Käthe Kollwitz
Käthe Kollwitz[1] ( an haifeta a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1867 - 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1945) yar ƙasar Jamus ce wanda ta yi aikin zane-zane, bugawa (ciki har da etching, lithography da yankan itace ) da sassaka. Babban zane-zanenta wanda ya shahara, sun hada da The Weavers da The Peasant War, suna nuna tasirin talauci, yunwa da yaƙi akan ma'aikata. [2] [3] Duk da gaskiyar ayyukanta na farko, fasaharta yanzu tana da alaƙa da Expressionism. [4] Kollwitz ita ce mace ta farko ba kawai da za a zaba a Prussian Academy of Arts ba amma har ma ta sami matsayi na Farfesa. [5]
Rayuwa da aiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tasowarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Kollwitz a Königsberg, Prussia, a matsayin ɗiya ta biyar a cikin danginta. Mahaifinta, Karl Schmidt, mai ra'ayin Social Demokrat ne wadda ta zama mason ginin gida. Mahaifiyarta, Katherina Schmidt, 'yar Julius Rupp ce, wani fasto na Lutheran wanda aka kore shi daga Ikilisiyar Jihar Ikklesiya ta hukuma kuma ta kafa ikilisiya mai zaman kanta. Iliminta da fasaharta sun yi tasiri matuka a darussan kakanta na addini da zamantakewa. Babban yayanta Conrad, ya zama fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki na SPD.
Don gane gwaninta, mahaifin Kollwitz ya shirya mata ta fara darussa na zane da kwafi simintin gyare-gyare a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1879 lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha biyu. [6] A shekara ta 1885-6 ta fara karatun ta na yau da kullun na fasaha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Karl Stauffer-Bern, abokin mai zane Max Klinger, a Makaranta na Mata masu fasaha a Berlin. A shekaru sha shida ta fara aiki tare da batutuwa masu alaƙa da motsi na Realism, suna yin zane-zane na ma'aikata, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da manoma da ta gani a ofisoshin mahaifinta. Etchings na Klinger, dabarun su da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, sun kasance abin ƙarfafawa ga Kollwitz. [7]
A shekarar 1888/89, ta yi karatun zane tare da Ludwig Herterich a Munich, inda ta fahimci cewa ƙarfinta ba a matsayin mai zane ba ne, amma mai zane ne. Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ɗan'uwanta Konrad ya gabatar da ita ga Karl Kollwitz, ɗalibar likitanci. Bayan haka, Kathe ta yi aure da Karl, yayin da take karatun fasaha a Munich. A shekarar 1890, ta koma Königsberg, ta yi hayar ɗakin studio na farko, kuma ta ci gaba da nuna wahalar da ma'aikata ke sha. Waɗannan darussan sun kasance abin ƙarfafa gwiwa a cikin aikinta tsawon shekaru.[8]
A shekara ta 1891, Kollwitz ta auri Karl, wanda a wannan lokacin likita ne da ke kula da talakawa a Berlin. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa babban gidan da zai zama gidan Kollwitz har sai da aka lalata shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Kusantar wurin aikin mijinta ya zama abin alfahari:
"Abubuwan da na iya zaɓa daga wannan yanayi (rayuwar ma'aikata) sun ba ni, ta hanya mai sauƙi da gaskiya, abin da na gano yana da kyau.... Mutanen da ke yankin 'yan gurguzu ba su da sha'awa ko sha'awa kwata-kwata. Duk rayuwar 'yan matsakaicin matsayi ta yi kama da ta ɗan yi mini daɗi. A gefe guda kuma, na ji cewa 'yan gurguzu suna da ƙarfin hali. Sai bayan wani lokaci... lokacin da na san matan da za su zo wurin mijina neman taimako, kuma a gare ni ma, ne ƙaddarar 'yan gurguzu da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da salon rayuwarsu ta burge ni sosai.... Amma abin da nake so in sake jaddadawa shi ne cewa tausayi da tausayi ba su da mahimmanci a farko wajen jawo hankalina ga wakilcin rayuwar 'yan gurguzu; abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne kawai na same shi da kyau."[9]
