MantionâMeax languages
| MantionâMeax MantionâMeyah | |
|---|---|
| East Bird's Head | |
| Geographic distribution | Papua |
| Linguistic classification | West Papuan?
|
| Subdivisions |
|
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | east1459 |
 East Bird's Head languages (in red) | |
The MantionâMeax, MantionâMeyah, or (South) East Bird's Head languages are a language family of three languages in the "Bird's Head Peninsula" of western New Guinea, spoken by all together 20,000 people.
Classification
[edit]East Bird's Head stock (4 languages)
Pronouns
[edit]The pronouns Ross reconstructs for the proto-language (Usher's Southeast Bird's Head) are:
Basic vocabulary
[edit]Basic vocabulary among East Bird's Head languages (Meyah, Moskona, Sougb, Hatam, Mansim) listed in Holton & Klamer (2018). The sets are not necessarily cognate.[1]
East Bird's Head family basic vocabulary gloss Meyah Moskona Sougb Hatam Mansim âbirdâ mem mem ba hab waw âlouseâ mej mej mem mem âoneâ egens erges hom gom wom ânightâ motu mot loba mmun âIâ didif dif dan dani danu
Additional East Bird's Head basic vocabulary quoted by Holton & Klamer (2018)[1] from Miedema & Reesink (2004: 34) and (Reesink 2005: 202), showing diverse non-cognate vocabulary across different branches:[2][3]
Additional East Bird's Head basic vocabulary gloss Meyah Moskona Sougb Hatam arm/hand etma etma s(i)ra ndab leg/foot aki egak/oko ohora mig house mod mod tu ig good oufa ojfa eigouh kei dog mes mes mihi nsien pig mek mek hwej nab chicken mongkukar memkoar berougb guri louse mej mej mem mem water/river mei mij uhu nyei banana meni nej wida
Swadesh list
[edit]Below is a 192-word modified Swadesh list for the East Bird's Head languages (Schapper, Syufi & Arnold 2026: 260â266):[4]
gloss Irires Meyah[5] Moskona[5] Sougb[6][7] all ojs nomnaga romreg augwan and tekun dÍĄÊera dokun dara animal mejod marska marsa aremeta ashes metewew moĆkoru mofra mor at gij gidÍĄÊ dÍĄÊig se back adÍĄÊmeg edÍĄÊmeg edÍĄÊmeg idgo bad asxaj oska oskur ecgu bark mer afox mega ofos merga owos sogo mos because tenaf dÍĄÊeska esxa dau belly adog otkonu otkon nuhwa big atew eteb eteu goÉi bird mem mem mem ba bite ask eska eska au black axid axta axta ogor blood aguf ogufu ofuga mogwihi blow of oftÍĄÊ oftÍĄÊa ouhw bone or ofora oforna mohori breathe ojf axamaxa emsa mena aic burn max et max et merax et ait child as oforoka eferiok meh cloud moswadÍĄÊ motÍĄÊgodÍĄÊ ofog merofog umer cold aedÍĄÊ meifirna mifirna emtereta come anin en en en correct tenen tenten detÍĄÊir indeiÉ count atog ofosut osot ecic cut edÍĄÊ eris ersa ogod day mow mona mona lona die ew agos ogos omom dig awan edÍĄÊi ow ogo dirty asimsik axtaxta axtaxta ogor dog metÍĄÊ mes mes mihi drink edÍĄÊ edÍĄÊ et ek dry axixir efedÍĄÊ efedÍĄÊ erouhw dull amuj ofodÍĄÊ ofodÍĄÊ okta dust afenok mebi ofou mou ofui aremoslos ear atÍĄÊuj osu osui ums earth mow mebi mou cinogo eat et et et et egg mem afoj mem ofou mem ofui mougb eye aded eiteidÍĄÊ eitedÍĄÊ airesi fall atÍĄÊir esiri esir obsara far moisam jes masen gusi fat afes efes ewes meriÉ father mak meka mekeu meina fear amas emesa emesa ahau feather afedÍĄÊ efedÍĄÊ efedÍĄÊ modi few afirx egekegka ergakak gurereito fight emk rimedima imedima esim fire max max merax smougb fish meĆomej mos mos hosei five sindÍĄÊ tÍĄÊindÍĄÊa tÍĄÊidÍĄÊa serÉĄem float ok ofka etuk eikbib flow aj ejax eja eh flower mer afok marfok marok meric fly of ofu of ohw fog moswadÍĄÊ motÍĄÊgodÍĄÊ motÍĄÊkedÍĄÊa lohos moro foot apek aki egak ohora four toxur toxkuru taxgur hogu fruit afew ofos owos mera give at eita eita eic good atÍĄÊmap oufamofa oifomof eigouhw grass meĆgor er marfenen marefen arec green afrax ofraxa ofraxa augweda guts atewen otkonu efesa otkon ewes menuhwa hair afedÍĄÊ efedÍĄÊi efedÍĄÊ modi hand atim etma etma mesira he ifo, afo ofa ofa en head awis ebirfaga ebir mougt hear eg eg eg ouman heart amewed efemebi efembedÍĄÊ medoc heavy akum okum okum ogom here kikef kef dÍĄÊikef suggini hit emk obu obui ogod hold arosudÍĄÊ agei oruskedÍĄÊ os how tenaf teinefa tinefa dagiro hunt obtÍĄÊ okub okuk ocir husband maxin maxina maxina mesuwa I idif didif dif dan if tnaf erek ekek sug in gidÍĄÊ gidÍĄÊ dÍĄÊig se kill emk agob ogou ogod know adÍĄÊinag edÍĄÊginaga edÍĄÊgen ecinaga lake meren meren meren mohu laugh atitiw otut oitut obohuba leaf afej efei efi mehi left merg egris erga medgi leg apek aki egak ohora lie ax ax ax atouda live aker eker eker mena agau liver afor odou odui medoc mei long agow aksa aksa agas louse madÍĄÊ medÍĄÊ medÍĄÊ mem man meĆgoron ona orna