ืœื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ

ืžื™ืงื™ ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช
ืžื™ืงื™ ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ
ืœื™ื“ื” ืžืื™ 1966 (ื‘ืŸย 60)
ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืฉืจืืœย ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื™ืงื™
ืชืงื•ืคืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1986 โ€“ 2020 (ื›ึพ33 ืฉื ื™ื) ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™
ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื ื”ื’ื ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ
ื“ืจื’ื” ืืœื•ืฃย  ืืœื•ืฃ
ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1986 โ€“ 2020
(ื›ึพ33 ืฉื ื™ื)
ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช
ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื
ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื
ืœื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช (ืžืคืงื“) ืœื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช (ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช) ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019

ืžื™ื›ืืœ (ืžื™ืงื™) ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืžืื™ 1966[1]) ื”ื•ื ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ืืœื•ืฃ. ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื ืกืคื— ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื•ืžืคืงื“ ืขื•ืฆื‘ืช ืกื™ื ื™, ืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืขื–ื”, ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื—ื™"ืจ ื•ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ืจืืฉื™ ื•ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื ื—"ืœ.

ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืžืจ[2]. ื”ื™ื” ื—ื ื™ืš ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื, ื•ืขืฉื” ืฉื ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืžืฆื•ืงื” ื‘ื˜ืจื ื’ื™ื•ืกื•. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1986 ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืฆื”"ืœ, ื•ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืฉืœื“ื’. ืขื‘ืจ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื›ืœื•ื—ื ื•ืงื•ืจืก ืž"ื›ื™ื ื—ื™"ืจ. ื‘ืชื•ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžืฆื”"ืœ. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืฉืœื“ื’. ืœืื—ืจ ืงื•ืจืก ืงืฆื™ื ื™ ื—ื™"ืจ ืฉื‘ ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื•ืžื•ื ื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืคืงื“ ืฆื•ื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžืคืงื“ ืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื“ื’. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื’ื‘ืขืชื™ ื•ืžื•ื ื” ืœืกื’ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ื’ื“ื•ื“ ืฆื‘ืจ[3].

ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืขืœื” ืœื“ืจื’ืช ืกื"ืœ ืžื•ื ื” ืœืจืืฉ ืขื ืฃ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื‘ืžืคืงื“ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1999 ืžื•ื ื” ืœืžืคืงื“ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื“ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืŸ[4]. ื‘-26 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2000 ื ืงืœืขื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชืงืจื™ืช ื™ืจื™ ื“ื•-ืฆื“ื“ื™. ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืขืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืขืฆืจื• ืฉืœ ืžื—ืžื•ื“ ืื‘ื• ื”ื ื•ื“ ืžื”ื—ืžืืก. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื‘ืฆืข ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืขืกื™ืจื” ื-ืฉืžืืœื™ื™ื”, ืกื‘ืจื• ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืฆืœืคื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืฉืฉื›ื‘ื• ืขืœ ื’ื’ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข, ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ื™ืจื• ื‘ื”ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืชื• ืžื”ืชืคืงื™ื“, ื•ื‘ืชื—ืงื™ืจ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื ืžืฆืื• ื›ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื•ื‘ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœื”, ื•ื”ื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ืฉืขื•ืชื” ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ืช. ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืื™ื ืชื™ืคืื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข, ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจื•ืชื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืขื“ ืืคืจื™ืœ 2001, ื•ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืฉื•ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื•ืžืขืฆืจื™ื[5]. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืฉื ื” ื›ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืื™ื•"ืฉ[6]. ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2002 ืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื ื” ืœืžืคืงื“ ื’ื“ื•ื“ 202[7], ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ืœื ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2003.

ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003 ื”ื•ืขืœื” ืœื“ืจื’ืช ืืœ"ื ื•ืžื•ื ื” ืœืžืคืงื“ ืžืคืงื“ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื[8], ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2004. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ[9] ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 2004โ€“2006. ื‘ืžืื™ 2006 ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื ื—"ืœ. ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืคืจืฆื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื”ื, ื”ืงืจื‘ ื‘ืกืœื•ืงื™[10]. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช, ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื”[11] ื”ื•ื˜ืกื• ืœืกืœื•ืงื™, ืœืžืฉื™ืžืช ืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืฉื™ื™ืจืช ื˜ื ืงื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื‘ื” 4 ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 401. ื’ื“ื•ื“ 931[12], ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื›ืคืจ ืข'ื ื“ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ืžืฆื“ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”[13], ืขืงื‘ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ืขื–ื” ื”ื•ื›ื ืก ื’ื“ื•ื“ 932[14], ืืฉืจ ืชืงืฃ ืืช ื”ื›ืคืจ ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืฉื ื™. ืœืงืจื‘ ื‘ืข'ื ื“ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉื›ืŸ ืขื ืคืจื™ืฆืช ืžืขืจืš ืžื‘ื•ืฆืจ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื, ื ืคืชื—ื” ื”ื“ืจืš ืžืขืจื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื’ื“ื”[15]. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ืžืื™ 2008 ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื•. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื™ืฆื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ[16]. ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2009 ืœืžืคืงื“ ืžื’ืžืช ืžืคืงื“ื™ ื’ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ืžืคืงื“ื™ ืคืœื•ื’ื•ืช ื•ืžืคืงื“ื™ ื’ื“ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืขื“ ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2010, ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืฉืชืœื ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ืžืคืงื“ื™ ืื•ื’ื“ื•ืช[17].