Lafiyar mutum
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An yi imanin cewa Kollwitz ta fuskanci damuwa a lokacin yarinta saboda mutuwar 'yan uwanta, ciki har da mutuwar ƙanenta, Benjamin. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa Kollwitz na iya fama da cutar dysmetropsia ta jijiyoyi ta yara (wani lokacin ana kiranta da cutar Alice in Wonderland syndrome, saboda abubuwan da ke faruwa na mafarkai da kuma migraines).[10]
Sana'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masu Saƙa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsakanin haihuwar 'ya'yanta maza - Hans a 1892 da Peter a 1896 - Kollwitz ta ga wasan kwaikwayo na Gerhart Hauptmann's The Weavers, wanda ya nuna zaluncin masu saƙa Silesian a Langenbielau da kuma tawayen da suka yi a 1844. Kollwitz ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga wasan kwaikwayon kuma ta daina aiki a kan jerin zane-zanen da ta yi niyyar kwatanta Germinal na Émile Zola. Ta samar da zagaye na ayyuka shida kan jigon masu saƙa, lithographs uku (Talauci, Mutuwa, da Makirci) da zane-zane uku tare da aquatint da sandpaper (March of the Weavers, Riot, da The End). Ba misali na wasan kwaikwayo ba ne, ko kuma tunanin ma'aikata, zane-zanen sun nuna baƙin cikin ma'aikata, bege, jarumtaka, da kuma ƙarshe, halaka.[11]
An nuna wannan zagayen a bainar jama'a a shekarar 1898, inda aka yaba masa sosai. Amma lokacin da Adolph Menzel ta zaɓi aikinta don lambar zinare ta Babban Nunin Fasaha na Berlin na 1898 a Berlin, Kaiser Wilhelm na Biyu ya ƙi amincewa da shi, yana cewa "Ina roƙonku mutane, lambar yabo ga mace, hakan zai yi nisa sosai... umarni da lambobin yabo suna kan ƙirjin mutane masu cancanta." Duk da haka, The Weavers sun zama aikin Kollwitz da aka fi yabawa.
Yaƙin Makiyaya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Babban zagaye na biyu na ayyukan Kollwitz shine Yaƙin Makiyaya. An samar da wannan jerin shirye-shiryen ne daga 1902 zuwa 1908 saboda zane-zane da yawa na farko da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi watsi da su a cikin lithography. Ya samo asali ne daga Yaƙin Makiyaya na Jamus na 1524-1525, lokacin da manoma da aka zalunta a kudancin Jamus suka ɗauki makamai don yaƙi da manyan mutane da Coci. Kamar yadda yake a cikin The Weavers, wannan aikin wataƙila ya sami tasiri daga wasan kwaikwayo na Hauptmann, Florian Geyer (1895). Duk da haka, tushen farko na sha'awar Kollwitz ya samo asali ne daga ƙuruciyarta lokacin da ita da ɗan'uwanta Konrad suka yi tunanin kansu a matsayin mayaƙan shinge a cikin juyin juya hali. Ba wai kawai Kollwitz suna da alaƙar yarinta ba, har ma da alaƙar fasaha. Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare waɗanda ba su da murya kuma tana son nuna ajin ma'aikata ta hanyar da babu wanda ya gani. Mai zane ta yi kama da halin Black Anna, wata mace da aka ambata a matsayin jaruma a cikin tawayen. Bayan an kammala, Yaƙin Makiyaya ya ƙunshi sassaka guda bakwai: Noma, Fyaɗe, Kaifafa Skirthe, Ɗaura Makamai a cikin Rumbun Ajiye Kayan Tarihi, Cajin, Fursunoni, da Bayan Yaƙin. Bayan Yaƙin an bayyana shi a matsayin wani abu mai ban tsoro domin yana nuna uwa tana neman gawar ɗanta da daddare. A takaice dai, ayyukan sun fi na Masu Saƙa kyau a zahiri, saboda girmansu da kuma ƙarfin haske da inuwa mai ban mamaki. Su ne manyan nasarorin da Kollwitz ya samu a matsayin mai sassaka.
Kollwitz ta ziyarci Paris sau biyu yayin da take aiki a kan Yaƙin Makiyaya kuma ta ɗauki darussa a Académie Julian a 1904 don koyon sassaka. An ba ta kyautar Villa Romana Prize don yin aikin sassaka. Wannan kyautar ta samar da zaman shekara guda a 1907 a wani situdiyo da ke Florence. Duk da cewa Kollwitz ba ta kammala wani aiki a can ba, daga baya ta tuna da tasirin fasahar Renaissance ta farko da ta fuskanta a lokacin da take a Florence.
