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Visitas

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Visitas or asistencias were smaller sub-missions of Catholic missions established during the 16th-19th centuries of the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Philippines. They allowed the Catholic church and the Spanish crown to extend their reach into native populations at a modest cost.

Description

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Visitas served missions and were much smaller than the main missions with living quarters, workshops and crops in addition to a church. They were typically staffed with a small group of clergymen and a relatively small group of indigenous neophytes in order to maintain the complex.

Particularly strategic visitas were later elevated to the status of a full mission. This typically included an expansion of existing facilities to support a larger clergy and indigenous neophyte population, improvement of basic infrastructure such as roads, and rechristening under a new Catholic saint.[1][2]

San Antonio de Pala, an asistencia of Mission San Luis Rey de Francia, is located in Pala, California

In Spanish Florida, visitas were mission stations without a resident missionary. Church buildings at visitas were simple, or sometimes absent.[3] Visitas were often in satellite villages associated with a town with a doctrina (a mission with one or more resident missionaries).

History

[edit]

The first visita that was founded and documented seems to be a visita established in the village of Soloy (in modern day Florida). Pedro Menéndez de Avilés designated it to become a blockhouse in 1567, but it became a visita to Mission Nombre de Dios in the beginning of the 1600s.[4]

More visitas were established in Spanish Florida during the early 1600s, but the only ones that seem to have been documented were four visitas to Mission San Pedro de Mocama and nine visitas to Mission San Juan del Puerto.[4]

During the early 1600s, visitas were founded in present day New Mexico and Sonora. Almost a century and a half later, the third and final visita in New Mexico was established, Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Pojoaque.[5]

The last visita to be founded in Sonora was San Valentin de Bisanig (later renamed San Juan Bisaning) in 1706.[6] Missions stopped being founded after 1772, when Father Juan Crisóstomo Gil de Bernabé founded the mission Carrizal (also known as Carrizel[6]) and was martyred the year later, on March (6, 8, or 9). Father Antonio Caxa designated March 8, 1774 as the day to honor Bernabé.[7]

Starting in 1684 with the founding of Mission San Bruno in Baja California Sur by Spanish admiral Isidro de Atondo y AntillĂłn and Father Eusebio Kino,[8] missions started to be founded in Baja California and Baja California Sur, along with visitas.

The first visita founded there was San Juan Bautista Londó in 1699, which served Mission Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó.[9] The final visita in Baja California and Baja California Sur was established in 1798 as San Telmo, which served Mission Santo Domingo de la Frontera.[10]

In 1687, Father Eusebio Kino started to establish missions in PimerĂ­a Alta, as well as visitas. In what is modern day Arizona, he established visitas at Huachuca, Quiburi, and Santa Cruz, as well as one called San Ignacio de Sonoitac.[11][12] Sonoitac was originally just a rancherĂ­a which was said to have a bigger population than the Guevavi, TumacĂĄcori, and Calabazas settlements. A church was built, it became a visita, and it was named San Ignacio de Sonoitac after or around 1737.[13]

In 1692, San AgustĂ­n del Tucson was established by Kino as a visita to Mission San Xavier del Bac, but became a mission in 1768 as Mission San Cosme y DamiĂĄn de TucsĂłn.[12]

In 1749 and 1750, along the Lower Rio Grande Valley, there was a large colonization effort, mainly led by José de Escandón. The towns of Reynosa, Camargo, Mier, and Guerrero were established in present-day Mexico, along with missions.[14] However, the visitas that were built to serve those missions were established in present-day Texas, technically making them the only visitas established within its current boundaries.[14]

The mission system in California started with the founding of Mission San Diego de Alcala in 1769 by Father Junipero Serra.[15] The first asistencia in California, Santa Paula, was founded around 1782 to Mission San Buenaventura. More asistencias were established to 6 out of the 21 missions in California.

America

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The following are lists of visitas in America, sorted by year of establishment.

California

[edit]
Spanish asistencias in California
Name Image Location Established Notes References
Santa Paula 34.35584, -119.05086 1782 or after It served Mission San Buenaventura.
Nuestra Señora Reina de los Ángeles
34.05702, -118.2392 1784 It served Mission San Gabriel ArcĂĄngel.
San Pedro y San Pablo
37.58714, -122.49391 1786 It served Mission San Francisco de AsĂ­s. [2]
Santa Margarita de Cortona
35.40197, -120.6122 1787 It served Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa. [16]
Santa Gertrudis
34.34752, -119.29704 Between 1792 and 1809 It served Mission San Buenaventura. [17]
San Antonio de Pala
33.36591, -117.07419 June 13, 1816 It served Mission San Luis Rey de Francia.
San Rafael ArcĂĄngel
37.97427, -122.52798 1817 It originally served Mission San Francisco de AsĂ­s, and later became a mission in 1822.
Santa Ysabel
33.13057, -116.67786 1818 It served Mission San Diego de AlcalĂĄ.
Las Flores
33.299722, -117.460833 1823 It served Mission San Luis Rey de Francia.