ื‘-11 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2010 ื”ื•ืขืœื” ืœื“ืจื’ืช ืชื"ืœ ื•ืžื•ื ื” ืœืงืฆื™ืŸ ื—ื™"ืจ ื•ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ืจืืฉื™[18], ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืขื“ 13 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2012. ื‘-4 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2012 ืžื•ื ื” ืœืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืขื–ื”[19], ื•ืคื™ืงื“ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขืžื•ื“ ืขื ืŸ[20] ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฆื•ืง ืื™ืชืŸ[21][22], ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืกื™ื™ื ื‘-31 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2014. ื‘-23 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2014 ืžื•ื ื” ืœืžืคืงื“ ืžืœ"ื™ ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืคืงื“ ืขื•ืฆื‘ืช ืกื™ื ื™[23], ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ืขื“ ื™ื•ืœื™ 2016. ื‘-21 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2016 ื”ื•ืขืœื” ืœื“ืจื’ืช ืืœื•ืฃ ื•ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2016 ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ื ืกืคื— ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ืขื“ 3 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2019, ืขืœ ืคื•ืขืœื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืœื• ืื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2020, ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื˜ื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฆื‘ืช ื”ื‘ื–ืง, ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชืจ"ืฉ ืชื ื•ืคื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2020 ืคืจืฉ ืžืฆื”"ืœ.

ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2020 ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ื ื™ ื ื•ืžื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื—ืจื“ื™. ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ื” ืœืจืืฉ ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ[24]. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ื• ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืกื™ื™ืข ืœืœืž"ืก ืœื ื”ืœ ืกืงืจ ืกืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง.

ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื• ืžืฆื”"ืœ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ืืœื‘ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืกื’ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืขืกืงื™. ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ.

ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื“ืจ ื•ืื‘ ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืขืœ ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื ื”ืœ ืขืกืงื™ื ืžื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื”, ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืงื•ืจืก ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ].

ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืขื ื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืœืชืคืงื™ื“, ื”ื—ืœ ืœืคืชื— ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืžืขื–ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ื’ื“ืชื™ ืจื•ื ืŸ ืžื ืœื™ืก, ืœืจื›ื– ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช, ื•ืงื™ื™ื ื™ืžื™ ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืชืœืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืื™ืชื•ืจ ื•ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื”ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช. ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืจื•ื›ื– ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ืจื‘ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืฆื‘ืื™, ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ื•ืื–ืจื—ื™, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื‘ืฆืขื™. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื–ื• ื ืžืฉื›ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืื™ืชื™ ื•ื™ืจื•ื‘ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืคื•ืงืก, ืฉื”ืงื™ืžื• ืฉืชื™ "ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช", ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื™ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื—ืคื™ืจืช ื”ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช, ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืชืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืœืŸ. ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืืžืฅ ื–ื”, ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ืฉืœืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืฆื”"ืœ, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื—ืคื™ืจืช ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช, ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื•ืช[25].

ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืžื“ื™ื” ื•ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžื™ืงื™ ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ
ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื•