Zamani da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan dawowarta Jamus, Kollwitz ta ci gaba da nuna ayyukanta amma matasa 'yan ƙasarta sun burge ta. Masu ra'ayin bayyana ra'ayi da kuma (bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya) masu fasahar Bauhaus sun zaburar da Kollwitz don sauƙaƙe mata salon magana. Ayyukan da suka biyo baya kamar Runover, 1910, da Self-Portrait, 1912, sun nuna wannan sabon alkibla. Ta kuma ci gaba da aiki a kan sassaka.
Kollwitz ta rasa ƙaramin ɗanta, Peter, a fagen daga a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a watan Oktoban 1914. Rashin ɗanta ya fara wani mataki na dogon lokaci na baƙin ciki a rayuwarta. A ƙarshen 1914 ta yi zane-zane don wani abin tunawa ga Peter da abokan aikinsa da suka mutu. Ta lalata abin tunawa a 1919 kuma ta sake farawa a 1925. An kammala abin tunawa, mai taken Iyayen Masu Jin Baƙin Ciki, kuma aka sanya shi a makabartar Roggevelde ta Belgium a 1932. Daga baya, lokacin da aka mayar da kabarin Peter zuwa makabartar yaƙin Jamus ta Vladslo da ke kusa, an kuma motsa gumakan.
"Mu [mata] an ba mu ƙarfin yin sadaukarwa wanda ya fi wahalar bayar da jininmu. Saboda haka, muna iya ganin mazanmu suna faɗa da mutuwa idan aka yi don neman 'yanci."
A shekarar 1917, a ranar cikarta shekaru 50, hotunan Paul Cassirer sun ba da wani nuni na baya-bayan nan na zane-zane 150 da Kollwitz ya yi.
Kollwitz ta kasance mai ra'ayin gurguzu da kuma mai son zaman lafiya, wadda daga karshe ta jawo hankalin gurguzu. Ta bayyana tausayawarta ta siyasa da zamantakewa a cikin zanen katakonta, "takardar tunawa da Karl Liebknecht" da kuma yadda ta shiga Arbeitsrat für Kunst, wani bangare na gwamnatin Social Democratic a cikin 'yan makonnin farko bayan yakin. Yayin da yakin ya kare kuma aka yi kira ga tsofaffi da yara da su shiga fadan, Kollwitz ya yi kira a cikin wata sanarwa da aka buga:
Mutuwa ta isa haka! Kada wani mutum ya faɗi!
Yayin da take aiki a kan takardar aikin Karl Liebknecht, ta ga cewa yin zane-zanen bai isa ya bayyana manyan ra'ayoyi ba. Bayan ta kalli zane-zanen katako na Ernst Barlach a baje kolin Secession, ta kammala takardar Liebknecht a sabon hanyar kuma ta yi kusan yanka katako 30 a shekarar 1926.
A shekarar 1919 an naɗa Kollwitz a matsayin farfesa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Prussian, mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan matsayin. Memba ya ƙunshi samun kuɗi na yau da kullun, babban ɗakin studio, da cikakken matsayin farfesa. A shekarar 1933, gwamnatin Nazi ta tilasta mata yin murabus daga wannan matsayin.
A shekarar 1928 an kuma naɗa ta darakta ajin Master for Graphic Arts a Kwalejin Prussian. Duk da haka, nan ba da daɗewa ba za a cire wannan lakabin bayan gwamnatin Nazi ta hau mulki.
Yaƙi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A shekarun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, martanin da ta mayar ga yaƙin ya sami ci gaba. A shekarar 1922–23 ta samar da zagayen Yaƙin a cikin tsarin yanke katako, gami da ayyukan The Sacrifice, The Volunteers, The Parents, The Widow I, The Widow II, The Mothers, and The People.[35] Yawancin wannan zane-zanen sun samo asali ne daga farfagandar goyon bayan yaƙi wadda ita da Otto Dix suka yi amfani da ita don ƙirƙirar farfagandar adawa da yaƙi. Kollwitz tana son nuna mummunan yanayin rayuwa ta hanyar yaƙi don yaƙar ra'ayin goyon bayan yaƙi wanda ya sake bunƙasa a Jamus. A shekarar 1924 ta kammala fastocinta guda uku mafi shahara: Jamus's Children's Quiving, Bread, da Never Again War ("Nie Wieder Krieg").
