History of Sugar

This paper shows that the analysis of commodity chains (CC) can be fruitfully employed to respond to recent calls in the field of global/world history for a periodisation of globalisation. The place to be studied in this paper is Mauritius, a small island in the Western Indian Ocean that has a very particular history of colonial and postcolonial integration into the capitalist world system. The entry of Mauritius into the British Empire brought about a particular kind of integration of the island into the capitalist world system. Central to this integration was the production of sugar under the West Indian Sugar Protocol, with this ultimately turning Mauritius from a free port into a plantation economy. This shaped the island’s economic and political practice, and brought the formation of a range of institutions that sustained a high degree of inequality among Mauritians by finding ever newer ways of conciliating socio-economic mobility with exploitation.

"This research examines Abolitionist discourse and praxis in Great Britain, France, and the United States during the period roughly spanning 1750-1865 and that correspond to the Anti-Saccharine and Free Produce Movements. To orient the line of this inquiry, this research emanates from the question: “In what ways did abolitionist discourse interrogate the prevailing ideologies of its time that supported the arguments and presented as natural the relations of power constituted within black chattel slavery?” From the time of Aristotle, who argued that slavery was a domestic relationship as natural as man and wife or mother and child, slavery existed unquestioned throughout world history.  The emergence of a coordinated abolition movement in Britain at the close of the eighteenth century represents the creation of a constituency of overlapping discursive publics, ranging from Evangelical Christians to free market liberals to Romantic artists, all sharing the goal of the abolition of slavery, but differing in their specific motivations and tactics to achieve this end.

In particular, this research will uncover a semiotics of abolitionism, and will view abolitionist discourse as not limited to the written word, but exemplified in aesthetic forms such as poems and novels, visual representations such as prints and broadsides, and ephemera. Beginning chronologically with Adam Smith as a generative site of abolitionist ideology, a robust analytical interplay between ideology and materiality will be in focus during this investigation born out of the methodological impulse that material culture and aesthetic sources figure as useful sites for historical inquiry due to the implicit ideologies standing behind the form of their materialization and didactic function within society to “do ‘social work.’”  Evidence of the Anti-Saccharine and Free Produce Movements exists in divergent sources located far from locations of explicit ideological discourse (treatises, polemics, etc.), and while these other forms will be discussed here, it will be to draw a richer field of reference for the semiotics of abolitionist discourse."

"http://www.researchmoz.us/global-sugar-substitute-market-an-analysis-report.html

The sugar substitute market mainly consists of high fructose syrup (HFCS), high intensity sweetener (HIS) and low intensity sweetener (LIS). The HIS segment (non-calorific) is the fastest growing segment among all other sugar substitutes. As rising level of obesity and diabetes continue to dominate, emphasis on reducing caloric intake as well as consuming healthier food and beverages is increasing which in turn driving the sales of sugar substitutes. North America dominates the sugar substitute market driven by downstream industries like food, beverages and pharmaceuticals."

Wet Tropics - environmental change following European settlement; Palmer River gold rush and Cooktown and Cairns hinterland; sugar plantation acreages in Wet Tropics; Atherton Tableland - dairy producing area; Gillies, Cook, Kuranda and Palmerston highways and present Wet Tropics area; Barron Falls Hydro-electricity Board and electrified Cairns–Herberton Railway; mining industry - confined to Mulgrave River, Mount Bartle Frere.

"Sugar manufacturing industry takes sugarcane, beets and other crops as raw materials to produce raw sugar, sugar, as well as refined sugar. The sugar crops grow in spring generally, and the harvest begins in October. The sugar manufacturers squeeze sugar in October or November and halt the production in March or April of the next year; this period is a production cycle which is known as a squeeze season. Raw material procurement and production present seasonal and phased features, while the marketing is conducted throughout the year.

http://www.researchmoz.us/analysis-and-forecast-of-china-sugar-manufacturing-industry-2013-2017-report.html

In 2012, there are 48 sugar manufacturing enterprises (groups) and 270 sugar mills came into operation, and the industrial total asset reached CNY 139,126,125,000, increased by 19.1% over the last year; the sales revenue reached CNY 109,165,081,000, increased by 11.12%; total profit was CNY 6,955,888,000; the number of participators reached 145,017.00, increased by 1.5%. In the sugar squeeze season from 2012 to 2013, China’s sugar output reached 13,883,600 tons."

