ืœื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ

ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืจื’ืœื™ื•ืช

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช
ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืจื’ืœื™ื•ืช
ืื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช
ืื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช
ืœื™ื“ื” 1967 (ื‘ืชย 59 ื‘ืขืจืš)
ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
ืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืจืขื ื ื”, ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืฉืจืืœย ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ื”ืฉื›ืœื”
ืžืขืกื™ืง ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืจื™ื™ื›ืžืŸ
ืื‘ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ ื™ื•ืจื ืžืจื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืจื•ืขื™ ืžืจื’ืœื™ื•ืช
ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื 3
ืœืขืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืžืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช

ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืจื’ืœื™ื•ืช (ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘-1967) ื”ื™ื ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืจื™ื™ื›ืžืŸ, ื›ื™ื”ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ืงื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื ืงืจืื” ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื”.

ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1967 ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื”, ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื• ืฉื ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื•ืŸ. ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืจื—ื‘ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืœืžื“ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ื™ื”. ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืกื” ืœืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1985, ื•ืฉื™ืจืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื‘ืœืฉื›ืช ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื–.

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1991 ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1994 ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1991 ื”ืชืžื—ืชื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืฆืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ื‘ืš. ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืœืฉื›ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื– 1992. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1993โ€“1994 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1997 ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืชื•ืืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง.

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1997 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ืžืจืฆื” ืœืกื’ืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2004 ืงื•ื“ืžื” ืœื“ืจื’ืช ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011 ืžื•ื ืชื” ืœืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2012โ€“2016 ื›ื™ื”ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ืงื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื.[1] ืžื—ืงืจื” ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืืคืœื™ื” ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ืช, ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.

ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2001โ€“2003 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืื•ืจื—ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“ ื•ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2008โ€“2009 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืื•ืจื— ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืฉื ืœื™ืžื“ื” ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื.

ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2004โ€“2005 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื•ืจื›ืช (ืขื ื’ื™ื ืžื•ื ื“ืœืง) ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืžืฉืคื˜.

ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ.[2]

ืื‘ื™ื”, ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘, ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืคืจืก ื˜ื™ื•ืจื™ื ื’. ืืžื”, ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช. ื“ื•ื“ืชื”, ืคืจื•ืค' ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืŸ-ืคืจืฅ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ื•ืจืื”, ื›ืœืช ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื“ื•ื“ื”ึผ, ืคืจื•ืค' ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืฉืŸ ื•ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื•ืช. ืื—ื•ืชื”, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื˜ืœ ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ืฆืคื ื”.

ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื” ืœืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉืื” ืœื™ื•ืจื ืžืจื’ืœื™ื•ืช, ื›ื™ื•ื ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืจืขื ื ื” ื•ืœื”ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ื. ื‘ื ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืจื•ืขื™, ื”ื•ื ื—ื‘ืจ ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื˜ืจื™ืืชืœื•ืŸ.[3]

ืžืจื˜ืœ
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ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]