Zagayen Mutuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tana aiki a ƙaramin situdiyo, a tsakiyar shekarun 1930, ta kammala zagayen ƙarshe na lithographs, Mutuwa, wanda ya ƙunshi duwatsu takwas: Mace Mai Martaba da Mutuwa, Mutuwa tare da Yarinya a Cinya, Mutuwa Ta Isa ga Ƙungiyar Yara, Mutuwa Ta Yi Fama da Mace, Mutuwa a Babbar Hanya, Mutuwa a Matsayin Aboki, Mutuwa a Ruwa, da Kiran Mutuwa.
Ba Dole ne a Niƙa Masarar Iri Ba (1942)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Lokacin da Richard Dehmel ya yi kira da a ƙara sojoji su yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a shekarar 1918, Kollwitz ya rubuta wata wasiƙa mai ƙarfi ga jaridar, inda ya buga kiransa, yana mai cewa bai kamata a sake yin yaƙi ba, kuma "ba za a niƙa masarar iri ba" dangane da matasa sojoji da ke mutuwa a yaƙin. A shekarar 1942, ta yi wani abu mai suna iri ɗaya, a wannan karon don mayar da martani ga Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Aikin ya nuna wata uwa, da aka jefa mata makamai a kan ƙananan yara uku don kare su.
Rayuwa daga baya da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A shekarar 1933, bayan kafa gwamnatin gurguzu ta ƙasa, hukumomin Jam'iyyar Nazi sun tilasta mata yin murabus daga matsayinta na sashen koyar da ilimin addini na Akademie der Künste bayan goyon bayanta ga Dringender Appell. An cire aikinta daga gidajen tarihi. Duk da cewa an hana ta yin baje kolin, 'yan Nazi sun yi amfani da ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙinta na "uwa da ɗanta" don farfaganda.
"Suna yin farin ciki; suna miƙa kansu kamar harshen wuta mai haske da tsabta wanda ke hawa kai tsaye zuwa sama."
A watan Yulin 1936, 'Yan sandan Gestapo sun ziyarce ta da mijinta, suka yi mata barazanar kama ta da korarta zuwa sansanin tsare mutane na Nazi; sun yanke shawarar kashe kanta idan irin wannan mutumin ya zama dole. Duk da haka, Kollwitz ta zama abin alfahari a duniya, kuma ba a sake ɗaukar wani mataki ba.
A ranar cikarta shekaru 70, ta "sami sakonni sama da 150 daga manyan mutane na duniyar fasaha," da kuma tayin da za ta yi mata a Amurka, wanda ta ƙi saboda tsoron tayar da hankalin danginta.
Ta rayu fiye da mijinta wanda ya mutu sakamakon rashin lafiya a 1940 da jikanta Peter, wanda ya mutu a yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu shekaru biyu bayan haka.
A shekarar 1942, Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Zamani ta Ostiraliya ta kafa "Nunin Nunin Hana Fascist" wanda ke nuna zane-zane biyu da zane-zane na Kollwitz kuma a cikin kundin, an buga rubutun lithograph ɗinta na 1919 "The Mother". Littafin ya kuma yaba mata a cikin wani tarihin rayuwa wanda ya ce, "Akidar Nazi ta yaba mata da hana aikinta da kuma sanya shi a cikin wani sanannen nunin 'Fasaha Mai Canzawa', wanda a zahiri ya wakilci mafi girman ɗaukakar fasahar dimokuradiyya ta Jamus."
An kwashe ta daga Berlin a shekarar 1943. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an jefa bam a gidanta kuma an rasa zane-zane, kwafi, da takardu da yawa. Da farko ta ƙaura zuwa Nordhausen, sannan zuwa Moritzburg, wani gari kusa da Dresden, inda ta zauna a watanninta na ƙarshe a matsayin baƙon Yarima Ernst Heinrich na Saxony. Kollwitz ta mutu kwanaki 16 kacal kafin ƙarshen yaƙin. An kona ta kuma aka girmama ta da wani Ehrengrab a Makabartar Friedrichsfelde da ke Berlin.
