Civil Law

In this numer of the Illyrius (12, I-2019)) have collaborate: Prof. Dr. Enrico Mezzetti, Prof.assoc. Dr. Ersi Bozheku, Alama Lama (Dr. Cand.), Andi Civilci (Dr. Cand.) & Arbesa Kurti (Msc.), Prof. Dr. Giorgio Spangher, Dr. Ramona Coman, Dr. Ximena Modovan, Ledia Hysi (Dr. Cand.), Avv. Antonio Martini

This Court should not follow the Panel’s suggestion that Petersons’ challenge to personal jurisdiction be waived because no party made this argument to either this Court or the Court of Appeals. Under our system of government, the role of courts is not to advance arguments in
support of any of the adverse parties. United States v. Sineneng-Smith, 140 S. Ct. 1575 (2020)(“In our adversarial system of adjudication, . . . in both civil and criminal cases, in the first instance and on appeal . . ., we rely on the parties to frame the issues for decision and assign to courts the role of neutral arbiter of matters the parties present.” Id. at 140 S. Ct at 1579 (quotation marks omitted).) Cf. English v. Buss, supra., at **11-14 (unpublished) (Held one judge could review the order of another judge where lack of procedural due process was apparent.) See also RAP 2.5.
Had Division One panel’s waiver argument been made by the opposing party and its counsel the Petersons, through their counsel, would have been able to demonstrate this position should be rejected because the record reflects the Petersons never agreed to waive their right to adequate, non-fraudulent service of process, which includes being “duly cited to appear.” As to this right, see e.g., Hovey v. Elliott, 167 U.S. 409, 418 (1897); Garrison v. Cheeney, 1 Wash. Terr, 489, 503 (1875); Galpin v. Page, 85 U.S. (18 Wall.) 350, 368-69 (1873) (“It is a rule, old as the law, . . . , that no one shall be personally bound until he has had his day in court, by which is meant, until he has been duly cited to appear, and has been afforded an opportunity to be heard.”)

As to the law that waiver of constitutional rights must be knowing, intelligent, and voluntary, see State v. Herron, 183 Wn.2d 737, 743-45, 356 P.3d 709, 712-13 (2015). In fact, a court must “indulge every reasonable presumption against waiver of fundamental rights.” State v. Frawley, 181 Wn.2d 452, 461, 334 P.3d 1022 (2014). Under these constitutional principles there was no waiver of the Petersons’ right, asserted in their answer and other pleadings, not to be hailed into
a court that had no personal jurisdiction over them.

Another reason that failure to file a specific motion to dismiss for a lack of personal jurisdiction pursuant to KCLR 7(b)(5) was not required is because CR 12(h)(1) specifically provides “A defense of lack of jurisdiction over the person, improper venue, insufficiency of process, or insufficiency of service of process is waived . . . (B) if it is neither made by motion under this rule nor included in a responsive pleading or an amendment thereof permitted by rule 15(a) to be made as a matter of course.” Here, these personal jurisdiction defenses were clearly asserted in the Petersons’ Answer, Affirmative Defenses, and Response to the Bank’s motion for summary judgment. And even if it was the intent of this superior court to require persons to file motions to dismiss under these circumstances, a superior court does not have the authority to
compel this result as local rules cannot alter the Washington Rules of Civil Procedure. See Parry v. Windermere Real Estate/East, 102 Wn. App. 920, 928-29 (2000)(Local Rule cannot waive right under CR 12(h) to assert personal jurisdiction defenses in answer); See also Harbor Enters. v. Gudjonsson, 116 Wn.2d 283, 293 (1991); State v. Chavez, 111 Wn.2d 548, 554 (1988)(Local court rules are subordinate to state rules of civil procedure).