Arizona

[edit]
Spanish visitas in Arizona
Name Image Location Established Notes References
Walpi Below First Mesa Around 1629 It served Mission San Francisco de Oraibi. The visita name is unknown. [18][19][20][21][22]
San Buenaventura de Mishóngnovi Below Second Mesa Around 1629 It served Mission San Bartolomé de Shungópove. [18][19][20][21][22]
San Cayetano del Tumacåcori On the east side of the Santa Cruz River January 1691 It served Mission Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi during all of its years as San Cayetano, and a few years as San José. [23]
Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi
31.41007, -110.90198 1691 It was originally founded as a mission in 1691, but became a visita of San José de Tumacacori around 1773. [24]
San Ignacio de Sonoitac
Near Patagonia 1692 It served Mission Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi. [25]
San AgustĂ­n del Tucson
32.21346, -110.98703 1692 It served Mission San Xavier del Bac. In 1768, it was elevated to the status of mission and became the Mission San Cosme y DamiĂĄn de TucsĂłn. [12]
San MartĂ­n de Aribac
Arivaca 1695 Also known as Santa Gertrudes de Arivaca, it served Mission Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi. Described as being 10 leagues (26 miles) away from Guevavi, which is only a couple miles off from the current measurement of 27.8 miles. [26][27][28][29]
San JoaquĂ­n de Basosucan Babacomari Ranch 1696-1697 Also known as San JoaquĂ­n de Huachuca. [26][30][31]
Santa Cruz de Gaybanipitea Along the San Pedro River Around 1731 It served Mission Santa MarĂ­a Suamca. Also known as Santa Cruz de Jauanipicta, it, along with Quiburi, was founded along the San Pedro River. [26][27][30]
Santa Ana de Quiburi Along the San Pedro River Around 1731 It served Mission Santa MarĂ­a Suamca. [11][31][32]
San Cayetano de Calabazas
31.45252, -110.95945 1756 It served Mission Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi (and later was an estancia of Mission San José de Tumacåcori). It later had a resident priest, meaning it became a mission. It was downgraded back to a visita of Mission Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi in 1784 and abandoned in 1786. [33][34]
Santa Gertrudis de Tubac By 1763 It served Mission Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi.

New Mexico

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Spanish visitas in New Mexico
Name Image Location Established Notes References
San Buenaventura de CochitĂ­
35.608056; -106.345833 Early 1600s It served Mission Santo Domingo, but later became a mission. [35]
San Buenaventura de Humanas
34.25962, -106.09231 1626 It served Mission San Gregorio de AbĂł, and by 1629 became an actual mission. [36]
San Luis Obispo de Sevilleta 1627 It was originally a mission, but was later downgraded to a visita of Nuestra Señora de Perpetuo Socorro. Abandoned in 1680. [37]
Santa Clara
35.96783, -106.08796 1628 It first served Mission San Juan Bautista de los Caballeros. It was destroyed during the Pueblo Revolt and then rebuilt to serve Mission San Ildefonso. It was remodeled around 1900 with a new roof which caused it to collapse in 1905. Rebuilt again around 1914 and remodeled in the 1960s. [38]
Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Pojoaque Around 1765 It served San Francisco de Nambé. [5]

Texas

[edit]
Spanish visitas in Texas
Name Image Location Established Notes References
San AgustĂ­n de Laredo (Camargo)
26.37135, -98.8563 1749 It served Mission San AgustĂ­n de Laredo, which was located in Camargo. [39]
San Joaquin del Monte (Reynosa)
26.10515, -98.26046 1749 It served Mission San JoaquĂ­n del Monte, which was located in Reynosa. [39][14]
La PurĂ­sima ConcepciĂłn (Mier)
26.46043, -99.02966 1750 It served Mission La PurĂ­sima ConcepciĂłn, which was located in Mier. [39][14]
San Francisco Solano de Ampuero (Revilla)
26.90166, -99.26678 1750 It served Mission San Francisco Solano de Ampuero, which was located in present-day Guerrero. [39][14]

