                             Compa��a Explotadora de la Isla de Pascua [Easter Island
                             Exploitation Company]) as a sheep farm, islanders are confined to
                             Hanga Roa.
Jul 1902                   The title of Paramount chief ('ariki henua) abolished by Chile.
 9 Feb 1917                Island subject to the management of the Maritime Territory of
                             Valpara�so and placed under Naval Authority and naval law, and
                             the lease of Compa��a Explotadora is renewed (by Ley 3.220).
16 Feb 1935                Isla de Pascua National Park (Parque Nacional Isla de Pascua)
                             created and from 23 Jul 1935 declared a national historic
                             monument.
11 Nov 1933 -  1 Mar 1966  Administered by the Chilean Navy.
 1 Feb 1966 - 31 Mar 1971  U.S. Air Force ionospheric research station on Easter Island. 
 1 Mar 1966                Department of Easter Island (Departamento de Isla de Pascua)
                             (including Isla Sala y G�mez) in the Province of Valpara�so
                             (by Pascua Ley 16.441).
11 Jul 1966                Easter Island National Tourism Park (Parque Nacional de Turismo
                             Isla de Pascua) established.
 8 Jul 1974                Province of Easter Island (Provincia de Isla de Pascua)
                             (including Isla Sala y G�mez) of the Valpara�so Region (by
                             Decreto ley No. 573 de 1974).
21 Jul 1976                Park renamed Rapa Nui National Park (Parque Nacional Rapa Nui).
22 Mar 1996                Rapa Nui National Park inscribed by UNESCO as a World Heritage
                             Site.
30 Jul 2007                Special Territory of Isla de Pascua - Rapa Nui (Territorio Especial
                             de Isla de Pascua - Rapa Nui)(Ley 20193) declared (not effected).

Paramount chiefs (title 'ariki henua)
.... - ....                Hotu Matu'a
.... - ....                Tu'u maheke 'a Hotu Matu'a
.... - ....                Miru 'a Tu'u Maheke
.... - ....                Hata 'a Miru
.... - ....                Miru 'a Hata
.... - ....                Mitiake
.... - ....                Ataranga 'a Miru
.... - ....                Atu'u Raranga
.... - ....                Urakikena
.... - ....                Kahui Tuhunga
.... - ....                Te Tuhunga Nui
.... - ....                Te Tuhunga Marakapau
.... - ....                Ahu Arihao
.... - ....                Nui Te Patu
.... - ....                Hirakau Tehito
.... - ....                Tupu itetoki
.... - ....                Kura Ta Hongo
.... - ....                Hiti Rua Anea
.... - ....                Havi Nikoro
.... - ....                Te Ravarava
.... - ....                Te Raha'i
.... - ....                Korohaura
.... - ....                Te Ririkatea
.... - ....                Kai Mako'i
.... - ....                Te Hetukarakura
.... - ....                Huero
1835 - 1859                Nga'ara                            (d. 1861)
1859 - 1862                Kai Mako'i iti                     (d. 1862)
1862                       Maurata                            (d. 1862)
1863 - 1864                Tepito
1864 - 1866                Gregorio Rokoroko hetau            (b. 18.. - d. 1866)
1866 - 1868                Vacant
1868? - 1876               Koreto Puakurunga (f)              (b. 1849 - d. 1917)
1868? -  6 Aug 1876        Jean Baptiste On�sime Dutrou-      (b. 1834 - d. 1876)
                             Bornier ("Jean I") -Regent
1876 - 1882                Vacant
1882 - Mar 1892            Atamu Te Kena Maurata              (b. 1850 - d. 1892)
                           - jointly with -
1888? - Mar 1892           Eva Ko Uka 'a Hei 'a 'Arero ? (f)  (b. 18.. - d. 1946)
1892 - 1898                Sim�on Riroroko                    (b. 1868 - d. 1898)
c.1898 - c.1900            Enrique Ika a Tu'uhati             (b. c.1859 - d. af.1900)
                             (self declared, not recognized)
Jan 1901 - Jul 1902        Mois�s Jacob Tu'u Hereveri         (b. c.1873 - d. 1925)