"This article examines how the Barbadian sugar industry was interpreted by the English
scientific community in the latter seventeenth century. In particular it focuses upon the
spread of ingenios (sugar mills) to Barbados from Brazil, and how this process was
understood and chronicled by England’s early scientific community of experimental
philosophers. It then contrasts these narratives against archived plantation documents
from this period, demonstrating how these writers, despite explicit claims to the contrary,
were relatively unconcerned with creating an objective account of sugar-making.
Rather, they highlighted specific elements of the industry in order to make the ‘invention’
of sugar appear congruent with their new experimental methodology. These scientific
narratives thus ignore a host of factors within the early Barbadian industry,
particularly the critical sugar-making knowledge embodied within the plantation’s servile
workforce. Rather than illuminating this facet of the industry, experimental philosophers
efface these workers and portray ingenios as the laudable product of a few
ingenious, experimenting white planters."

Los sitios históricos de los antiguos ingenios azucareros coloniales de República Dominicana, los primeros del "Nuevo Mundo", se encuentran en un estado de considerable desatención, y en su mayoría, en un gravísimo proceso de deterioro cercano a lo irreversible, sin ninguna iniciativa pública ni privada en la actualidad que apunte a un cambio de situación.  Se hace aquí un llamado a las personas preocupadas por este proceso de gran pérdida cultural para aunar esfuerzos de iniciativa y diálogo con las autoridades dominicanas competentes y con los organismos internacionales de protección cultural para movilizar iniciativas concretas para la preservaciión efectiva y promoción cultural y educativa de este patrimonio histórico mundial.

Los restos de uno de los primeros ingenios azucareros de las Américas ubicados al sur-este de la ciudad dominicana de San Juan de La Maguana, escenario de los comienzos del encuentro entre europeos, indígenas y africanos que marcó para siempre lo que sería el “Nuevo Mundo”, están hoy inundados por canales agrícolas que podrían deshacer para siempre sus estructuras en muy poco tiempo.

""First Blacks in the Americas" is a history project of the CUNY Dominican Studies Institute at The City College of New York devoted to disseminating research and rigorous information about the history of the earliest people of Black African descent that arrived, resided and stayed in the Americas from 1492 onwards, beginning in La Española-Santo Domingo, and whose continued presence in the New World ever since is clearly shown on historical records. A first rendering of the project's website is expected to be ready by the end of 2013.

The present collection of photos encompasses a variety of images pertaining to different scenarios-- physical, social, and economic-- where the early Black inhabitants of La Española, free and enslaved, participated, beginning in the sixteenth century. Each set of photos is clustered around a particular type of historic site of the Dominican Republic. While each set is accompanied by an overall description of its theme, the long-term goal is to generate a descriptive caption for each and every photo in the set as the work of developing "First Blacks in the Americas" continues. Except for the set entitled "Colonial sugar mills, Dominican Republic," by historian Fidel Tavárez, all photographs are by Anthony Stevens-Acevedo, who leads the "First Blacks in the Americas" overall project at the CUNY Dominican Studies Institute."""

"To many in the West, the League of Nations was to establish political peace between nations. To the Cuban sugar-producing elite of the 1920s and 1930s, however, the League was an important socioeconomic institution used to augment many of Cuba’s first modern state institutions.

This article explores how and why Cuban delegates were the principals behind the 1937 International Sugar Agreement – one of the League’s few operational economic treaties. This
treaty sheds light onto how actors from the so-called industrial core and agricultural periphery used international law, institutions, and practice to negotiate and renegotiate their relationship
with each other."

Study of three generations of one of the richest family clans in mid-sixteenth century La Española or Hispaniola, owners of five different sugar plantations in the colony at different moments during that period. Property inheritance, kinship, marriage connections, internal in-fighting and tensions are particularly looked at. Based predominantly on previously unpublished sixteenth-century archival sources from the General Archives of the Indies of Seville.