Spanish Florida

[edit]
Known Spanish visitas in Spanish Florida
Name Location Established Notes References
Soloy Florida 1567 Originally a blockhouse, but by the beginning of the 1600s, became a visita of Mission Nombre de Dios. It was two leagues north of the mission. [40]
San José de Zapala 31.51544, -81.24218 By 1597 It served either Mission Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Tolomato or Mission Santa Clara de Tupiqui. It had a convent by 1616, and it became a mission. [41][42]
Tocoy Florida By 1602 It served Mission San SebastiĂĄn. It was around five leagues due west of St. Augustine. [43]
Santa MarĂ­a de la Sena Amelia Island 1602 It served Mission San Pedro de Mocama. It was also called Santa Catalina de Santa MarĂ­a and Santa Catalina or Santa MarĂ­a de Guale. It later moved to St. Augustine and was called Santa Catarina de Guale. [44][45][46][47]
San Antonio (de Aratabo/Arapaha) Possibly Georgia 1602 It served Mission San Pedro de Mocama. Later (probably around 1610), Fray Pedro Viniegra resided in the visita, meaning it later became a mission. [48]
Chica Faya la Madalena Possibly Georgia By 1602 It served Mission San Pedro de Mocama. Said to be located alongside San Antonio. [48]
Veracruz Florida 1602 It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was one-half league away from the mission. [48]
(San Francisco de) Molo/Moloa Florida By 1602 It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was five leagues from the mission. It most likely gained a convent by 1604, and definitely had one by 1610, when Fray Pedro Bermejo was noted to be the "definitor guardian", meaning it later became a mission. [48]
Potayo Florida By 1602 It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was four leagues from the mission. [49]
San Mateo Florida By 1602 It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was two leagues from the mission. The region near the site had a fort which secured the entrance of the St. Johns River. [49]
San Pablo Florida By 1602 It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was one league and a half away from the mission. [49]
Hicachirico Florida 1602 It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was one league from the mission. [50]
Chinisca Florida By 1602 It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was one league and a half from the mission. [50]
Carabay/Sarabay Florida By 1602 It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was a fourth of a league from the mission. [50]
Espogache Georgia By 1603 It served Mission Santo Domingo de Talaxe (also known as Santo Domingo de Asao and Santo Domingo de Talaje). It eventually became a mission center. [51]
Olatayco Possibly Georgia By 1604 It served Mission San Pedro de Mocama. [52]
San Francisco de Potano 29.72993, -82.44179 1607 In 1607, Fray Prieto visited San Francisco de Potano, starting the construction of a church. Prieto later moved to San Miguel, and left San Francisco de Potano as a visita. Prieto traveled daily from his residence to minister to the Potano.

By 1616, it was the site of a convent, meaning it later became a mission.

 [53][54]
Yoa Georgia By 1609 It served Mission Santa Catalina de Guale. Identified by John Tate Lanning as "two leagues up a mainland river back of the bars of Zapala [Sapelo Sound] and Cofonufo [St. Catherines Sound]". [55]
Apalo Florida By 1616 It probably served Mission San Francisco de Potano. [56]
Santa Cruz de Cachipile 30.66337, -83.20622 By 1655 It served Mission San Ildefonso de Chamile. [57][58]
Santa Ana Florida By 1657 It served Mission San Pedro y San Pablo de Potohiriba. [59]
San(ta) ? Florida By 1657 It served Mission San Matheo de Tolapatafi. [60]
San(ta) ? Florida By 1657 It served Mission San Matheo de Tolapatafi. [60]
San(ta) ? Florida By 1657 It served Mission San Matheo de Tolapatafi. [60]
San(ta) ? Florida By 1657 It served Mission San Matheo de Tolapatafi. [60]
San(ta) ? Florida By 1657 It served Mission San Matheo de Tolapatafi. [60]
San(ta) ? Florida By 1657 It served Mission San Matheo de Tolapatafi. [60]
San(ta) ? Florida By 1657 It served Mission San Matheo de Tolapatafi. [60]
San(ta) ? Florida By 1657 It served Mission San Matheo de Tolapatafi. [60]
San(ta) ? Florida By 1657 It served Mission San Matheo de Tolapatafi. [60]
San Juan Florida By 1657 It served Mission San Lorenzo de Ivitachuco. [61]
San Pablo Florida By 1657 It served Mission San Lorenzo de Ivitachuco. [61]
San NicolĂĄs Florida By 1657 It served Mission San Lorenzo de Ivitachuco. [61]
Ayapasca Florida By 1657 It served Mission San Lorenzo de Ivitachuco. [61]
Florida By 1657 It served Mission La ConcepciĂłn de Ayubale. It is likely that Ayubale had more than one visita. [62]
Florida By 1657 It served Mission San Francisco de Oconi. [63]
Florida By 1657 It served Mission San Pedro y San Pablo de Patale. [64]
Florida By 1657 It served Mission San Pedro y San Pablo de Patale. [64]
Florida By 1657 It served Mission Santa MarĂ­a de Bacuqua. [65]
San Cosme Florida By 1657 It served Mission San Cosme y San DamiĂĄn de Cupaica. [66]
Florida By 1657 It served Mission San Cosme y San DamiĂĄn de Cupaica. [66]
Florida By 1657 It served Mission San Cosme y San DamiĂĄn de Cupaica. [66]
San Pedro Florida By 1657 (?) It served Mission San Cosme y San DamiĂĄn de Cupaica. [67]
Ypaja Florida By 1697 (?) It may have been a visita. [68]
Piritiriba Florida By 1701 It served Mission San Juan del Puerto. It was three leagues away from the mission. [69]