giÉi many aromat ofoukou ognunui einjana meat afog ofogu ofoga mog mother motÍĄÊ mosu mosu meim mountain memag memaga memeg men mouth ox awesi oxes mers name afap ofoka owoka moho narrow oxog emeinma okutÍĄÊkok einjim near awud doida etkebra deinjor neck orp orukaga orkos mergo mei new afan efeinax efenirax menau night mot motu mot loba nose atÍĄÊum osum osum mebes not gur guru gura ero one afims egens erges hom other amnej egema ergem gus person isosk osnok osnok sud play axatÍĄÊen axaisomu osioma ei mumc pull akuj oku okuj eic push aduj edei ed oun rain motÍĄÊ mos mas los red akner ekeni ekena ahani right tenen ognosk orodÍĄÊudÍĄÊ misen river mej mei mi duhu mem road merodÍĄÊ morodÍĄÊu morodÍĄÊ ucina root afow ofom ofom sogo mom rope mefun mofun mofun aikdaga rotten amp emba emba eijema rub afukp os os ousousa sand mewis mebsta mebsta dibo say atÍĄÊot agot oxot en scratch ax eragrina axax ehigeis sea mej mei modÍĄÊum mi modÍĄÊum dum mohu see ek ek ek eija seed afed efedÍĄÊ efedÍĄÊ meiÉ sew asir eb ob ogon sharp afaj efei etka efietka mog short adÍĄÊum estir esta mug agarougb sing merej dÍĄÊog of of ohu mer sit aker eker eker eigtou skin afotÍĄÊ ofos owos mos sky mowag mebaga mebaga bogo sleep ax ax dÍĄÊax ax dÍĄÊig atou small aĆgej oskijai oskaitok mogurei smell ams eg emsa ouma smoke ow efa mosoku ef misomok moro smooth asuswak efeta egirna eskraha snake meĆgos magosu mogos hinogo some afirx eneja enia aibibra spit atÍĄÊirf os osrof ococ split ak ebriji ebri aga squeeze awid ebid ebda esugb stab ed oduis odutÍĄÊ edesugb stand ot ot ot esa star metur motur motur tebeic stick metÍĄÊkur moskur moskur iÉouhuga stone meĆgom mamu mogom igdahabi straight awux axaruka oxurka obosboro suck of efa efa outut sun mow mowa mau igda lona swell askid efifidÍĄÊ esedÍĄÊga ensa swim ar mej era mei ax mi ougb duhu tail ariek oiraga oirega mesera that na koma nomi iĆga there joj suma ida suĆga they dej rua eri len thick awum efek ewek ouĆmerema thin aniniwes axanuka axabnuk ekinei think astox osudÍĄÊoxu orusoxt oudesa this kef kef nokef gini thou bow bua bua bani three arfum orgomu orgoum homoi throw ed eidÍĄÊ eidÍĄÊ edi tie axas akid axatÍĄÊ ohut tongue end arni ornoudÍĄÊ metemougb tooth afon ofon ofon tree mer mega merga sogo turn akutÍĄÊ oksef oksef eineg two arfik egeka ergak hwai vomit osis axa meisoxu axa mou ersa walk aj etÍĄÊira etÍĄÊira esebesa warm afmem ofoufem ofufom esrougb wash axus ot ot eduh water mej mei mi duhu we memef mimif mif emen wet ataf etefa etefa mohumohu what mender meidu mida ara when modÍĄÊuax mona egaxo etÍĄÊxa aiseba where gikaf sinefa xadefa digiro white ews ebsi efsa ogoufu who awer idu ida gara wide atew efefi otox ebehibera wife maxan moxona moxena mesowa wind mofen mof mof lougmen wing afambr efembra efembra mebera wipe aroj osuna osun ogun with tekun dÍĄÊera dÍĄÊera dara woman afadÍĄÊ odÍĄÊona edÍĄÊena gihida woods jetÍĄÊ merembrax merembax sogo meba worm mefew mofunfou marewet haga
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- 1 2 Holton, Gary; Klamer, Marian (2018). "The Papuan languages of East Nusantara and the Bird's Head". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 569â640. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- â Miedema, Jelle and Ger P. Reesink. 2004. One Head, Many Faces: New perspectives on the Birdâs Head Peninsula of New Guinea. Leiden: KITLV.
- â Reesink, Ger P. 2005. West Papuan languages: roots and development. In: Pawley et al. (eds.) 185â218.
- â Schapper, Antoinette; Syufi, Yafed; Arnold, Laura (2026). "Introducing Irires, a language of the East Bird's Head family". Language Documentation & Conservation. 20. University of HawaiÊ»i Press: 224â266. ISSN 1934-5275.
- 1 2 Gravelle, Gloria. 2010. A grammar of Moskona: An East Birdâs Head language of West Papua, Indonesia, 456â462. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. Doctoral thesis.
- â Reesink, Ger. 2002a. The eastern Birdâs Head languages compared. In Reesink, Ger (ed.), Languages of the Eastern Birdâs Head, 1â44. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
- â Reesink, Ger. 2002b. A grammar sketch of Sougb. In Reesink, Ger (ed.), Languages of the Eastern Birdâs Head, 181â276. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
Further reading
[edit]- Reesink, Ger P. (2002). "The Eastern Bird's Head Languages Compared". In Ger P. Reesink (ed.). Languages of the Eastern Bird's Head. Pacific Linguistics. Vol. 524. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. pp. 1â44. hdl:1885/146144. ISBN 978-0-85883-494-1.