Constituionalism and Constitutional Law

"Índice:
1. Introducción: el nuevo constitucionalismo latinoamericano
2. El debate entorno a los derechos sociales y su reflejo en el nuevo constitucionalismo latinoamericano
3. La Constitución de Perú de 1993. Constitución ilegítima y regresividad de los derechos sociales
4. Las Constituciones de Brasil de 1988 y de Colombia de 1991. ¿Los primeros pasos en el reconocimiento de los derechos sociales?
5. La reforma constitucional argentina de 1994. Del reconocimiento a la justiciabilidad de los derechos sociales
6. La protección y justiciabilidad de los derechos sociales en la Constitución de Venezuela de 1999, la Constitución ecuatoriana de 1998 y de 2008 y en la Constitución de bolivia de 2009
7. Derechos sociales, Redistribución de la riqueza e igualdad social. Hacia una indivisibilidad, interrelación e interdependencia de las obligaciones . "

"Written by Kyle Scott, University of Houston, USA. The Federalist Papers constitute a key document in the understanding of the American government. Written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton, these 85 texts were published between 1787 and 1788 to convince the state of New York to ratify the Constitution.

Today, the Papers are studied in courses on American government, American political thought, and constitutional law. However, the size and organization of the full text, notwithstanding its complex political concepts and context, make it difficult for students to apprehend. The Reader's Guide will be a key tool to help them understand the issues at hand and the significance of the Papers then and now. Organized around key issues, such as the branches of the government, the utility of the Union, or skepticism of a national regime, the work will walk the reader through the 85 Papers, providing them with the needed intellectual and historical contexts.

Designed to supplement the reading of The Federalist Papers, the guide will help elucidate not only their contents, but also their importance and contemporary relevance."

El presente artículo tiene por objeto hacer un examen preliminar de un manuscrito, hasta la fecha desconocido e inédito, del gran humanista y abogado internacional holandés Hugo Grocio. En dicho manuscrito, Grocio se ocupa, esencialmente, de la formación de una sociedad civil basada en un arreglo contractual, y a su vez, examina los derechos y las obligaciones que emanan de ese pacto o contrato voluntario.

Political literature customarily defines secession as a movement developing in the periphery against the centre. This article questions this common assumption by raising the possibility that secession may be propelled by the centre. A working definition of `central secession’ (or `secessionism by the centre’) will be limited to those cases where a powerful nationalist movement operates from within the core or dominant nation(al- ity). The focus will be on the break-up of Yugoslavia ± the disintegration of which was consistently and widely perceived as a con ̄ ict of secessionist republics opposed by, and confronted with, a unitary state. A brief geo-political excursus of recent secessionist movements will serve to highlight the singularity of the Yugoslav `model’. In the case of Serbia, the rhetoric was adamantly unitarian, anti-secessionist, even anti-nationalist. It emphasised the defence of territorial integrity at all costs. In this way, the centre could cast itself as the spotless saviour of the country’s integrity versus a `treacherous’ periphery. In fact, the hidden agenda of the regime was ethnic separation of Serbs from non-Serbs.

""Derivado de un tratamiento igualitario de todos los grupos de derechos surge el principio de indivisibilidad e interdependencia de los derechos. El presente trabajo analiza las causas que han hecho que este haya sido un principio tradicionalmente ignorado en el constitucionalismo clásico, así como sus consecuencias.
Sólo durante las últimas décadas, los tratados internacionales de derechos humanos y los nuevos procesos constituyentes,  especialmente en América Latina, están recuperando el principio de indivisibilidad de los derechos, abriendo una etapa en la que surge un nuevo constitucionalismo de los derechos basado en la
plena protección y justiciabilidad de todos los derechos.""

"No weakening, but rather an expansion, of statehood can be observed in the contemporary world. This does not, on the other hand, imply that extensive forms of constitutional ordering do not exist outside the realm of states. Instead, the evolution of world society has been characterized by a protracted dual movement where the expansion and densification of statehood and autonomous forms of transnational ordering gradually emerged in a mutually constitutive fashion. One implication of this is that neither the concept of the state nor the concept of nonstate transnational entities is adequately capable of delineating the object of constitutional analysis. Instead, the concept of normative orders has been introduced as an overarching category capable of identifying the contexts within which constitutional ordering emerges.
Subsequently, a distinction between the internal and external dimensions of the law of normative orders has been introduced, specifying them as respectively oriented towards establishing internal condensation of a given normative order and external compatibility between different normative orders. With this background, a framework for the analysis of constitutional frameworks of normative orders is developed. The central element is a distinction among three dimensions: First, a constitution implies a coupling between a constitutional object, in the form of a hierarchical organization of a given normative order capable of reproducing an autonomous source of authority, and a concordant legal framework. Second, constitutionalization implies a coupling between an internal reconstruction of an external constitutional subject within the constitutional object, and the register of legal rights, establishing a framework for exchanges between the constitutional object and the wider world as represented by the constitutional subject. Third, constitutionalism denotes the institutionalization of a double function, in the form of a principle-based and legally fortified striving toward universal inclusion, providing a sense of direction in time through an articulated form of constitutional consciousness.
The insights developed are briefly illustrated by the case of the global Fairtrade Certification System.
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"The Theses LVI belong to a series of hitherto unpublished early manuscripts of the Dutch humanist and jurisconsult Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) that were acquired by the University of Leiden in 1864. It is not certain when the Theses were written, but preliminary research on the physical manuscript and the sources cited indicate two possible windows. The first is around 1602-1605, that is roughly at a time when Grotius was also working on his Commentary on the Law of Prize and Booty (De Iure Praedae Commentarius). The second dating places the genesis of the manuscrbipt around 1613-1615.
In the context of Grotius’ writings, the Theses LVI assume an important position for several reasons: They raise questions about state formation, the duty of citizens to the state and the right of political resistance in far greater detail than in any other work of the celebrated Dutch humanist. The Theses LVI also feature important reading notes that yield priceless insights into the sources that Grotius directly consulted and their influence on his ideas. The manuscript grants modern scholars a unique glimpse into the working mind of its author. Evidence points not only to the ferocious haste with which Grotius wrote his works, but also the occasional sloppiness of his reading and research habits.""""