Mexico

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The following are lists of visitas in Mexico, sorted by year of establishment.

Baja California

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Spanish visitas in Baja California
Name Image Location Established Notes Reference
Calamajué 30.96805, -116.09194 1766 It served Misión San Francisco Borja. [70][10]
San Juan de Dios 30.18266, -115.16791 1769 It served Misión San Fernando Rey de España de Velicatå. [71][10]
San Telmo 30.96805, -116.09194 1798 It served MisiĂłn Santo Domingo de la Frontera. [10]
San Isidoro 30.76527, -115.54722 It served MisiĂłn San Pedro MĂĄrtir de Verona. [10]
Santa Ana 28.69027, -113.82055 It served MisiĂłn San Francisco Borja de Adac. [10]

Baja California Sur

[edit]
Spanish visitas in Baja California Sur
Name Image Location Established Notes Reference
San Juan Bautista Londó 26.22521, -111.47354 1699 It served Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó. [10]
Angel de la Guarda 23.89111, -110.17083 1721 It served Misión de Nuestra Señora del Pilar de La Paz Airapí. [10]
La PasiĂłn 24.88777, -111.02871 1741 It served Mission San Luis Gonzaga. [72][73][10]
La Presentación 25.72893, -111.54366 1769 It served Misión San Francisco Javier de Viggé-Biaundó [10]
San Pablo (y/o Los Dolores de Arriba) 27.70184, -113.14484 It served Misión Nuestra Señora de los Dolores del Sur Chillå. [10]
San Jacinto 23.24277, -110.07722 It served MisiĂłn Santa Rosa de las Palmas. [10]

Sonora

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Spanish visitas in Sonora
Name Image Location Established Notes Reference
ConcepciĂłn Curimpo After 1614 It served Mission Natividad Navojoa. [74]
Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Tepahui After 1614 It served Mission San Andrés Conicari. [75]
San Ignacio de Tesia Around 1614 It served Mission Santa Catarina de Camoa. [75]
EspĂ­ritu Santo CĂłcorit Before 1617 Established as a mission some time before 1617. After 1617, it served Mission Santa Rosa de BĂĄcum. [76]
Trinidad Potam 1617 It served Mission Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Rahum. [77]
San Francisco Xavier de Cumuripa 1619 It originally served Mission San Francisco de Borja de Tecoripa. Later it became a headquarters mission with two visitas. [76]
San Francisco Buenavista 1619 It served Mission San Francisco Xavier de Cumuripa. In 1765, a presidio was built here, as well as a new church whose construction started in 1772. The visita is now underwater. [78]
San José de Pimas 1620 It originally served Mission San Francisco de Borja de Tecoripa. It became a headquarters mission in 1771. [79]
San Ignacio de Suaqui 1620 It served Mission San Francisco de Borja de Tecoripa. [80]
San Joaquin y Santa Ana de Nuri 1622 It served Mission Santa Maria de Movas. [81]
San Ignacio Bacanora 1627 It originally served Mission San Francisco Xavier de Arivechi, but by 1793, it served Mission Nuestra Señora de los Angeles de Sahuaripa. [82]
Santa RosalĂ­a de Onapa 1627 It served Mission San Francisco Xavier de Arivechi. It eventually became a mission with two/three visitas. [81]
Pondia 1627 It served Mission San Francisco Xavier de Arivechi. [79]
San Francisco de Soyopa 1628 It served Mission San Ignacio (de Loyola) de Ónavas. The visita is also known as San Joseph de Soyopa [80]
Santa MarĂ­a del Populo de TĂłnichi 1629 It served Mission San Ignacio (de Loyola) de Ónavas. The visita is also known as Nuestra Señora del Populo de Tonintzi [83]
Nuestra Senora Asuncion Alamos 1629 It served Mission San José de Måtape. [82]
Santa Cruz de Nåcori 1629 It served Mission San José de Måtape. [81]
Santa Rosalia 1637 It served Mission San Miguel de Ures. [77]
Nuestra Señora de la Concepción de Baviåcora 1638 It was originally founded as a head mission, with a visita at San Pedro Aconchi. Later, it became a visita of Aconchi. [78]
Nuestra Señora del Rosario de Nacåmeri 1638 It served Mission San Miguel de Ures, Mission Nuestra Señora del Populo del Seri, and Mission Nuestra Señora de la Ascención de Opodepe, in chronological order. [81]
San Pedro Aconchi 1639 It was initially founded as a visita of Mission Nuestra Señora de la Concepción de Baviåcora. Over time, that mission became its visita. [84]
San Lorenzo de GĂŒepaca 1639 Also known as San Lorenzo de HuĂ©pac, it had a visita at Nuestra Señora de los Remedios de BanĂĄmichi. Later, it became a visita of BanĂĄmichi. [74]
Nuestra Señora de los Remedios de Beramitzi 30.00765, -110.21768 1639 Also known as Nuestra Señora de los Remedios de BanĂĄmichi. It originally served Mission San Lorenzo de GĂŒepaca.