Roman Catholic Missionary Leaders
 3 Jan 1864 - 11 Oct 1864  Eug�ne Eyraud (1st time)           (b. 1820 - d. 1868)
23 Mar 1866 - 19 Aug 1868  Eug�ne Eyraud (2nd time)           (s.a.)
23 Mar 1866 -  6 Jun 1871  Hippolyte Roussel                  (b. 1824 - d. 1898) 
 6 Nov 1866 -  9 Mar 1871  Gaspar Zumbohm                     (b. 1823 - d. 1887)
 6 Nov 1866 -  6 Jun 1871  Th�odule Escolan 
Managers
Apr 1868 -  6 Aug 1876     Jean Baptiste On�sime Dutrou-      (s.a.)
                             Bornier
                            (from 1871, self-styled governor)
Jul 1877 - 1878            Juan Ch�vez
1878 - 1883                Tati Salmon (1st time)             (b. 1855 - d. 1914)
                            (= Alexander Ari'i Paea Salmon, Jr.)
1883 - 1884                Tommi L�nder
1884 - 1888                Tati Salmon (2nd time)             (s.a.)
 9 Sep 1888 - Sep 1892     Pedro Pablo Toro Hurtado           (b. 1856 - d. 1907)  Mil
                             (agente de colonizaci�n)
Sep 1892 - 1895            Charles Higgins (acting)
1895 - 1896                Alberto S�nchez Manterola          (b. c.1857 - d. 19..)Mil
Agents (agente de colonizaci�n)
1896 - 1900                Alberto S�nchez Manterola          (s.a.)               Mil
Nov 1900 - 1904            Horace (Horacio) Cooper
Jul 1902 - 1947?           Juan Tepano Rano -Cacique          (b. 1867 - d. 1947)
1905 - 1914                Henry Percy Edmunds                (b. 1879 - d. 1957)
Governors (subdelegado mar�timo)
1914 - 1917                Jos� Ignacio Vives Solar           (b. 1878 - d. 1930) 
Jun 1917 - 1921            Ezequiel Acu�a (1st time)                               Mil
1921 - 1922                Lu�s Zepeda (interim)
1922 - 1926                Ezequiel Acu�a (2nd time)                               Mil
Jan 1926 - 1928            Carlos Recabarren Larrahona        (b. c.1880 - d. 19..)Mil
                             (1st time) 
1928                       Carlos Alfredo del Salvador Mill�n (b. 1889 - d. 1979)  Mil
                             Iriarte (acting)
1928 - 1931                Carlos Recabarren Larrahona        (s.a.)               Mil
                             (2nd time)
1931 - Feb 1931            Julio Rafael Alberto Cumplido      (b. 1899 - d. 1944)  Mil
                             Ducos                         
1931 - Jun 1932            Edgardo Bagolini Cuevas            (b. 1880 - d. 1949)
Jun 1932 - Jul 1932        Guillermo Ernesto Kopaitic O'Neill (b. 1911 - d. 1971?) Mil
Jun 1932 - Jul 1932        Rafael Silva Barboza                                    PS
                             (civil governor, did not take office)
 6 Jul 1932 - 1933         Eduardo �valos Prado               (b. 1885 - d. 1919)  Mil
Jul 1932 - c.Oct 1932      Fernando Ugarte Torres                                  Mil
                             (civil governor)
1933 - 1935                Hern�n Cornejo Alemparte (1st time)                     Mil
1935 - 1936                Manuel Arturo Olalquiaga                                Mil
1937                       Hern�n Cornejo Alemparte (2nd time)                     Mil
1938 - 1939                �lvaro Gregorio Tejeda Lawrence    (b. 1899 - d. 19..)  Mil
1940                       V�ctor Contreras Figueroa                 
1941 - 1942                Hermann Ried Silva                 (b. 1888 - d. 1950)  Mil