In summary, and with such respect as is due the Panel’s suggestion that the Bank’s motion to amend should be granted, it is Petersons’ contention that judges must respect citizens constitutional rights and not waive them without a factual basis for doing so. Similarly, with
respect, the Panel had no constitutional authority—and violated the Petersons’ right to due process of law—when it invented an argument to help the Bank, which was inconsistent with the Civil Rues and cases interpreting them. Thus, this Court should also not waive the Petersons’ right to adequate service of process before granting a motion to amend because such a result would be futile under existing law, notwithstanding anything the Court of Appeals panel has said. Colvin v. Inslee, 195 Wn.2d 879, 899-901 (2020)
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Not since the United States Supreme Court’s constitutionally and morally bankrupt decision in Sanford v. Scott, 60 U.S. 393 (1857)2 has the integrity of America’s judicial system been more in doubt than it is now. See e.g., The Wall Street Journal, “131 Federal Judges Broke the Law
by Hearing Cases Where They Had a Financial Interest” (September 28, 2021); House Judiciary Committee, Nadler & Johnson Statement on Reports Federal Judges Broke the Law by Hearing Cases
Where They Had a Financial Interest (September 29, 2021)4. The problem an economically biased judiciary poses for our democratic republic is that it undercuts the basic premises upon which this
nation was founded, i.e., separation of powers, checks and balances, federalism, and due process of law. Unfortunately, for us, the People, these constitutional structures are not self enforcing, but must be enforced by those who have been economically incentivized to promote the interests of government workers—and their creditor allies—against this nation’s citizens.

Il commento muove dalla decisione del Collegio di Coordinamento A.B.F. sulla sorte di un contratto di fideiussione omnibus che contempla le clausole dello schema contrattuale uniforme predisposto dall’A.B.I., qualificate come anticoncorrenziali dal provvedimento della Banca d’Italia n. 55/2005. L’analisi si concentra esclusivamente sulla nullità della fideiussione stabilita dalla decisione. In questo senso, tale nullità viene fatta discendere dall’art. 2 l. 287/1990, il cui divieto abbraccia non solo le intese, ma anche i contratti attuativi, nella misura in cui ne realizzino il risultato. Con riferimento al caso in esame, la nullità investe, quindi, la fideiussione, nella parte in cui concretizza l’intento uniformatore contemplato dallo schema contrattuale A.B.I. Si tratta, pertanto, di nullità parziale, e non già di nullità «necessariamente parziale», poiché non risulta applicabile, come invece sostiene il Collegio in commento, la disciplina della nullità di protezione.

A partir da análise de centenas de decisões judiciais e da literatura mais atualizada sobre o tema, o livro, que é adaptação da tese de doutorado do autor, busca trazer ao leitor o panorama mais completo possível sobre os conflitos entre liberdade de expressão humorística e direitos da personalidade no Brasil. /// Grounded in the analysis of hundreds of court decisions and the most recent literature on the subject, this book (developed from the author's doctoral dissertation), seeks to bring the reader a complete overview of the conflicts between freedom of humorous speech and reputational rights.
https://loja.editoradialetica.com/humanidades/o-humor-e-os-limites-da-liberdade-de-expressao-teoria-e-jurisprudencia

Aunque el seguimiento de precedentes suele ser visto como un rasgo distintivo de los sistemas de Common Law, el recurso al precedente es también una constante en los sistemas de Civil Law, donde es asimilado a menudo a la idea de jurisprudencia. También en estos sistemas los jueces adoptan sus decisiones atendiendo a lo que otros tribunales (particularmente los Tribunales Supremos y Constitucionales) han dicho en supuestos análogos. Es más, el seguimiento de precedentes trasciende el plano puramente interno, pues los tribunales estatales prestan cada vez más atención al modo en que otros altos tribunales extranjeros o internacionales han resuelto casos significativos.
Este libro recoge un conjunto de trabajos que se presentaron a discusión
en el workshop La construcción del precedente en los sistemas de civil law (celebrado en Lucerna, Suiza, en julio de 2019 en el seno del IVR World Congress of Philosophy of Law), con la finalidad de estimular una reflexión sobre el papel institucional y el valor de la práctica del precedente en los ordenamiento de civil law que comparten unas mismas características. Se abordan en ellos distintos aspectos relevantes: 1) sobre el valor del precedente, con particular atención a su función en la justificación de las decisiones judiciales, así como a la relación entre el seguimiento de precedentes y el «gobierno de las leyes»; 2) sobre la formación del precedente y su práctica, con especial referencia al papel de los hechos y al valor de los obiter dicta; 3) sobre la creciente influencia del precedente de los tribunales extranjeros y la formación del precedente «transnacional»; 4) o sobre la relación entre precedente y jurisprudencia y la dificultad para convertir a las Cortes Supremas en verdaderas cortes de precedentes.

Fresh off a California court victory in the Cindy Brown vs. Bank of New York Mellon case, this report showcases the ongoing crisis of inequalities in access to civil justice facing all Americans regardless of income or race and sets the stage for a long-awaited trial court showdown on March 15, 2022.