It eventually became a head mission, with the mission it used to serve (Guepaca) as its visita.

 [84]
Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Opodepe 1644 Originally served Mission Los Santos Reyes de Cucurpe. In 1762, it became a mission, with Nuestra Señora del Rosario de Nacameri as its visita. [79]
San Luis Gonzåga de Bacadéhuachi 1645 It served Mission Nuestra Señora de Nåcori Chico. Eventually, it became a mission with two visitas (one of them being San Ignacio Mochapa). [82]
Santo Tomås de Serva 1645 It served Mission Nuestra Señora de Nåcori Chico. [80]
San Ignacio Mochapa 1645 It served Mission San Luis Gonzåga de Bacadéhuachi [85]
San Miguel de Bavispe 1645 It served Mission Santa MarĂ­a de Baserac. It may have become a head mission. [78]
San Juan Evangelista de Huachinera 1645 Originally served Mission Santa MarĂ­a de Baserac. It became a mission by 1688 and had one visita. [74]
San Ignacio de Oputo 1645 It served Mission San Francisco Xavier de GuĂĄsavas. [79]
Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Cumpas 1645 It originally served Mission San Miguel Arcångel de Oposura, then served Mission San Francisco Xavier de Guåsavas. [76]
San Ignacio de Sinoquipe 1646 It served Mission Nuestra Señora de los Remedios de Beramitzi. The church was being restored during 1955 and 1956. [80]
San Miguel Tuape 1647 It served Mission Los Santos Reyes de Cucurpe.
San Miguel Bacoachi 1648 It served Mission Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Arizpe. [82]
San José de Chinapa 1648 It served Mission Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Arizpe. Briefly an independent mission. [76]
Santa Rosa de Tebadéguachi 1653 It served Mission (Nuestro Padre) San Ignacio de Cuquiarachi.
Guadalupe de T(e)uricachi 1653 It served Mission (Nuestro Padre) San Ignacio de Cuquiarachi. [83]
San Francisco Xavier de Rebeico 1673 It served Mission San José de Måtape. [77]
San Ildefonso de YĂ©cora 1673 It originally served Mission Santa Rosalia de Onapa. Later it had a visita at San Francisco Xavier de Maicoba. [86]
San Francisco Xavier de Maicoba 1676 It served Mission San Ildefonso de YĂ©cora. [85]
San José de Imuris 1687 It served Mission (Nuestro Padre) de San Ignacio de Cabórica. [85]
San Juan de Bisani(n)g Likely 1690's It served Mission La Purísima Concepción de Nuestra Señora de Caborca. On Valentine's Day, 1694, it became a mission, and was named San Valentin del Bizani. However, it stayed as a visita for most of its life after. [87][88]
Santa MarĂ­a Magdalena 30.6302, -110.9734 1690 It served Mission (Nuestro Padre) de San Ignacio de CabĂłrica. It may have had a visita at one point. [85][89][90]
San Antonio (Paduano) de(l) Oquitoa
30.74371, -111.73494 1690 Founded by Father Eusebio Kino as a visita to Mission San Pedro y San Pablo del Tubutama. In 1756 it was a visita of Mission Santa Teresa de Atil. [79][91]
Santa Teresa de Atil 1692 It served Mission San Pedro y San Pablo del Tubutama.
San Diego del Pitiquito
30.67504, -112.05761 1694 It served Mission La Purísima Concepción de Nuestra Señora de Caborca. [79][92]
San LĂĄzaro 1695 It served Mission Santa MarĂ­a Suamca. [93][77]
San Luis Baconacos 1697 At various times, it served Mission Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi.

