ืœื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ

ืื•ืจื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช
ืื•ืจื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’
ืœื™ื“ื” 22 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1896
ื˜"ื• ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”'ืชืจื "ื–
ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื•-ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืชื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื•-ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืืœื” ืงืžื™ื™ืŸ (ืื ื’'), ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื•-ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
ืคื˜ื™ืจื” 8 ื‘ืžืื™ 1981 (ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 84)
ื”' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ื”'ืชืฉืž"ื
ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืขื ื ื”, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
ืžืงื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
ืชืืจื™ืš ืขืœื™ื™ื” 4 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1923
ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืฉืจืืœย ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ืฉื ืขื˜ ืืฆ"ื’, ืื•ืจื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื˜ื•ืจ ืžืœื›ื
ืชื—ื•ื ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืจื”, ืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”
ืกื•ื’ื” ืฉื™ืจื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ืžืกื•ืช
ื–ืจื ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ืืงืกืคืจืกื™ื•ื ื™ื–ื
ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ, ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
ืชืงื•ืคืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช 1911โ€“1981 (ื›ึพ70 ืฉื ื”)
ืžืคืœื’ื” ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื—ืจื•ืช ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
ื‘ืช ื–ื•ื’ ืขืœื™ื–ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’
ืคืจืกื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืงืจื”
ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช
14 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1949 โ€“ 20 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1951
(ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ึพ6 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื)
ื›ื ืกื•ืช 1
ืœืขืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืžืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช
ื•ืจืฉื” 1922. ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ: ืืกืชืจ ืฉื•ืžื™ืื˜ืฉืจ-ื”ื™ืจืฉื‘ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื ื“ืœ ืืœืงื™ืŸ, ืคืจืฅ ื”ื™ืจืฉื‘ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืจื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ื—ื ื” ืงืฆื™ื–ื ื”, ืืœืชืจ ืงืฆื™ื–ื ื” ื•ืืกืชืจ ืืœืงื™ืŸ

ืื•ึผืจื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช: ืืฆ"ื’; ื•ื‘ืฉืžื• ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืื•ืจื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื˜ื•ืจ ืžืœื›ื; 22 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1896 โ€“ 9 ื‘ืžืื™ 1981) ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืจืจ, ืกื•ืคืจ ื•ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื”ืืงืกืคืจืกื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื˜ืขื ืกื™ืขืช ื—ืจื•ืช. ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืคื” (1957) ื•ื–ื•ื›ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคืจืกื™ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืคื” (1947, 1954, 1977).

ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื˜"ื• ื‘ืชืฉืจื™, ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืœืงืžื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื’ืœื™ืฆื™ื”,[1] ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื•-ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช, ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”, ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ืช. ืžืฆื“ ืืžื•, ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืข ืœื‘ื™ืช ืœื ื“ืžืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ืฆืืฆื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืื•ืจื™ ืžืกื˜ืจืœื™ืกืง ("ื”ืฉืจืฃ"), ื•ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉืžื•. ืื‘ื™ื•, ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ืžื’ืœื™ื ื, ืžืฆืืฆืื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืžื™ื›ืœ ืžื–ืœื•ื˜ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ ืžืคืจืžื™ืฉืœืŸ. ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™, ืขื‘ืจื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืœื‘ื™ืจืช ื’ืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช, ืœืžื‘ืจื’ (ืœื‘ื•ื‘).

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1912 ืคืจืกื ืืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ - ืขืจื’ื™ืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ ("ืื™ ืฉื ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช") 1915.[2] ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1915โ€“1918, ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื•-ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ ื•ืœื—ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ืขืœ ืกืจื‘ื™ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœื”ื›ืจื–ืช ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืื•ืชื”ึผ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1918, ื ืขืจืš ืคื•ื’ืจื•ื ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื•ื‘, ื•ืืฆ"ื’, ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื•ืฉืฉ ืื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื ื™ืฆืœื• ื‘ื ืก. ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ืฉืื™ืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ืจื•ืฉื ื‘ืœ-ื™ื™ืžื—ื”; ืจื•ืฉื ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื•. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20 ืจืื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื‘ื—ื–ื•ื ื• ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื•ืฉืžื“ื•, ื•ื‘-1931 ืืฃ ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ื‘ึธึผืึตื™ ื‘ืžื—ืชืจืช",[3] ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืœื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืงืจืงืข. ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ื—ืœื ื›ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ื—ื ืงื™ื ื•ื ืฉืจืคื™ื ืœืืœืคื™ื”ื.

ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘-4 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1923 (ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื•ื“ืขืชื• ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช "ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก" ืžื™ื•ื ื•' ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืจืค"ื“-14 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1924),[4] ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช. ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, "ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก" ื•"ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ", ื•ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืื™ืžืฅ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช.[5] ืขื ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื ื™ืŸ ื‘-1924, ืคืจืกื ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื‘"ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก" ื”ืกืคื“ ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™.[6] ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1925 ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืจืœ ื›ืฆื ืœืกื•ืŸ, ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช "ื“ื‘ืจ". ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ืคืจืกื ื›ืชื‘-ืขืช ืžืฉืœื•, "ืกื“ืŸ", ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืจืค"ื”. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ืื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ืžืื– 1924 ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ 1927 ื”ื ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืœื ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื’ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืžืืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœื”ื’ื ืชื• ืžืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืจืืฉื™ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืคื’ื™ื ื• ื›ืœืคื™ื• ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1928.[5]

ืœืื—ืจ ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืชืจืค"ื˜ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื—ืจื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืขื ืžืฆื‘ื•, ื•ื—ืฉ ื›ื ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื•ืืชื• ื”ืชื’ืฉืžื”. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืงืจืข ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1930 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœืคืจืกื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืขื™ืžื” ืื– "ื“ื•ืืจ ื”ื™ื•ื". ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื™ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœืื‘"ื ืื—ื™ืžืื™ืจ, ื•ื”ื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืจื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ืื—ืจื™ ื–ืื‘ ื–'ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืกืงื™, ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืœืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”-17. ื”ืงืจืข ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื”ืขืžื™ืง ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจืกื•ื "ืกืคืจ ื”ืงื˜ืจื•ื’ ื•ื”ืืžื•ื ื”" ื‘ืฉื ืช 1937, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ืื ืฉื™ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžืฉืžืจ ื”ืขืžืง (ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ื ื” "ื”ืคืงืจ ื”ืขืžืง") ืขืœ ื”ื”ื‘ืœื’ื” ืฉื ืงื˜ื• ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืคื•ืจืขื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืงื™ืœืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ืงืœืœืช ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืจ ื”ื’ืœื‘ื•ืข: "ืืœ ื˜ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื™ืš, ืืœ ืขืฅ ื•ืืœ ื˜ืฃ".[7] ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื–ื•, ื ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืคื"ื™ ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ื”ืคืš ืœืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™.[8] ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช. ืื—ืช ืžืฉื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื: "ื•ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืจืช ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื, ื’ื ื‘ื ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืชืจ".[9]

ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ื™, ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืœืคื•ืœื™ืŸ. ื”ื›ืื‘ ืฉืœื™ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืขื–ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื•. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1931โ€“1935 ืขืจืš ื‘ื•ื•ืจืฉื” ืืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, "ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜" (ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ: "ื”ืขื•ืœื"). ื‘-1936 ื—ื–ืจ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘-1937 ืฉื‘ ืœืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืขืจืš ืฉื ืืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜" (ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ: "ื”ืจื’ืข"). ื”ื’ื™ืข ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘-1939, ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื ืจืฆื—ื• ื‘ืฉื•ืื”. ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื–ืขื–ืข ืื•ืชื• ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื’ืจื, ื›ื ืจืื”, ืœืžืขืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื•. ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืืฉื ืฉืœื•, ืฉืœ "ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื—", ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš, "ืฉื™ืจ ืืžื™ ื•ื”ื ื—ืœ", ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื• "ืงื™ื ืช ื”ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื—ื• ืžื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืืžื•" (ื‘ืชื•ืš ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ืจ, 1951). ืขื“ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื• ื—ื™ ื•ื’ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ื•ื—ื‘ืจื• ืœื“ืจืš ื“"ืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื™ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ.

ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืืกืคื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื ืช ืžื˜ืขื ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื—ืจื•ืช (ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืจืืฉ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื ื—ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื‘ืฅ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืชื” ืœื›ื ืกืช) ื‘ึพ1949 ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื” ื•ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื ืฉื ืืจื‘ืขื” ื ืื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.[10] ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ื›ื”ื•ื ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1951.

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1950 ื ื™ืฉื ืœืžืฉื•ืจืจืช ืขืœื™ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื‘ื™ืฅ', ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืžืžื ื• ื‘-30 ืฉื ื”,[11] ื•ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉื•ื™ ืœื” ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื• (ืื—ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื–ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืฉื•ืื” ืœืฉืžื•ืืœ ืชืžื™ืจ). ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื”ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื: ื—ื™ื™ื ืฆื‘ื™, ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืข ืฉืœื•ื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ืจื‘ืงื” ื—ื‘ืฆืœืช ืœื‘ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื™ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ืจื—ืœ ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ. ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื’ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1954 ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ, ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ืžื’ืจืฉ ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืœืžืฉื•ืจืจ.