1943                       Jorge Se�oret Carvallo                                  Mil
1944 - 1945                Ricardo Carlos Kompatzki Hornickel (b. 1913 - d. 1973)  Mil
Dec 1945 - 1947            Gonzalo Serrano Pell�                                   Mil
1948 - 1950                Carlos Pascual Altamirano                               Mil
1950 - 1951                Luis Aceituna Rojas 
1952                       Mario Luis Orellana Lillo                               Mil
1953 - 1954                Carlos Salazar Contreras                                Mil
1955 - 1956                Arnaldo Curti Silva                (b. 1913 - d. 2001)  Mil
1956 - 1957                Ra�l Valenzuela P�rez                                   Mil
1958 - 1959                Fernando Jos� Alfredo Dorion       (b. 1920 - d. ....)  Mil
                             Nicolet
1960 - 1961                Arnt Ernesto Arentsen Pettersen    (b. 1907 - d. 1999)  Mil
                             (1st time)
1962 - 1963                John Martin Reynolds                                    Mil
1964 - 1965                Jorge Portilla Orrego              (b. 1929 - d. 2013)  Mil
1965 - 1966                Guillermo Rojas Aird                                    Mil
Governors
15 Aug 1966 - 17 Jul 1967  Enrique Rogers Sotomayor           (b. 1915 - d. 1999)  PDC
                             (civil governor)
17 Jul 1967 -  6 Jun 1968  Alfredo Tuki Pate                  (b. c.1943)
 6 Jun 1968 - Jan 1970     Fernando Silva Molina                                   Mil
Jan 1970 - 26 Feb 1971     Hern�n Rodolfo P�rez de Tudela     (b. 19.. - d. 2018)  Mil
                             Jim�nez
26 Feb 1971 - 30 Apr 1971  Federico Guillermo Blanco Baeza                         Mil
30 Apr 1971 - 13 May 1971  Caupolic�n Valenzuela Torres                            Mil
13 May 1971 -  3 Mar 1972  Abel Galleguillos Araya            (b. 1925? - d. 2012) Mil
 3 Mar 1972 - 13 Sep 1973  Mois�s Sudy Castro                                      Mil
13 Sep 1973 - 25 Sep 1973  Carlos Francisco Jos� Bastias                           Mil
                             Alvarado  
25 Sep 1973 -  3 Aug 1974  Omar Jorge Fuenzalida Tobar        (b. 1931)            Mil
 3 Aug 1974 - 23 Feb 1975  Giuseppe Giorgio Arru Dom�nguez                         Mil
23 Feb 1975 - 16 Feb 1979  Arnt Ernesto Arentsen Pettersen    (s.a.)               Mil
                             (2nd time)
16 Feb 1979 - 27 Jan 1984  Ariel Gonz�lez Cornejo                                  Ind
27 Jan 1984 - 11 Mar 1990  Sergio Alejo Rapu Haoa                                  Ind
11 Mar 1990 -  1 Sep 2000  Jacobo Urbano Hey Paoa                                Ind;2000 PDC
 1 Sep 2000 - 11 Mar 2006  Enrique Manuel Pakarati Ika        (b. 1958)            PDC
11 Mar 2006 - 16 Mar 2010  Melania Carolina Hotu Hey (f)      (b. 1959)            PDC
                             (1st time)
17 Mar 2010 -  9 Aug 2010  Pedro Pablo "Petero" Edmunds Paoa  (b. 1961)            PDC
 9 Aug 2010 -  6 Sep 2010  Jorge Fernando Miranda Pacheco
                             (interim)
 6 Sep 2010 - 11 Mar 2014  Carmen Cardinali Paoa (f)          (b. 1944)            Ind
11 Mar 2014 -  8 Sep 2015  Marta Raquel Hotus Tuki (f)        (b. 1969)            PDC
 9 Sep 2015 - 16 Mar 2018  Melania Carolina Hotu Hey (f)      (s.a.)               PDC