The outer space becomes more approachable. As the developments occur in a row, the space launch vehicles are bigger, better, and faster, so that people can get to the outer space more quickly and efficiently. With this currency, space tourism appears which gives people special experiences, such as enjoying sight of the outer space and playing in the micro-gravity circumstances. However, the possibility of crashes also goes up. Yet the perfectly safe vehicles to carry the passengers into the outer space are not developed. Risk cannot be eliminated in the real world, especially in the case of the rocket launch vehicles, and the risk of failure in launching process is quite high. Already, there was a crash of private spaceship, which was designed to carry tourists. This article will bring forward the questions about the acceptability of the space tourism because there are similarities between the space tourism and Russian roulette game. If the risky space tourism is accepted, the other activities, which have the similar level of possibility of risks, should be accepted. This article focuses the situations and, as the conclusion, tries to suggest a solution to prevent this problem.

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L'articolo esamina il principio di effettività, descrivendone la storia e la evoluzione nel nostro sistema. In principio, l'effettività del rimedio era prevista nell'ambito della tutela dello straniero propria del diritto internazionale generale: esso costituiva un obbligo dello Stato territoriale nei confronti degli altri Stati. Successivamente alla seconda guerra mondiale, l'effettività del rimedio ricorre anche nelle carte poste a tutela dei diritti umani (Art. 8 UDHR, Art. 13 ECHR e art. 47 CFREU) e poi diventa parte centrale del diritto dell'unione europea quale diritto del singolo (art. 19 TEU). Di recente anche la nostra giurisprudenza ha impiegato il principio, quale significato ulteriore dell'art. 24 Cost. (Corte di Cassazione 21255/2013 e Corte Costituzionale 238/2014), così da realizzare appieno la strumentalità del processo rispetto al diritto.

This Paper explores and summarises the Director's Duties of the UK Companies Act 2006 with emphasis on "the duty to promote the success of the company.

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Against the backdrop of the predominant legal positivism, this book strives to depict private law as a complex social phenomenon interacting with human culture as a whole and its history. The author sketches the national jurisdictions belonging to the Western legal tradition, as well as the supranational trends that point towards a global law. In particular, the rise of a European law is accounted for not only within the framework of the Union, but also through the development of a rediscovered ius commune that has emerged from comparative studies conducted by scholars and from the dialogue among national and international courts. Traditional doctrines regarding juridical facts and rights are presented as analytical tools aimed to construct a jurisprudence that extends beyond national borders.

A contract is legally enforceable because it meets the requirements and approval of the law. An agreement typically involves the exchange of goods, services, money, or promises of any of those. In the event of breach of contract, the law awards the injured party access to legal remedies such as damages and cancellation.

It is sometimes argued that the non-therapeutic, non-consensual alteration of children’s genitals should be discussed in two separate ethical discourses: one for girls (in which such alterations should be termed ‘female genital mutilation’ or FGM), and one for boys (in which such alterations should be termed ‘male circumcision’). In this article, I call into question the moral and empirical basis for such a distinction, and argue that all children—whether female, male, or intersex—should be free from having parts of their genitals removed unless there is a pressing medical indication.

Some of Law and Economics’ basic claims have come to be criticized as a result of empirical findings that question their viability. Particularly, the premise that agents consistently act rationally and with their self-interest in mind seems problematic. What the consequences of the criticism mean for Law and Economics’ tenability depends largely on the questions whether (1) some elements are unassailable to the alternative’s objections and (2) the alternative is a systematic whole. It is argued that Law and Economics may be salvaged, if it is minimized and its ambitions are tempered. This means focusing on the stable, a priori, elements inherent to it.

4735 sayılı Kamu İhale Sözleşmeleri Kanunu'nda sözleşmenin feshedilmesinin koşulları ve sonuçları hem yüklenici hem de idare bakımından ayrı ayrı ele alınarak açıklanmıştır. Ancak yüklenicinin sözleşmeyi feshetmesi konusundaki düzenlemenin, yüklenicilere işlem ve süreç bakımından ilave yük getirdiği buna rağmen herhangi bir avantaj da sağlamadığı görülmektedir. Diğer taraftan 6098 sayılı Türk Borçlar Kanunu hükümleri uyarınca yüklenicinin sözleşmeyi haklı bir nedene dayanarak feshetmesi de mümkündür. Bu durumda da ilk aşamada yüklenicinin, teminatın gelir kaydedilmesi veya kamu ihalelerine katılmaktan yasaklama gibi yaptırımlarla karşılaşması kaçınılmazdır. Ancak yargılama süreci akabinde elde edilecek sonuçlarla birlikte ele alındığında bu olasılığın, gerek sürecin daha hızlı ilerleyecek olması gerekse sağlayacağı avantajlar bakımından nispeten yüklenici lehine olacağı değerlendirilmektedir.