Gado
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kollwitz ta yi jimillar kwafi 275, a fannin sassaka, sassaka itace da kuma lithography. Kusan hotunan da ta yi a rayuwarta su ne hotunan kanta, waɗanda akwai aƙalla hamsin. Waɗannan hotunan kai sun ƙunshi kimanta kai ta gaskiya a rayuwa; "su ne muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi tunanin ɗan adam"
Layukan ta na shiru suna ratsa cikin bargo kamar kukan azaba; ba a taɓa jin irin wannan kukan a tsakanin Helenawa da Romawa ba.
Dore Hoyer da kuma makarantar rawa ta Mary Wigman sun ƙirƙiri Rawa don Käthe Kollwitz. An yi rawa a Dresden a shekarar 1946. Käthe Kollwitz wani batu ne a cikin littafin William T. Vollmann's Europe Central, wanda ya lashe kyautar littattafai ta ƙasa a shekarar 2005 don almara. A cikin littafin, Vollmann ta bayyana rayuwar waɗanda yaƙin da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a Jamus da Tarayyar Soviet suka shafa. Babinta mai taken "Mace Mai Ɗan Da Ya Mutu", bayan sassaken da aka sassaka ta mai suna iri ɗaya.
An sanya wani babban sigar sassaka irin wannan na Kollwitz, Uwa tare da Ɗanta da ya Mutu, a shekarar 1993 a tsakiyar Neue Wache da ke Berlin, wanda ke zama abin tunawa ga "Wadanda Yaƙi da Zalunci suka shafa".
An sanya wa makarantu sama da 40 na Jamus suna bayan Kollwitz. An kafa mutum-mutumin Kollwitz na Gustav Seitz a Kollwitz, Berlin a shekarar 1960 inda har yanzu yake har yanzu.
Gidajen tarihi guda huɗu, a Berlin, Cologne da Moritzburg, da Gidan Tarihi na Käthe Kollwitz da ke Koekelare, an keɓe su ne kawai ga aikinta. An sanya wa Kyautar Käthe Kollwitz, wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1960, suna bayanta.
A shekarar 1986, an yi wani fim na DEFA mai suna Käthe Kollwitz, game da mai zane, tare da Jutta Wachowiak a matsayin Kollwitz.
A shekarar 2012, an shirya wani baje kolin ayyukanta don Gidan Tarihi na Weisman Art a Jami'ar Minnesota ta masanin tarihin fasaha Corinna Kirsch.
Kollwitz tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan jarumai 14 a cikin jerin 14 - Diary of the Great War a 2014. Ita ce jaruma Christina Große.
A shekarar 2014, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Dallas ya nuna, Käthe Kollwitz: Mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a a Zamanin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya.
A shekarar 2017, Google Doodle ta yi bikin cika shekaru 150 da haihuwar Kollwitz.
An gudanar da wani baje koli, Hoton Mai Zane: Käthe Kollwitz a Gidan Tarihi na Ikon da ke Birmingham, Ingila, daga 13 ga Satumba zuwa 26 ga Nuwamba 2017, kuma an yi niyyar nuna shi daga baya a Salisbury, Swansea, Hull da London.
An gudanar da baje kolin ayyukanta na baya-bayan nan a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani da ke New York a 2024.
Adabi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4the_Kollwitz
- ↑ Bittner, Herbert, Kaethe Kollwitz; Drawings, p. 1. Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.
- ↑ Fritsch, Martin (ed.), Homage to Käthe Kollwitz. Leipzig: E. A. Seeman, 2005.
- ↑ "The aim of realism to capture the particular and accidental with minute exactness was abandoned for a more abstract and universal conception and a more summary execution". Zigrosser, Carl: Prints and Drawings of Käthe Kollwitz, page XIII. Dover, 1969.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Bittner, p. 2.
- ↑ Kurth, Willy: Käthe Kollwitz, Geleitwort zum Katalog der Ausstellung in der Deutschen Akademie der Künste, 1951.
- ↑ http://www.orden-pourlemerite.de/mitglieder/k%C3%A4the-kollwitz
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4the_Kollwitz#:~:text=K%C3%A4the%20Kollwitz%20at%20the%20Encyclop%C3%A6dia%20Britannica
- ↑ https://nmwa.org/explore/artist-profiles/kathe-kollwitz?gclid=EAIaIQobChMI8pmq9vvi5wIVmZ0zCH0bQQUuEAAYASAAEgIqvvD_BwE
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20090629211947/http://jmb.rsmjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/rsmjmb;17/2/106?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=1&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=50&resourcetype=HWCIT