Originally, Father Eusebio Kino founded a ranch here, and by 1706 its church was built.

 [78]
Santa María de Bugota/Santa María de Suamca 1698 It served Mission Nuestra Señora del Pilar y Santiago de Cocóspera. Founded by Father Eusebio Kino. He said the first mass there in 1698, but the actual church was built in 1706. [94]
San Ambrosio del Busanic y Tucubavia 1698 It served Mission Santa Gertrudis del SĂĄric. [94]
San Bernardo de Aquimuri Between 1700-1701 Founded by Father Eusebio Kino. It served Mission Santa Gertrudis del SĂĄric. By 1706, a church was built here, and stood till at least 1772. [82]
San Ildefonso de Ostimuri It served Mission Santa Rosalia de Onapa. [79]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ "California Mission Life". Factcards.califa.org. Retrieved 2015-06-12.
  2. 1 2 "Mission Trail Today – Mission Asistencias and Estancias". U.S. Mission Trail. Archived from the original on 2015-06-07. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  3. ↑ Worth, John E. (1998). Timucua Chiefdoms of Spanish Florida. Volume 1: Assimilation. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. p. 35. ISBN 0-8130-1575-8.
  4. 1 2 Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 453–456. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 1006866.
  5. 1 2 "The Missions of New Mexico Since 1776 (Pojoaque)". npshistory.com. Retrieved 2024-11-22.
  6. 1 2 Eckhart, George B. (1960). "A Guide to the History of the Missions of Sonora, 1614–1826". Arizona and the West. 2 (2): 165–183. ISSN 0004-1408. JSTOR 40167019.
  7. ↑ "Juan CrisĂłstomo Gil de BernabĂ© – TumacĂĄcori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2025-01-17.
  8. ↑ Burckhalter, David, Sedgwick, Mina, and Fontana, Bernard L. (2013), Baja California Missions, Tucson: University of Arizona Press, p. 17; Bolton, 1936
  9. ↑ "The Spanish Missions of Baja California, Part 3: Mission Visitas". Viva Baja. 2022. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Part 3: Mission Visitas – Viva Baja". Retrieved 2024-09-10.
  11. 1 2 Mattison, Ray (1946). "Early Spanish and Mexican Settlements in Arizona" (PDF). New Mexico Historical Review. 21 (4): 275.
  12. 1 2 3 "San Xavier del Bac – Tumacácori National Historical Park". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-09.
  13. ↑ "San Ignacio de Sonoitac – Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-22.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Association (TSHA), Texas State Historical. "The Spanish Missions in Texas". Texas Almanac. Retrieved 2024-11-22.
  15. ↑ Parks, California State. "California State Parks". CA State Parks. Retrieved 2024-09-09.
  16. ↑ Parks, California State. "California State Parks". CA State Parks. Retrieved 2024-09-13.
  17. ↑ "Two-Year Race Ends at Mission Dig: Archaeologists Beat the Freeway Bulldozers". The Los Angeles Times. 1966-05-02. p. 35. Retrieved 2025-01-18.
  18. 1 2 "Hubbell Trading Post NHS: Cultural Landscape Report (Site History)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2025-02-07.
  19. 1 2 Indian Villages of the Southwest: A Practical Guide to the Pueblo Indian Villages of New Mexico and Arizona. Chronicle Books. 1985. ISBN 978-0-87701-735-6.
  20. 1 2 "Cycles of Conquest: The Impact of Spain, Mexico, and the United States on Indians of the Southwest, 1533-1960". openaz-tst.library.arizona.edu. Retrieved 2025-02-05.
  21. 1 2 "1907 - Handbook of American Indians north of Mexico, Part I; Frederick Webb Hodge". Internet Archives; Bureau of American Ethnology. 2019-01-21.
  22. 1 2 "Hopi Archeology – Access Genealogy". 2011-07-09. Retrieved 2025-02-05.
  23. ↑ "San JosĂ© de TumacĂĄcori –TumacĂĄcori National Historical Park". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-11-22.
  24. ↑ Stoner, Victor R. (1937). "Original Sites of the Spanish Missions of the Santa Cruz Valley". Kiva. 2 (7/8): 25–32. doi:10.1080/00231940.1937.11757662. ISSN 0023-1940. JSTOR 30247432.
  25. ↑ "San Ignacio de Sonoitac – Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-08.
  26. 1 2 3 Mattison, Ray (1946). "Early Spanish and Mexican Settlements in Arizona" (PDF). New Mexico Historical Review. 21 (4): 275 – via NPS History.
  27. 1 2 Seymour, Deni J. (2012). "Santa Cruz River : The Origin of a Place Name". The Journal of Arizona History. 53 (1): 81–88. ISSN 0021-9053. JSTOR 41697406.
  28. ↑ "History". Visit Arivaca. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  29. ↑ Santa Gertrudes de Arivaca, Arivaca, Pima County, AZ, retrieved 2025-01-11
  30. 1 2 Sånchez, Joseph P.; White, John Howard. Sånchez-Clark, Angélica (ed.). "Coronado National Memorial Historical Research Project Research Topics" (PDF).