Este Trabajo Fin de Grado trata de presentar la situación actual y los posibles desarrollos del debate acerca de la libertad de testar en materia de sucesiones hereditarias, según las más recientes contribuciones en España así como en Italia, país del entorno más cercano con ciertas características peculiares. La evolución del tema y las propuestas de cambios se relacionan también con las nuevas perspectivas que en la materia se abren en el ámbito de la Unión Europea, con el Reglamento de Sucesiones 650/2012 a punto de ser plenamente aplicable, en la línea de ampliar la autonomía de la voluntad del causante.

The axiological nature of law consists in its ability to ensure legal
entities the feasibility of their equal opportunities in the implementation of civil relations. Correspondence of the real-world details to ideal legal model is achieved through the good behavior of participants in public relations. The exercise of legal civil rights and fulfillment of corresponding legal obligations results in the legal relations between their participants.
    Going beyond the legal regulation of public relations leads to an
intensification of legal coercion. It is aimed to regulate civil relations, within which the infringement took place, by exercising certain legal powers from among legal civil rights of an injured party, particularly the right of defense.
    The right of defense is the opportunity of an authorized person to use the legally permitted means of coercive influence on an offender, to apply retaliatory measures, as well as the opportunity to apply to competent state or nongovernmental authorities to compel the obligated person to certain good behavior.
    It should be noted that legal nature of the right of defense is debatable in modern civil science. Thus, two opposing views have been formed thus far regarding the nature of such a structure as the right of defense.
    According to the first, the right of defense is a component of legal civil rights. Therefore, the implementation of such powers occurs at a certain stage of legal relations development. Separation of another type of civil relations between the same entities, regarding the same object, with the same scope of powers cannot be considered appropriate.

Modern challenges require us to rethink the definitions of work, rest and break time and reflect them in existing legislation. Legislation existing today does not ensure full regulation and definition of working time. It is a must for the definition of working time to include the following formulation: Working time is the part of calendar time, during which an employee is under the disposal of an employer (despite being or not being present at the workplace (which is considered as the legal address of an employer) because any place where an employee performs their working activities and fulfills work obligations must be defined as the working place. Rest and break time are not included in working time.

The obligation of an employer to record the working time is in direct correlation with the discussion of any topic related to the amount of work, which means that in such cases the burden of proof should be on an employer, not an employee.

O presente artigo realiza um breve estudo sobre o regime jurídico do direito ao reconhecimento da autoria e a figura do ghost writer no direito brasileiro. Para tanto, faz uso das decisões judiciais proferidas no caso Bruna Surfistinha, as quais discutiram a autoria da obra literária “O Doce Veneno do Escorpião”, que relata a vida da personagem Bruna Surfistinha. Trata-se de pesquisa que utiliza metodologia descritiva, baseada fundamentalmente na investigação bibliográfica, o que é feito para analisar a solução judicial dada ao caso objeto do estudo. Os temas mais relevantes da matéria são debatidos, como o direito ao reconhecimento da autoria, a obra protegida pelo direito de autor, bem como as convenções envolvendo a figura do ghost writer. Merece ainda destaque a apresentação de breves notas acerca do problema do ghost writer na Alemanha e na França. Assim sendo, o objetivo desse trabalho é discutir se a solução judicial dada ao caso Bruna Surfistinha foi a mais adequada, considerando o direito de autor, o direito ao reconhecimento da autoria e as convenções de ghost writer.

The custody of things in the frame of civil liability for things – some remarks. The current study aims at the so‐called custody of things. Although France, Québec, and Romania are taken into account, the reader must be warned: this work is not to be placed on the field of comparative law; rather, foreign law should be noted. After France is dealt with, Québec follows. Mainly, in the latter jurisdiction, emphasis is placed on some cases, i.e., Québec inc. c. Corbeil, Madore c. Bourque, and Lacombe c. Power. Also, Romania does not escape analysis. The paper's final portion deals with some concluding remarks. We do notice that the drafters of the Romanian Civil Code were animated by the desire to highlight an entity called " juridical custody ". Perhaps, it would have been desirable for said drafters to pay more attention to France.