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
  1. โ†‘ ืืชืจ ืœืžื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืืžื™ืจ ืื•ืจืŸ, ื”ืื ืกื’ืŸ ืื™ืชืŸ, ืฉื”ืกืชืขืจ ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื•ื˜ืคื™ ื’ื•ืœื“ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืืžืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ?, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, 5 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2014
  2. โ†‘ ืžื™ืงื™ ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
  3. โ†‘ ืื‘ื™ื—ื™ ื‘ืงืจ, ื‘ืฆืœ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืืจืฅ, 8 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2000, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ืขืœื” ื‘ืืชืจ ืคืจืฉ
  4. โ†‘ ืขืคืจ ืฉืœื— ื•ื™ื•ืื‘ ืœื™ืžื•ืจ, "ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ: ื”ืืžืช ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”", ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื, 2007, ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื 378-376
  5. โ†‘ ื™ื•ืื‘ ืœื™ืžื•ืจ ื•ืืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“, ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™: ื“ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืืชืจ ynet, 28 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2008
  6. โ†‘ ืืžื™ืจ ืื•ืจืŸ, ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืชืœื•ืœื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, 7 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2001
  7. โ†‘ ืคืœื™ืงืก ืคืจื™ืฉ, ืžืคืงื“ ื“ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืชืคื˜ืจ ืžื•ื ื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื’"ื“, ื‘ืืชืจ ynet, 2 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2002
  8. โ†‘ ืืžื™ืจ ืื•ืจืŸ, ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื‘ืื”, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, 22 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2011
  9. โ†‘ ื”ื“ืก ื˜ืกืœืจ ื•ืื•ืจื™ ื’ืœื™ืงืžืŸ, "ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ื•ื ืกื™ื’ื”", ื‘ืืชืจ nrgโ€, 6 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2005
  10. โ†‘ ืขืžื•ืก ื”ืจืืœ ื•ืื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืฉื›ืจื•ืฃ, ื’ื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืœื ื—ื™ืคืชื” ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื‘ืกืœื•ืงื™, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, 29 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2008
  11. โ†‘ ื ื™ืจ ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ, ื ื—"ืœ ืื™ืชืŸ, ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ืžื—"ื˜ ื”ื ื—"ืœ ืืœ"ื ืžื™ืงื™ ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืชืจ "ืฉื‘ื•"ื– ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื", 4 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2008
  12. โ†‘ ืื‘ื™ ื“ื”ืŸ, โ€ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืžืœืคื ื™ื ื•ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืžื•ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ 409โ€“410, ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2006, ืขืž' 25-20
  13. โ†‘ ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžื˜ืขื ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืกืžืœ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื™ืœืŸ ืจื•ื˜ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืชื•ืš ืืชืจ ืฆื”"ืœ
  14. โ†‘ ื ื•ืขื” ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ื‘ืžื—ื ื”, ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืคืงื•ื—ื•ืช, ื‘ืืชืจ ืฆื”"ืœ (ื“ืจืš ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜), 15 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2011
  15. โ†‘ ืฆืœ"ืฉ ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื ื—"ืœ ืœืกืจืŸ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ืžืชื•ืš ืืชืจ ืฆื”"ืœ
  16. โ†‘ ืขืžื•ืก ื”ืจืืœ, ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืฆื”"ืœ ื ืขืจืš ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, 3 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2010
  17. โ†‘ ื™ื•ืชื ืงื ื™ืกืคืœ ื•ืื•ืคื™ืจ ืฉืฉื•ืŸ, ืื•ื’ื“ื•ื ืจ ื ื•ืœื“, ืืชืจ ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”, 21 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2010
  18. โ†‘ ืกืžื“ืจ ืงืจืžืคืฃ, ืชื"ืœ ืžื™ืงื™ ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื ื” ืœืงื—ืฆ"ืจ, ืืชืจ ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”, 11 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2010
  19. โ†‘ ืืžื™ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ื‘ื•ื˜โ€, ืชืช-ืืœื•ืฃ ืžื™ืงื™ ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืขื–ื”, ื‘ืืชืจ ื•ื•ืืœื”, 4 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2012
  20. โ†‘ ื™ื•ืื‘ ื–ื™ืชื•ืŸ, ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœื’ื™ื•ืก ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื: ืืœืคื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื–ื”, ื‘ืืชืจ ynet, 16 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2012
  21. โ†‘ ืืžื™ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ื‘ื•ื˜โ€, ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ื›ื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื’'ืืขื™ื”: 100 ืžื˜ืจื•ืช, ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืืชืจ ื•ื•ืืœื”, 22 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2014
  22. โ†‘ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืคืงื“: ืื™ื’ืจื•ืช ืžืคืงื“ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข "ืฆื•ืง ืื™ืชืŸ", ื‘ืืชืจ ืฆื”"ืœ (ื“ืจืš ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜), 13 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2014
  23. โ†‘ ืชื"ืœ ืžื™ืงื™ ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื ื” ืœืžืคืงื“ ืžืœ"ื™ ื•ืขื•ืฆื‘ืช "ืกื™ื ื™", ื‘ืืชืจ ืฆื”"ืœ (ื“ืจืš ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜), 23 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2014
  24. โ†‘ ืจืคืืœ ืœื•ื™,ย "30 ืืœืฃ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, 5000 ื—ื•ืœื™ื", ื‘ืืชืจ ืขืจื•ืฅ 7, 1 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2020
  25. โ†‘ ืืžื™ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ื‘ื•ื˜โ€, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช: ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืžื—ืกืœืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ ืžืขื–ื”, ื‘ืืชืจ ื•ื•ืืœื”, 4 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2017
ืžื™ืงื™ ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ - ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