  31. 1 2 Seymour, Deni (2003). "Sobaipuri-Pima Occupation in the Upper San Pedro Valley: San Pablo de Quiburi". New Mexico Historical Review. 78 (2).
  32. ↑ Santa Ana de Quiburi Mission (Ruins), Fairbank (historical), Cochise County, AZ, retrieved 2025-01-11
  33. ↑ "Mission San Cayetano de Calabazas - Spanish Missions/Misiones Españolas (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2025-01-05.
  34. ↑ Tumacacori, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067; Us, AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact. "San Cayetano de Calabazas - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2025-01-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  35. ↑ "San Buenaventura de Cochiti – English – Spanish Missions/Misiones Españolas (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-11-22.
  36. ↑ "Gran Quivira (San Buenaventura de las Humanas and San Isidro) – Spanish Missions/Misiones Españolas (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-12-24.
  37. ↑ Bletzer, Michael P. (April 2020). "A Furtive Mission in Los Piros: Notes on the Archaeology of San Luis Obispo de Sevilleta". Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico. 46: 25–40. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
  38. ↑ "Santa Clara Mission Church – Spanish Missions/Misiones Españolas (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-11-22.
  39. 1 2 3 4 "Texas Missions" (PDF).
  40. ↑ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 432. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 1006866.
  41. ↑ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 456–457. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 1006866.
  42. ↑ Jeffries, Richard W.; Moore, Christopher (2009). In Search of Mission San Joseph de Sapala: Mission Period Archaeological Research on Sapelo Island, Georgia 2003-2007. pp. 52–53.
  43. ↑ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 435. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 1006866.
  44. ↑ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 453. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 1006866.
  45. ↑ "Distribution of Contact and Mission Period Sites in the Mocama Province". ResearchGate. Archived from the original on 2024-11-02. Retrieved 2025-01-28.
  46. ↑ "Mocama Life at Santa Cruz de Guadalquini: Persistence and Accommodation under the Mission Bell". ResearchGate. Archived from the original on 2022-09-28. Retrieved 2025-01-28.
  47. ↑ "Florida Sites". Historical Archaeology. Retrieved 2025-01-29.
  48. 1 2 3 4 Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 454. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 1006866.
  49. 1 2 3 Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 455. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 1006866.
  50. 1 2 3 Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 456. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 1006866.
  51. ↑ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 448. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 1006866.
  52. ↑ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 451. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 1006866.
  53. ↑ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 458. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 1006866.
  54. ↑ "CMAP - Fox Pond". cmap.floridamuseum.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  55. ↑ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 458. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 1006866.
  56. ↑ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 468. doi:10.2307/1006866. JSTOR 1006866issn=0003-1615.
  57. ↑ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 471. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 1006866.
  58. ↑ "Borderland Conferences". Aucilla Research Institute. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
  59. ↑ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 473. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 1006866.
  60. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 474. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 1006866.
  61. 1 2 3 4 Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 477. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 1006866.
  62. ↑ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 477. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 1006866.
  63. ↑ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 478. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 1006866.
  64. 1 2 Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 480. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 1006866.