                             (2nd time)
16 Mar 2018 - 22 Mar 2021  Laura Tarita Alarc�n Rapu (f)      (b. 1977)            Ind
22 Mar 2021 - 29 Apr 2021  Felipe Elias Cereijo Ceballos                           RN
                             (acting) 
29 Apr 2021 - 14 Jul 2021  Ren� Alberto de la Puente Hey                           Ind
Provincial Presidential Delegates, Isla de Pascua
14 Jul 2021 -  1 Nov 2021  Ren� Alberto de la Puente Hey                           Ind
22 Nov 2021 - 11 Mar 2022  Mai H�ctor Teao Osorio (1st time)  (b. 1979)            RN
11 Mar 2022 -  2 Dec 2023  Juliette Margot del Carmen Hotus                        Ind
                             Paoa (f)
 2 Dec 2023 - 13 Mar 2026  Sergio Tepano Cuevas               (b. c.1981)          Ind
13 Mar 2026 -              Mai H�ctor Teao Osorio (2nd time)  (s.a.)               RN

Mayors (Alcaldes/Alcaldesa de Isla de Pascua)
14 Jan 1965 - 17 Mar 1966  Alfonso Rapu Haoa                  (b. 1942)            Ind
17 Mar 1966 - 23 May 1971  Miguel Teao Riroroko                                    PDC
23 May 1971 - 1972         Rafael Tuki Tepihi                                      PS
1972 - 11 Sep 1973         Sebasti�n Pakarati Ika             (b. 1925 - d. 2003)  PDC
22 Oct 1973 - 19 Apr 1979  Juan Edmunds Rapahango (1st time)  (b. 1923 - d. 2012)  Ind
19 Apr 1979 -  5 Nov 1985  Samuel Cardinali                   (b. 19.. - d. 2020) 
 5 Nov 1985 -  5 Nov 1989  Luc�a Tuki Make (f)                                 
13 Oct 1989 - 26 Sep 1992  Juan Edmunds Rapahango (2nd time)  (s.a.)               Ind
26 Sep 1992 - 11 Oct 1994  Alberto Hotus Ch�vez               (b. 1929 - d. 2024)  PPD 
11 Oct 1994 -  6 Dec 2008  Pedro Pablo Edmunds Paoa (1st time)(b. 1961)          UCC;1996? PDC
 6 Dec 2008 -  6 Dec 2012  Luz Zasso Paoa (f)                 (b. 1972)            PDC
 6 Dec 2012 -  6 Dec 2024  Pedro Pablo Edmunds Paoa (2nd itme)(s.a.)              PRO;2022 PP
 6 Dec 2024 -              Elizabeth Ar�valo Pakarati (f)     (b. 1972)            Ind

Party abbreviations: Ind = Independiente (Independent); PDC = Partido Dem�crata Cristiano de Chile (Christian Democratic Party of Chile, christian democratic, est.1957); PPD = Partido por la Democracia (Party for Democracy, social-liberal, est.15 Dec 1987); PRSD = Partido Radical Social-Dem�crata (Social Democratic Radical Party, centrist, est.1994); PS = Partido Socialista de Chile (Socialist Party of Chile, socialist, est.1933); RN = Renovaci�n Nacional (National Renovation, center-right, est.1987); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: PP = Patria Progresista (Progressive Homeland, center-left, progressive, feminist, former PRO, 21 Aug 2022-12 Apr 2024); PRO = Partido Progresista (Progressive Party, democratic socialist, ecologist, left-wing populist, split from PS, 15 Apr 2011-3 Feb 2022, replaced by PP); UCC = Uni�n de Centro Centro (Union of Center Center, populist, centrist, Chilean nationalist, 1994-1998 named Uni�n de Centro Centro Progresista [Union of Center for Progressive Center], 26 Feb 1991-3 May 2002)

	Juan Fern�ndez Commune Flag Adopted 22 Nov 2015
Map of Juan Fernandez Islands	Capital: San Juan Bautista	Population: 900 (2012)

22 Nov 1574                Discovered and claimed for Spain by Juan Fern�ndez (b. c.1530 -
                             d. 1599).