Odpowiedzialności dziennikarza za słowo to jedno z bardziej istotnych zagadnień dotyczących funkcjonowania współczesnych mediów. Nabiera ono szczególnego znaczenia w kontekście odpowiedzialności za naruszenie dobrego imienia, do czego dochodzi na skutek formułowania krytycznych zarzutów w treści materiału prasowego. Nierozstrzygnięta jak dotąd pozostaje kwestia, czy wybrany przez dziennikarza gatunek wypowiedzi medialnej zwiększa ryzyko naruszenia dobrego imienia. Z analizowanych orzeczeń wynika, że w orzecznictwie brak potwierdzenia, że gatunek jest jednym z kryteriów branych wprost pod uwagę przy ocenie naruszenia czci. Niemniej istnieją takie gatunki, które niejako „wymuszają” większą staranność w zakresie weryfikacji faktów, czego przykładem jest reportaż. Istnieją także gatunki, dla których opinia i ocena jest bardziej konstytutywna i charakterystyczna, co zwiększa ryzyko naruszenia dobrego imienia. Na wyraźne zaznaczenie zasługuje fakt, że dostrzegana w orzecznictwie konwencja satyryczna w gatunkach opartych na ocenianiu i naruszeniu dobrego imienia może stanowić argument o wyłączeniu bezprawności naruszenia.

It is not enough for conventional rules on traditional consumer protection to regulate remote contractual relations or online shopping. In the diversity and wide geographic environment of the global market through the Internet it can't provide adequate protection for the e-consumer. Most global legislations have intervened to amend the legal texts to be consistent with this development. The new rules have provided protection for the consumer in the pre-contractual stage through protection from misleading advertising and promotion of goods and services, as well as providing adequate information to the consumer about the product and the terms of the contract.

La querela inofficiosi testamenti no conocía del litisconsorcio. Cuando había más de un coheredero forzoso, cada uno de ellos interponía su acción independientemente de los otros, con el objetivo de conseguir la cuota hereditaria que le correspondía en virtud de la sucesión intestada. Normalmente cada querelante ejercía su derecho de acción, por la propia cuota hereditaria. Nos preguntamos aquí si el querellante que accionaba podía acrecer su cuota si era así notorio el repudio de la querela por parte de uno o más coherederos. Los pasajes del Digesto parecen dar respuestas contradictorias y la doctrina moderna sospecha que existía una controversia en el derecho (ius controversum). Sobre la base de dos escolios de los Basílicos se intenta demostrar que las divergentes conclusiones de los juristas estaban referidas a distintos casos. La exégesis de los textos sugiere finalmente algunas reflexiones sobre la acción de los compiladores de Justiniano.

La diffusione del virus SARS-CoV-2 (Coronavirus, COVID-2019) ha comportato l’emanazione di drastiche misure di contenimento del contagio.
In seguito alla dichiarazione dello «stato di emergenza in conseguenza del rischio sanitario connesso all’insorgenza di patologie derivanti da agenti virali trasmissibili» proclamato con la Delibera del Consiglio dei Ministri del 31 gennaio 2020 si sono, infatti, susseguiti numerosi provvedimenti volti alla gestione dell’emergenza sanitaria in atto, a partire dal decreto legge 23 febbraio 2020 n. 6, convertito con modificazioni, dalla legge 5 marzo 2020 n. 13, in forza del quale sono stati emanati ulteriori decreti legge, decreti del Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri, ordinanze e decreti di diversi Ministeri, delle Regioni e dei Comuni. Tali misure hanno causato non poche conseguenze sul settore turistico. I provvedimenti emanati hanno, infatti, progressivamente limitato la possibilità di spostamento dei cittadini e, conseguentemente, la possibilità di godere vacanze programmate tempo prima.
Il contributo analizza i riflessi delle misure di contenimento del contagio da Covid-19 sui contratti del turismo e i provvedimenti emanati dal Governo in materia.

The article is devoted to the problem of research of notion and signs of juridical facts in a civil law.
An author brings a number over of decisions about the juridical facts formed by scientists-lawyers. Existent looks on the signs of juridical facts are analysed in the article, and also deep research of signs which were not before selected in a separate group is conducted.
An author makes examples and norms of domestic legislation, that describes legal facts.

Após 25 anos de debate e estu,dos 110 Congresso Nacional, o Anteprojeto do Código Civil de 1975 foi promulgado na data de 10 de janeiro de 2002. Como bem diz o Autor do anteprojeto aprovado: " Não se substituem Códigos como se trocam coisas materiais, pois entre eles há certa continuidade temporal, mesmo quando as normas jurídicas correspondem a novos valores sociais."