  65. ↑ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 482. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 1006866.
  66. 1 2 3 Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 483. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 1006866.
  67. ↑ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 484. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 1006866.
  68. ↑ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 509. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 1006866.
  69. ↑ Hann, John H. (1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 436. doi:10.2307/1006866. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 1006866.
  70. ↑ "Sitio Visita de Calamajue · 21856 Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico". Sitio Visita de Calamajue · 21856 Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico. Retrieved 2024-09-10.
  71. ↑ "San Juan de Dios". www.elvigia.net (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-09-10.
  72. ↑ "The Spanish Missions of Baja California, Part 1: The Jesuit Missions 1697–1767 – Viva Baja". vivabaja.com. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
  73. ↑ "The Spanish Missions on the California Peninsula: #9, Nuestra Señora de los Dolores (1721–1741 at ApatĂ©, 1741–1768 at La PasiĂłn de ChillĂĄ)". Discover Baja Travel Club. 2014-08-10. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
  74. 1 2 3 Eckhart, George B. (1960). "A Guide to the History of the Missions of Sonora, 1614–1826". Arizona and the West. 2 (2): 174. ISSN 0004-1408. JSTOR 40167019.
  75. 1 2 Eckhart, George B. (1960). "A Guide to the History of the Missions of Sonora, 1614–1826". Arizona and the West. 2 (2): 180. ISSN 0004-1408. JSTOR 40167019.
  76. 1 2 3 4 Eckhart, George B. (1960). "A Guide to the History of the Missions of Sonora, 1614–1826". Arizona and the West. 2 (2): 173. ISSN 0004-1408. JSTOR 40167019.
  77. 1 2 3 4 Eckhart, George B. (1960). "A Guide to the History of the Missions of Sonora, 1614–1826". Arizona and the West. 2 (2): 178. ISSN 0004-1408. JSTOR 40167019.
  78. 1 2 3 4 Eckhart, George B. (1960). "A Guide to the History of the Missions of Sonora, 1614–1826". Arizona and the West. 2 (2): 171. ISSN 0004-1408. JSTOR 40167019.
  79. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Eckhart, George B. (1960). "A Guide to the History of the Missions of Sonora, 1614–1826". Arizona and the West. 2 (2): 177. ISSN 0004-1408. JSTOR 40167019.
  80. 1 2 3 4 Eckhart, George B. (1960). "A Guide to the History of the Missions of Sonora, 1614–1826". Arizona and the West. 2 (2): 179. ISSN 0004-1408. JSTOR 40167019.
  81. 1 2 3 4 Eckhart, George B. (1960). "A Guide to the History of the Missions of Sonora, 1614–1826". Arizona and the West. 2 (2): 176. ISSN 0004-1408. JSTOR 40167019.
  82. 1 2 3 4 5 Eckhart, George B. (1960). "A Guide to the History of the Missions of Sonora, 1614–1826". Arizona and the West. 2 (2): 170. ISSN 0004-1408. JSTOR 40167019.
  83. 1 2 Eckhart, George B. (1960). "A Guide to the History of the Missions of Sonora, 1614–1826". Arizona and the West. 2 (2): 181. ISSN 0004-1408. JSTOR 40167019.
  84. 1 2 Eckhart, George B. (1960). "A Guide to the History of the Missions of Sonora, 1614–1826". Arizona and the West. 2 (2): 169. ISSN 0004-1408. JSTOR 40167019.
  85. 1 2 3 4 Eckhart, George B. (1960). "A Guide to the History of the Missions of Sonora, 1614–1826". Arizona and the West. 2 (2): 175. ISSN 0004-1408. JSTOR 40167019.
  86. ↑ Eckhart, George B. (1960). "A Guide to the History of the Missions of Sonora, 1614–1826". Arizona and the West. 2 (2): 182. ISSN 0004-1408. JSTOR 40167019.
  87. ↑ "Ruins of the San Valentin del Bizani Kino Mission". Explore Sonora. 2018-07-23. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
  88. ↑ "Nuestra Señora del PĂłpulo del Bisanig –TumacĂĄcori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
  89. ↑ "Santa María Magdalena – Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
  90. ↑ Ives, Ronald L. (1948). "The Sonoran Census of 1730". Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia. 59 (4): 319–339. ISSN 0002-7790. JSTOR 44210049.
  91. ↑ "San Antonio Paduano del Oquitoa – Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
  92. ↑ "San Diego del Pitiquito – Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
  93. ↑ "Santa María Suamca – Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
  94. 1 2 Eckhart, George B. (1960). "A Guide to the History of the Missions of Sonora, 1614–1826". Arizona and the West. 2 (2): 172. ISSN 0004-1408. JSTOR 40167019.
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