Aug 1704 - Feb 1709        Scottish privateer Alexander Selkirk (b. 1676 - d. 1721) marooned
                             on the island (later he is the inspiration for the Daniel Defoe
                             character Robinson Crusoe).
11 May 1750                Spanish settle the islands of Isla M�s a Tierra and Isla M�s a
                             Feura.
27 Feb 1817                Spanish royalist forces surrender.
Jun 1817 - 1821            Abandoned.
12 Feb 1818                Part of independent Chile (Islas de Juan Fern�ndez); later
                             part of the province of Valparaiso.
1877                       Permanent settlement begins.
14 Mar 1915                German cruiser SMS Dresden scuttled at M�s a Tierra after a brief
                             battle with the British navy.
16 Feb 1935                Juan Fern�ndez Archipelago National Park (Parque Nacional
                             Archipi�lago de Juan Fern�ndez).
 1 Jan 1966                Chilean government renames Isla M�s Afuera as Alejandro Selkirk
                             Island and Isla M�s a Tierra as Robinson Crusoe Island, in order
                             to promote tourism.
 8 Jul 1974                Part of the the Valpara�so Region (by Decreto ley No. 573 de 1974).
 5 Jun 1980                Commune of Juan Fern�ndez (Comuna de Juan Fern�ndez)(including
                             Isla Sala y G�mez) within the Valpara�so region.
30 Jul 2007                Special Territory of (comuna de r�gimen especial) Juan Fern�ndez
                             Archipelago (declared, not effected).

Chief Islander 
Aug 1704 - Feb 1709        Alexander Selkirk                  (b. 1676 - d. 1721)
Governors
11 May 1750 - 25 May 1751  Juan Navarro Santaella             (b. 1690 - d. 1751)
1751 - 1752                Francisco Gutierrez de Espejo
                             y Morillo
1752 - 1758                Manuel Fern�ndez de Castelblanco   (b. 1728 - d. 1791)
                             y Loyola
1758 - 1764                Antonio Narciso de Santa Mar�a     (b. c.1716 - d. 1777)
                             Escobedo y Florent
1764 - 1768                Francisco Rivera y Vera
1768 - 1771                Jos� G�mez de la Torre
1773 - 1780                Pedro Junco
1780 - 1782                Luis Corail
1782 - 1786                Claudio C�ceres
1786 - 1788                Blas Gonzalez 
1788 - 1794                Juan Calvo de la Cantera
1795 - 1799                Fernando Amador de Amaya
1801 - 1804                Francisco de Quezada y Silva       (b. 17.. - d. 1830)
                             Barrionuevo y Qui�ones
1804 - 1808                Tom�s O'Higgins                    (b. 1773 - d. 1827)
1808 - 1809                Enrique Larena (Larenas)
1810 - 1814                Manuel Santa Mar�a Baeza           (b. 1754 - d. 1824)
Oct 1814 - Jan 1815        Anselmo Carabantes y S�enz  
Jan 1815 - Oct 1816        Jos� de Piquero  
Oct 1816 - 27 Feb 1817     �ngel del Cid
Mar 1817 - Jun 1817        Juan de Dios Puga y C�rdova        (b. 1761 - d. 1822)
                             Figueroa

 6 Jan 1641                Boundary between Araucan�a (region south of the B�o-B�o River
                             inhabited by the Mapuche natives) and the Spanish Monarchy
                             established by the Parliament/Treaty of Quill�n (Killen).
Apr 1774                   Araucan�a is recognized by the Santiago Accord to be outside
                             the Spanish Monarchy.
 7 Jan 1784                By the Parliament/Treaty of Lonquilmo the sovereignty of the king
                             of Spain is recognized.
 3 Feb 1814                The Mapuche reductions agree to remain loyal to the Spanish Crown.
 7 Jan 1825                Parliament/Treaty of Tapihue, the first treaty with Chile, re-
                             affirms the boundary of Araucan�a.