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1957 ื–ื›ื” ืืฆ"ื’ ื‘ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืคื”, ื‘-1965 ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื ื™ื•ืžืŸ, ื•ื‘-1978 ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ืื™ืฆื™ืง ืžืื ื’ืจ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ.[12]

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1977 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืฆ"ื’ ืชื•ืืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ.[13]

ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืฆ"ื’ ืœืื™ืฉื™ ืจื•ื— ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืงื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืžืขืŸ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœืžื”.

ืืฆ"ื’ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื”' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉืž"ื (9 ื‘ืžืื™ 1981) ื‘ืจืขื ื ื”[14] ื•ื ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.[15] ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืขื“ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื™ืชื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื›ืจื” ืžืขื•ืจืคืœืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืžื™ื• ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืืœื ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื•. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืกืขื“ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ ืื™ื–ืงืกื•ืŸ ืฉื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื—ื™ื‘ื‘ ื•ืจืื” ื›ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืœ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืจื‘.[16]

ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ื ืงืจืื• ื›ืžื” ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขืจื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘-1999 ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืื•ืจื™ ืฆื‘ื™ (ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื ื” "ื‘ื™ืช ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืืฆ"ื’") ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื ื—ื™ืœ ืืช ืžื•ืจืฉืชื• ื•ืฉื™ืจืชื• ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘.[17] ื‘ื™ืช ืื•ืจื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื™ืกื“ ืคืจืก ืขืœ ืฉืžื•.

ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื• ืžื•ืคืงื“ ื‘ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืžืกืคืจื• ARC. 4* 1553.

ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืงืฉืจ ืœื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื›ืชืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื™ื ืื• ืžืฉื•ืจืจ-ื ื‘ื™ื.[18] ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื—ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืืžืจ ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’: "ืึดื ื”ึทืžึฐืฉืื•ึนืจึตืจ ืžึฐื˜ึทืคึตึผืก ืขึทืœ ื”ึทืงึดึผื™ืจื•ึนืช, ื›ึทึผื ึดึผืจึฐืึถื” ื”ื•ึผื ืจื•ึนืึถื” ื“ึฐึผื‘ึทืจ-ืžึธื” ืฉึถืืžึตึผืขึตื‘ึถืจ ืœึธื”ึถื".[19] ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืชื™ืจ ืืช ืืฆ"ื’ ื›'ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•'.[20]

ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ืืœื‘ื˜ืจื•ืก ืืฉืจ ืคืจืกื ืฉื™ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, 1923

ืฉื™ืจืชื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ืจื™ืขื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“, ื•ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช. ืืฆ"ื’ ืœื ื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื‘ืžื ื™ืคืกื˜ื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช "ื›ืœืคื™ ืชืฉืขื™ื ื•ืชืฉืขื”", ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืœื•ื—ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืžืกื“ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ื›ื•ืœื• (ืื—ื“ ืžื•ืœ ืชืฉืขื™ื ื•ืชืฉืขื”), ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืชื‘: "ื”ึทืžึฐืฉืื•ึนืจึตืจ ืฆึธืจึดื™ืšึฐ ืœึฐื”ึทื‘ึดึผื™ืขึท ืึถืช ืชึผื•ึนืจึทืช ื”ึทื™ึฐึผื”ื•ึผื“ึดื™ ื”ึทืคึดึผืจึฐืึดื™, ื•ึฐืึถืช ื”ึทืžึทึผืฆึธึผื‘ ื”ึทืงึธึผื˜ึทืกึฐื˜ึฐืจื•ึนืคึธืœึดื™ ืฉึถืืœ ื”ึธืึปืžึธึผื”". ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš, ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืืฆ"ื’ ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืฉื™ืจื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ื–'ืื ืจื™ื ื”ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื ("ืœืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืขื‘ืจื™ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืกื•ื ื˜ื•ืช"), ื•ื‘ืขื“ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืชื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืืฉื•ืจื•. ืœื“ืขืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืฉื˜ืจื ื—ื“ืจื” ืืœื™ื”ื.

ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ "ื”ืกื™ืขื” ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช - ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ: ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื™ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืจื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ืื‘"ื ืื—ื™ืžืื™ืจ, 25 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1927

ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื•, ืืฆ"ื’ ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืคืœื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืชื—ืช ื›ื ืคื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื›ื•ืœ: ืฉืคื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ืชื "ื›ื™ืช, ืกืœื ื’, ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉื™ื–ืžื™ื, ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœื•ืขื–ื™ื•ืช. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื‘ื–ื• ืœืฆื“ ื–ื• ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช, ืžื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช (ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš, ืžืฉื”), ืžื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” (ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื”) ื•ืžื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช, ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืืฆ"ื’ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ืฉื” ื•ืžืจืขื™ื•ืŸ "ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื" ืฉืœื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ื’ื ืžื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ื”ืืœืฃ ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™" โ€“ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืืกื›ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขืชื™ืง.

ืืฆ"ื’ ืžื ืชืง ืืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžื›ื‘ืœื™ื” ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™ื™ื. ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื ื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื, ื•ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื• ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืขื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ, ืืœื ื”ื”ืขืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืข. ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื• ืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฅ ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืจื, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืฆ"ื’ ื”ืจืฉื” ืœืขืฆืžื• ืœืฆืขื•ื“ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืœืงื•ืจื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™:

โ€ื•ึฐื”ึธืขึถืจึถื‘ ื”ึทืžึฐื“ึปืžึฐื“ึธึผื ืžึธืฉืื•ึผืœ ืœึฐื—ึถืœึฐืงึทืช ื”ึทื—ึดืชึผื•ึผืšึฐ ืœึฐืึทื—ึทืจ ืฉึถืื”ึปืชึทึผื– ื”ึธืจึนืืฉื. ื•ึฐื™ึตืฉื ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ื”ึธืจึตื™ื—ึท.โ€

ืื•:

โ€ื•ึฐื”ึธืขึถืจึถื‘ ื›ึทึผื’ึธึผืžึธืœ ื’ึทึผื ื”ื•ึผื ื‘ึฐึผืฆึดืžึฐืื•ึนื ื•ึน ื”ึธืจึทื‘ ื™ื•ึนืจึตื“ ื•ึผื‘ึธื ืึถืœ ื”ึทื“ึธึผื ื‘ึฐึผื’ึทืขึฒื’ื•ึผืขึดื™ื ืžึฐืจึทืฆึฐึผื—ึดื™ื.โ€

ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืฆ"ื’, ื›ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืงืกืคืจืกื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™, ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืงืœ ืžื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื—ืจื™ื–ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื”. ืืช ื”ืžืกืจื™ื ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช.

ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืจื—ื‘ ื™ืจื™ืขื”. ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ ืขื•ืจืš ืืช ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง. ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฆืื• ืœืื•ืจ 21 ื›ืจื›ื™ื ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ื•ื›ืจื›ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš.

  • ืขืจื’ื™ืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ (1915)
  • ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื ืก ืจื•ื™ืฉ (1919)
  • ืžืขืคื™ืกื˜ื (1921, 1922)
  • ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ืขื ื’ืืœื“ (1921)
  • ืงืจื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ (1921)
  • ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขื ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื”ืืงืกืคืจืกื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืคืจื ืงืœ
    ืื™ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื™ืจื— (1924)
  • ื”ื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื” (1926)
  • ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื”ืœื’ื™ื•ื ื•ืช (1928)
  • ืื ืงืจื™ืื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื•ืŸ (1928)
  • ื›ืœืคื™ ืชืฉืขื™ื ื•ืชืฉืขื” - ืžืกื” ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช (1928)
  • ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื’ืŸ ื•ื ืื•ื ื‘ืŸ ื”ื“ื (1929)
  • ื›ืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืช (1929)
  • ืกืคืจ ื”ืงื˜ืจื•ื’ ื•ื”ืืžื•ื ื” (1937)
  • ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื›ืœื™ืœ ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ (1949)
  • ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื”ื ืก ื”ื ื›ืกืฃ (1950)
  • ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ืจ - ืกืคืจ ื”ืื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื— (1951)[21]

ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

[ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืจ | ืขืจื™ื›ื”]
  1. โ†‘ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื: ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงืžื™ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืืœื”-ืงืืžื™ื™ืŸ; ื‘ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช: Biaล‚y Kamieล„. ืจืื• ื“ืฃ ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”, ื‘ืืชืจ jewishgen ื‘ืคื ืงืก ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ, ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื“ ื•ืฉื (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช)
  2. โ†‘ ืืจื™ื” ืœื™ืคืฉื™ืฅ, ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื•ื™ื ื’ืจ, ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ืื•ืจื™ ืฆื‘ื™, ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื™ื, ืขืž' 361
  3. โ†‘ ืจืื•: ื‘ืืชืจ.
  4. โ†‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ - ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืžืœืืช ืœื• ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื™, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืชืฉืœ"ื–
  5. 1 2 ืื ื™ื˜ื” ืฉืคื™ืจื, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื, ืื•ืจื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ โ€“ ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคืกื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืขืž' 192โ€“193.
  6. โ†‘ ืื ื™ื˜ื” ืฉืคื™ืจื, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื, ืื•ืจื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ โ€“ ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคืกื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืขืž' 198โ€“199.
  7. โ†‘ ืกืคืจ ื”ืงื˜ืจื•ื’ ื•ื”ืืžื•ื ื”, ืชืจืฆ"ื–, ืขืž' ืงืžื
  8. โ†‘ ื“ืœื™ื” ืงืจืคืœ, ืžืžืฆื™ื ื”ืคืฉื™ื–ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, 30 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2004
  9. โ†‘ ืž'ืกื™ืงืจื™ืงื™ืŸ', ื‘ึทึผืงื•ื‘ืฅ: 'ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื’ืŸ ื•ื ืื•ื ื‘ืŸ ื”ื“ื', ืจืื•
  10. โ†‘ ืื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืœื•ืŸ, ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ 1992-1913, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, 2007, ืขืž' 146.
  11. โ†‘ ืขืœื™ื–ื” ืฉื”ืขืจื™ืฆื” ืืช ืื•ืจื™ ืฆื‘ื™, ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื” ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉืœื• ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœื“ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืืฆ"ื’. ื‘-1948 ื ื™ืฉืื” ืœืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉืœื•, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื”, ื”ืชื’ืจืฉื” ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชืคืชื— ืจื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฆ"ื’.
  12. โ†‘ ื—ื•ืœืง ืคืจืก ืื™ืฆื™ืง ืžื ื’ืจ, ื“ื‘ืจ, 25 ื‘ืžืื™ 1978
  13. โ†‘ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ืชื•ืืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ
  14. โ†‘ ืžืช ืื•ืจื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ื“ื‘ืจ, 10 ื‘ืžืื™ 1981
  15. โ†‘ ืืฆ"ื’ ื”ื•ื‘ื ืœืžื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจึพื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจ, 11 ื‘ืžืื™ 1981
  16. โ†‘ ื ื“ื‘ ื”ืœืคืจื™ืŸ, ืฉืœื™ืคื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ ื—. ืื™ื–ืงืกื•ืŸ, ื‘ืืชืจ nrgโ€, 26 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2010
  17. โ†‘ ืืชืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœ "ื‘ื™ืช ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืืฆ"ื’"
  18. โ†‘ ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ืืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœืืฆ"ื’ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, 2002, ืขืž' 215.
  19. โ†‘ ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, 'ื˜ื•ืจื ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื, ืื™ื ืฉ ื‘ืื™ื ืฉ: ื™ื—ืกื™ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงโ€“ืืฆ"ื’ ื›ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื•ื›ืžื•ื“ืœ ืคื•ืื˜ื™', ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ื•ื”ื“ืžื•ืช - ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื•ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ืื•ืจื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ, 2000, ืขืž' 67.
  20. โ†‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ (ืข), ื”ืงื“ืžื”, ื‘ืขื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจ
  21. โ†‘ ืืชืจ ืœืžื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ "ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ืจ" ื”ื ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืื™ึพืคืขื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืื”, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, 22 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2020
  22. โ†‘ ื“ืœื™ื” ืงืจืคืœ, ืžืžืฆื™ื ื”ืคืฉื™ื–ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, 28 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2004
  23. โ†‘ ื“ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ืงื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืฉืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื, ื‘ืืชืจ ynet, 12 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2024
  24. โ†‘ ืืชืจ ืœืžื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืื‘ื™ื“ึนื‘ ืœื™ืคืกืงืจ, ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืฉืœื ืœื™ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, 9 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2025
ื”ืงื•ื“ื:
ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืคืžืŸ
ืคืจืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืคื”
1947
ื”ื‘ื:
ืžืงืก ื‘ืจื•ื“
ื”ืงื•ื“ื:
ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคื™ื›ืžืŸ
ืคืจืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืคื”
ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืขื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื•ืจืœื

1954
ื”ื‘ื:
ืžืฉื” ืฉืžื™ืจ
ื”ืงื•ื“ื:
ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืžื™ื—ื™, ื™ืฉื•ืจื•ืŸ ืงืฉืช
ืคืจืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืคื”
1977
ื”ื‘ื:
ืื‘ื ืงื•ื‘ื ืจ