17 Nov 1860                Kingdom of Araucan�a (Reino de la Araucan�a/Royaume d'Araucanie)
                             proclaimed by French adventurer, supposedly at the Mapuche
                             parliament.
20 Dec 1860                Royal style changed to King of Araucania and Patagonia�.
 5 Jan 1862                King arrested and subsequently deported by Chile to France.
Mar 1869 - Jun 1871        Attempted restoration of the kingdom by the returned king.
 1 Jan 1883                "Pacification" of Araucan�a considered completed by Chile
                             (following surrender of Villarica by Mapuche on 31 Dec 1882).
 1 Nov 1903                Kingdom effectively ended�.

Supreme commanders (title: Toqui) (only a wartime position)
1722 � 1726                Vilumilla [not the first]
1765 � 1774                Curi�ancu
1859 - 1860                Juan Ma�il Huenu                   (b. c.1790 � d. 1862)
1862 � 1872                Jos� Santos Quilap�n               (b. c.1830 � d. 1878)
                            (supposedly acted as deputy of exiled king 1862�1868)
Kings
17 Nov 1860 - 17 Sep 1878  Or�lie-Antoine I                   (b. 1825 - d. 1878) 
                             (= Antoine-Or�lie de Tounens)
                             (arrested by Chile 5 Jan 1862; in exile in
                             France Oct 1862 - Mar 1869 and from Jun 1871) 
17 Sep 1878 - 16 Mar 1902  Achille I (in France exile)        (b. 1841 - d. 1902)
21 Mar 1902 -  1 Nov 1903  Antoine II (in France exile)       (b. 1833 - d. 1903)

 �The inclusion of Patagonia (Reino de la Araucan�a y la Patagonia/Royaume d'Araucanie et de Patagonie) was purely fictitious, and the claim to what arguably was already Argentinian territory was never pursued; it was supposedly based on theoretical considerations of ethnic affinity and claims of support never documented.

 �On 6 Nov 1903, the Council of Regency met and chose Georges S�n�chal de la Grange to be the new "king," but he declined. From that date on, everything that has been written about the succession is essentially a fabrication by Philippe Paul Alexandre Henri Boiry (b. 1927 - d. 2014), who claimed to be Philippe I, he died without an heir on 5 Jan 2014. His account runs as follows: the sole heir, and hence successor, of Antoine II was his daughter, Laure Th�r�se Cros, veuve Bernard (b. 1856 - d. 1916), who "was" Queen Laure-Th�r�se I from 6 Nov 1903 to her death 12 Mar 1916. There is no documentation of her acting as queen. Upon his mother's death, Jacques Alexandre Antoine Bernard (b. 1880 - d. 1952) became King Jacques-Antoine III. On 12 May 1951, Philippe I claimed, Jacques-Antoine III freely ceded the kingship to him, Philippe I, in the same terms as Orllie-Antoine I's nephew had ceded his claim to the future Achille I before his uncle's death. The documentation of this cession is a card that does not name to whom it is addressed.  On 9 Jan 2014, the Regency Council of the Kingdom elected Jean-Michel Parasiliti di Para (b. 1942 - d. 2017), as the successor to Philippe I, he took the name Antoine IV, but died on 16 Dec 2017. On 24 Mar 2018, the Regency Council of the Kingdom elected, as the successor to Antoine IV, essayist Fr�d�ric Nicolas Jacques Rodriguez-Luz (b. 1964) as Fr�d�ric I. On 12 Apr 2023, the Council of Regency dismissed King Fr�d�ric I and elected historian Philippe Delorme (b. 1960) as King Philippe II. King Fr�d�ric I condemned this decision and on 23 Apr 2023 Delorme renounced the throne. Following the resignation of King Phillippe II, the Council of Regency designated historian Pierre Mollier, dit de Carelmapu (b. 1961) as Regent. On 6 Apr 2024, the Council of Regency elected lawyer Philippe Pichon (b. 1968) as King Philippe III, this action was rejected by Fr�d�ric I.